This document provides an overview of mental illness/disorders. It discusses that mental illness involves changes in emotion, thinking and behavior. The most common mental illnesses in Nepal are schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It outlines the symptoms and types of various mental illnesses like psychosis, neurosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also discusses risk factors, treatments, complications and ways to prevent mental illness through social support, coping skills, stress management, and early diagnosis/treatment.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders are a group of emotional and behavioral problems that may result from childhood traumatic and stressful experiences. These traumatic and stressful experiences can include exposure to physical or emotional violence or pain, including abuse, neglect or family conflict.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders are a group of emotional and behavioral problems that may result from childhood traumatic and stressful experiences. These traumatic and stressful experiences can include exposure to physical or emotional violence or pain, including abuse, neglect or family conflict.
Depression, ICD 10 – Diagnostic criteria for Depressive episode, DSM IV Criteria for major Depressive episode, Types of depression, Causal factors, signs, suicide, Alcohol, Treatment,........
What is stress? Stress is a part of being alive. A total absence of stress can be achieved only in death. Stress is the "wear and tear" our minds and bodies experience.
Stress occurs when the pressure is greater than the resource. 80% of all modern diseases originate from 'stress'.
"Stress Management" is the art of taking care of oneself. So, become aware of your stressors and your physical and emotional reactions.
Our aim is not to eliminate stress but to learn how to manage and use it to help us.
Depression, ICD 10 – Diagnostic criteria for Depressive episode, DSM IV Criteria for major Depressive episode, Types of depression, Causal factors, signs, suicide, Alcohol, Treatment,........
What is stress? Stress is a part of being alive. A total absence of stress can be achieved only in death. Stress is the "wear and tear" our minds and bodies experience.
Stress occurs when the pressure is greater than the resource. 80% of all modern diseases originate from 'stress'.
"Stress Management" is the art of taking care of oneself. So, become aware of your stressors and your physical and emotional reactions.
Our aim is not to eliminate stress but to learn how to manage and use it to help us.
Maintaining a positive mental health and treating any mental health conditions is crucial to stabilizing constructive behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Focusing on mental health care can increase productivity, enhance our self-image, and improve relationships.
Do you want to know more about Mental Illnesses/disorders? Then click this link and learn more about these topics!
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Children are at high risk of emotional disorders. These have become the most common reasons for their visits to the psychiatrist.
They include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma and stress-related disorders.
This slide explains each of these in details.
Enjoy
Mental Health Disorders. Common mental health disorders include mood disorders ( Depression and bipolar mood disorder), psychotic disorders (Schizophrenia and schizophreniform), drug and substance use disorders , developmental disorders like ADHD, Autism and Neurological diseases like Epilepsy which may precipitate psychotic disorders.
Early detection of mental illnesses ensures they don't advance and are managed in the right way. The document outlines some ways of coping with the mental health conditions.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
3. Mental illness/ Disorders
• Mental illness is health conditions involving changes in
emotion, thinking and behaviors or a combination of
these emotion.
• Mental illness has relationship with emotions, thinking,
communication, learning, residence and self-esteem.
• Most of the mental illness is mental condition just like
Diabetes and Hypertensions.
4. Mental Disorders/illness
• Mental illness doesn’t discriminate: it can affect anyone
like age, sex, social status, race, religion, geography,
income etc.
• About all of the mental illness have successful treatment
are available.
5. Types of Mental Illness
1. Psychosis (Major)
- It is a major mental illness where patient doesn’t know about his illness.
- Genetic or organic factor is more important
- There is no insight (i.e. Accept)
- Personality is affected
- Hallucination and Delusion are present
- Disorganized speech and behavior is present
- Need hospitalization or treated by physical methods
- Can not stop medication
- Slow prognosis
- ECT is very useful
- E.g. schizophrenia, Mania, Bipolar Associated Disorder (BPAD) etc.
6. Types of Mental Illness
2. Neurosis (Minor)
- It is minor mental illness where patient knows about his illness
- There is insight
- Reality testing judgment present
- No disorganized speech
- Hallucination and Delusion is absent
- Disorganized behaviors is absent
- Need clinical treatment or Treated with psychological methods
- Can stop medication
- Fast prognosis
- E.g. Depression, Stress, Anxiety, Personality disorders, Character
disorders etc.
7. Types of Mental Illness
3. Other diseases
- e.g. Epilepsy, Parkinsonism ( Due to decreased dopamine
in the brain), Mental Retardation (IQ less than 70) etc.
8. Some Examples of mental illness/ disorders
Schizophrenia
BPAD
Depression
Mania
Anxiety disorders
Obsessive- compulsive
disorders
Trauma and stress related
disorders
Somatic symptoms and
related disorders
Feeding and eating disorders
Sleep-wake disorders
Sexual dysfunctions
Substance related and
addictive disorders
Personality disorders
Other mental disorders
9. Risk factors/ causes of mental illness
• Blood relation (Hereditary)
• Stressful life situation from financial problem, love,
sudden death of relatives, diverse, chronic disease etc.
