a mass of tissue formed as a result of abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated, autonomous and purposeless proliferation of cells even after cessation of stimulus for growth which caused it

1. Memory

2. Outline
 Introduction
 Types of memory
 George sperling’s experiment
 Working memory models
 Memory assessment
 Brain and memory
 Conclusion
 References

3. Introduction
 WHAT IS MEMORY?
 ability to store and retrieve information
 indication that learning has persisted over time
 Matlin , “Memory is the process of maintaining
information over time.”
 Sternberg, “Memory is the means by which we draw
our past experiences in order to use this information in
present.”
 3 stages are involved in memory process :
• Encoding: information is converted into a form that can
be converted into memory.
 Storage: information is retained in memory
 Retrieval : information stored in memory is located.

4. Factors affecting memory
 Factors that Influence Memory Process in Humans
are as follows: Ability to retain
 Good health
 Age of the learner
 Maturity
 Will to remember
 Intelligence
 Interest
 Speed of learning
 Meaningfulness of the material
 Sleep or rest.

6. Types of memory
 Sensory memory
 shortest-term element of memory.
 The ability to look at an item for a second and then
remember what it looked like.
 processed approximately 200-500 milliseconds
 It is bought to us by our senses
 types of memory:
 Iconic memory
 Visual
 100 ms
 Echoic memory
 sound
 3-4 seconds

7. Short term memory
 It is temporary and short lived.
 Also called as recent memory/working memory.
 Retention time is longer than sensory memory.
 It may be long as 30 second or more.
 It has 3 main characteristics :
 Brief duration can only last upto 20 seconds
 Its capacity is limited to 7 plus minus 2 chunks of
independent information (miller’s law) and is vulnerable
to interference and interpretation
 Its weakening (due to reasons such as medication,
sleep deprivation, a stroke or head injury) and is the first
step to memory loss.

8. LONG TERM MEMORY
 Durable or endless retention of the sensory impressions.
 Also called as permanent memory.
 The span of attention is better
 Identifying data like our name, parentage, date of birth, date
of marriage, etc.
 Co relational with events and information.
 TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY
 Explicit memory
 Implicit memory
EXPLICIT MEMORY
 It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual
information, previous experiences and concepts.
 Explicit memory can be divided into two categories:
 episodic memory, which stores specific personal
experiences, and
 semantic memory, which stores factual information

9. Factors affecting episodic memory
 Retrieval cues : stimulus that are associated with
information stored in memory and so can help bring the
information to mind at times when it cannot be recalled
spontaneously
 Context dependent memory :refers to the fact that
information entered into memory in one context or
setting is easier to recall in that context than in others
 State dependent retrieval : occurs when aspects of our
physical states serve as retrieval cues for information
stored in memory
 .

10. CONTINUE
 Implicit memory is one of the two main types of long-
term human memory.
 Is acquired and used unconsciously
 One of its most common forms is procedural memory,
which helps people performing certain tasks
 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
 Memory system consisting of episodes recollected
from an individual's life
 Combination of episodic and semantic memory.
 Type of explicit memory

11. George sperling’s experiment
 Showed a series of letters
on a computer screen to
participants.
 Letters were visible on the
screen for a fraction of a
second
 However, few were able to
identify more than four or
five letters.
 The results of these
experiments suggested that
the human visual system is
capable of retaining
information even if the
exposure is very brief. The

12. Working memory models
 Atkinson and Shiffrin model

13. Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch model
 Four components of this model
 Central executive:
 complete control of the actions of the other components
 ability to store information but its capacity is limited
 Phonological loop
 contains the articulatory control system (inner voice)
and the phonological store (inner ear) - (not the
physical ear canals)
 revives memory traces with all auditory information
believed to directly enter the phonological store.
 An example of this involves people who hear their
favorite music in their mind.

14. Continue
 The Visuo-Spatial
Sketchpad
 hold visual information
 eyes are used to store
and manipulate visual
and spatial information
such as remembering
colors or shapes
 Episodic Buffer
 26 years after the
original working memory
model
 link together every
piece of information

15. Metacognition
 Metacognition refers to “thinking about thinking” and
was introduced as a concept in by John Flavell, who is
typically seen as a founding scholar of the field.
 Ability to control thinking processes through various
strategies, such as organizing, monitoring, and adapting.
 considered a critical component of successful learning
 involves self-regulation and self-reflection of strengths,
weaknesses, and the types of strategies you create
 Tip of the tongue(TOT)
 TOT phenomenon is the subjective feeling that people
have of being confident that they know the target word for
which they are searching, yet they cannot recall this
word.
 They are somewhat able to recall words of similar sounds

16. Scales for assessment
 The Wechsler Memory Scale—Third Edition (WMS-
III)
 The WMS-III consists of eight primary indexes that
describe immediate memory, general memory, and
working memory in visual and auditory forms.
 P.G.I. Memory scale
 developed by Risha Bhattacharya and Harjeet kaur
 AIIMS Neuropsychological Battery by Surya Gupta
 Demonstrates brain - behavior relationship.

17. Brain and memory
 The hippocampus: transfers from short- to long-term
memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour.
 The amygdala also performs a primary role in the
processing and memory of emotional reactions and social
and sexual behaviour, as well as regulating the sense of
smell.
 MEMORY DISORDERS
 Normal ageing : Negative relation between age and
performance test on memory
 Alzheimer disease: Poor retention and rapid forgetting.
 Frontal lobe dementia: occurs within the cortex , poor
retention , organization, flexibility and ability sustain
attention is disturbed and learning strategy are
insufficient.

18. Continue
 Anterograde amnesia: the inability to store in
long term memory information that occurs after an
amnesia inducing event. Retrograde amnesia :
loss of memory that occur prior to amnesia
inducing event.
 Amnesic korsakoff’s syndrome: inability to
encode information and is caused by long term
abuse of alcohol; often involves profound
retrograde amnesia

19. Conclusion
 Memory is the faculty of the brain by which data
or information is encoded, stored and retrieved
when needed . Memory is one of the most
important things to our life. It helps us to improve
our ability to understand the world.

20. References
 Morgan, T.C., King, A.R., & Schopler, J.(1993).Introduction to
psychology. India, New Delhi: Mc Graw hill education.
 Baron, A.R.,& Misra, G.(2002).Psychology. India, Delhi: Pearson.
 Pinel, J.P.J. (2000). Biopsychology (4th
ed.).Boston: Allyn & Bacon.