Memory can be defined as the mental processes used to receive, encode, store, and retrieve information over time. There are two common models of memory: the traditional three-stage model involving sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory; and the encoding, storage, and retrieval model. Information is encoded, stored for varying lengths of time, and then retrieved from memory storage. There are several factors that can contribute to forgetting, such as serial position effects and interference, as well as theories like decay theory. Problems with memory can arise from organic causes like injury or disease, or constructive processes involving eyewitness testimony or repressed memories.

1. MEMORY

2. MEMORY - KEY POINTS
• What is memory?
• What are the two common memory models?
• Why do we forget?
• What are some noted problems with
memory?
• How can we improve our memory?

3. Definition of Memory
• An internal record or representation of some
prior event or experience
• A set of mental processes that receives,
encodes, stores, organizes, alters and
retrieves information over time

4. Two Common Memory Models
• Traditional three-stage memory model
• Encoding, storage and retrieval approach

5. Traditional Three-Stage Model
• Model focuses on storing information for
different lengths of time
• Three stages are sensory, short-term
memory and long-term memory

6. Sensory Memory
• Purpose: to retain exact image of sensory
information long enough to focus on
important info and transfer it to next stage
• All senses have a sensory memory
• Duration depends on the sense involved
• Capacity is relatively large

7. Short-Term Memory
• Purpose - temporarily stores info until it is
sent to LTM
• Duration - relatively limited
• Capacity: 5 to 9 items
• Duration and capacity can be increased with
maintenance rehearsal and/or chunking
• Also known as “working memory”

8. Long Term Memory
• Purpose is to keep info stored for long
periods of time
• Unlimited capacity and duration

9. Memory Process Model
• Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Model
• How is info changed as it moves through
these operations?
• Process can be compared to a computer

10. Encoding
Process of translating info into neural codes
that will be retained in memory

11. Storage
The process of retaining neural coded info
over time

12. Retrieval
The process of recovering info from memory
storage

13. Encoding and the 3 Stage Model
• Organization
– STM and chunking
– LTM and hierarchies
• Rehearsal
– STM and shallow processing
– LTM and elaborative processing

14. Storage and the 3 Stage Model
• Varieties of LTM
– Explicit/Declarative
– Implicit/nondeclarative

15. Explicit/Declarative Memory
• Memories with conscious recall
– Semantic (general knowledge)
– Episodic (personal experiences)

16. Implicit/Nondeclarative/
Procedural Memory
Memory without awareness
Procedures involved in habits

17. Retrieval and the 3 Stage Model
• Retrieval Cues - trigger the retrieval process
– Recognition
– Recall
• Encoding Specificity Principle
– Context
– Mood congruence
– State dependent retrieval

18. Factors that Contribute to
Forgetting
• Serial Position Effect
– Primacy
– Recency
• Spacing of practice
– Massed practice
– Distributed practice

19. Theories of Forgetting
• Decay Theory
• Interference Theory
– Proactive interference
– Retroactive interference
• Encoding Failure
• Retrieval Failure Theory

20. Key Memory Problems
• Organic Causes
– Injury
– Disease
• Constructive Processes
– Eyewitness Testimony
– Repressed Memories