• Traumatic brain injuries
• Use of alcohol or drugs
• Previous history of mental illness
• Environmental exposure before birth or after birth
10. Risk factors or causes of mental illness
• Chemical imbalance like hormone, neurotransmitters
• Neglected as a child
• Brain damage
• Substance abuse
11. Clinical features of mental illness
• Feeling sad
• Withdrawal from friends and relatives
• Confused thinking
• Reduce concentration
• Excessive fear or worries
• Extreme feeling of guilt
• Reduced regular activities
• Sleeping problems (Low or High)
12. Clinical features of mental illness
• Suicidal thought/ attempt
• Excessive anger, hostility or violence
• Changes in eating habits
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Hallucinations
• Illusion
• Delusion
17. Most common Mental illness of Nepal
1. Schizophrenia
2. Bipolar associated disorders
3. Depression
4. Anxiety
5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
6. Substance abuse
a) Alcohol
b) Drugs
c) Other substances like tobacco, smoking, ganja etc
19. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Symptoms of schizophrenia in teenagers
Withdrawal from friends and family
A drop in performance at school
Trouble sleeping
Irritability or depressed mood
Lack of motivation
Symptoms of schizophrenia in old age
• Delusion
• Hallucinations
• Impaired ability to function
• Extremely disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
• Disorganized thinking (speech) like communication, reasoning answer etc
21. Bipolar associated disorders (BPAD)
- Bipolar disorder is a mental illness marked by extreme
changes in mood from high to low, and from low to high.
- Highs are periods of mania, while lows are periods of
depression.
- 2005 study found that 2.6 percent U.S. population, or
more than 5 million people are affected with BPAD.
22. Signs and Symptoms of BPAD
Signs and symptoms of manic form of BPAD
Feeling overly happy or “high” for long periods of time
Having a decreased need for sleep
Having impossible dreams or plan
Talking very fast, often with racing thoughts
Feeling extremely restless or impulsive
Becoming easily distracted
Having overconfidence in your abilities
Engaging in risky behavior, such as having impulsive sex,
spending more money
23. Signs and symptoms of BPAD
Signs and Symptoms of Depression form of BPAD
Feeling sad or hopeless for long periods of time
Withdrawing from friends and family/ relatives
Losing interest in activities that you once enjoyed
Having a significant change in appetite
Feeling severe fatigue or lack of energy
Having problems with memory, concentration, and decision
making
Thinking about or attempting suicide, or death
25. Depression and Seriousness
Common Symptoms Depression Seriousness
Sleep pattern Decreased or increased Sleeping at right time
Feeling hopeless or helpless Positive Negative
Motivation/ inspiration Low or absence High or positive
Feeling worthless Positive Negative
Restlessness Positive Negative
Sadness or sad feeling Very sad Happy inside
Thought of suicide or death Positive Negative
Memory, concentration and Low or absence High
28. PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Symptoms
- Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may start within one month of a
traumatic events.
• Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic event
• Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again (flashbacks)
• Upsetting dreams or nightmares about the traumatic event
• Severe emotional distress or physical reactions to something that reminds
you of the traumatic event
• Trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event
• Avoiding places, activities or people that remind you of the traumatic event
• Negative thoughts about themself, other people or the world
• Hopelessness about the future
29. PTSD( Post Traumatic Stress Disorders)
• Memory problems, including not remembering
important aspects of the traumatic event
• Difficulty maintaining close relationships
• Feeling detached from family and friends
• Lack of interest in activities you once enjoyed
• Difficulty experiencing positive emotions
• Feeling emotionally numb
• Self-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much
or driving too fast
• Trouble sleeping
• Trouble concentrating
• Irritability, angry outbursts or aggressive behavior
31. Complications of mental illness
• Unhappiness
• Decreased enjoyment of life
• Family conflicts
• Homelessness
• Relationship problem
• Social isolation
• Substance or alcohol addition
• Decreased or loose regular activities
• Financial problem
• Self-harm including suicide
• Harm to others
32. Mental Health Services
• Early Diagnosis and Treatment
• Rehabilitation
• Psychotherapy
• Mental Health Education
• ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)
34. Preventions
• Empowerment
• Positive interpersonal interactions
• Social participation
• Social responsibility and tolerance
• Social service
• Social support and community networks
• Ability to cope with stress
• Good parenting
35. Preventions
• Positive attachment and bonding
• Problem solving skills
• Skills for life
• Socio-emotional growth
• Stress management
• Social support of family and friends
• Improving nutrition
• Improving housing