This document provides information on medication administration including definitions of key terms, parts of a medication order, abbreviations used, drug nomenclature, measurement systems, classifications, effects, mechanisms of action, factors affecting drugs, types and routes of drug preparation, safety procedures for administration, and formulas for calculating dosages. It covers the basics of pharmacology and outlines best practices for safe and accurate medication administration by nurses.
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
The document discusses the "Ten Rights" of medication administration that nurses must follow to ensure patient safety. The ten rights are: 1) Right patient, 2) Right drug, 3) Right dose, 4) Right time, 5) Right method, 6) Right patient education, 7) Right documentation, 8) Right to refuse, 9) Right assessment, and 10) Right evaluation. Each right is described in detail with examples of how to properly identify the patient, drug, dose, timing, administration method, educate the patient, document, allow refusal, assess need and evaluate effectiveness.
This document provides information on injection technique. It begins by explaining that giving injections safely requires knowledge in various areas like anatomy, pharmacology, and communication skills. It then defines what an injection is and identifies the main parts of a syringe. The document proceeds to discuss skin anatomy and different injection sites. It provides details on intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injection techniques, including needle and syringe selection, administration steps, and recommended sites for each. Proper hand washing and infection control are emphasized throughout.
1. A dressing is applied directly to a wound to promote healing and protect it. It is distinguished from a bandage, which holds the dressing in place.
2. The purposes of wound dressing are to control bleeding, absorb exudate, ease pain, and protect newly formed tissue from further harm.
3. Proper wound dressing involves cleaning the area, applying any necessary ointments, covering with sterile gauze or pads, securing with a bandage, and instructing the patient on aftercare.
Drug administration is an important but dangerous duty for medical assistants. They must understand pharmacology principles, fundamentals of administration including various routes, dosage calculations, and the seven rights of medication administration. When preparing to administer a drug, medical assistants must pay close attention to dose, route, form and follow rules like preparing in a well-lit area, properly identifying the patient, having the physician in office, observing the patient after, and documenting properly. Special considerations must be made for pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding and elderly patients due to alterations in drug metabolism and absorption. Proper documentation of drug administration in the patient's chart is also essential.
The document provides information on drugs acting on the genitourinary system. It discusses several classes of drugs including antidiuretics, diuretics, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, alpha blockers, anti-infectives, antigout agents, and spermicides. Specifically, it describes the mechanisms, indications, and side effects of antidiuretics like vasopressin and various classes of diuretics including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics. It also includes a section on research evidence regarding the use of terlipressin and albumin for hepatorenal syndrome.
The document provides guidelines for administering oral medications. It states that hand hygiene and patient identification are the first steps. Medications should be measured accurately using proper devices and not mixed together or returned to containers. If a patient vomits after administration, the nurse should identify the medication and notify the physician before re-administering. Crushing enteric coated medications is not recommended.
This document provides information on oral hygiene procedures. It defines oral hygiene as cleaning the teeth and oral cavity to prevent disease spread and increase patient comfort. Good oral hygiene includes daily stimulation of gums and brushing teeth. The purposes of oral hygiene are to maintain oral health and relieve discomfort. It should be performed for patients who are seriously ill, have infections, or are unconscious. The procedure involves using various tools to clean the mouth depending on the patient's consciousness. Complications from neglected mouth care can include local issues like halitosis or stomatitis as well as general infections.
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
The document discusses the "Ten Rights" of medication administration that nurses must follow to ensure patient safety. The ten rights are: 1) Right patient, 2) Right drug, 3) Right dose, 4) Right time, 5) Right method, 6) Right patient education, 7) Right documentation, 8) Right to refuse, 9) Right assessment, and 10) Right evaluation. Each right is described in detail with examples of how to properly identify the patient, drug, dose, timing, administration method, educate the patient, document, allow refusal, assess need and evaluate effectiveness.
This document provides information on injection technique. It begins by explaining that giving injections safely requires knowledge in various areas like anatomy, pharmacology, and communication skills. It then defines what an injection is and identifies the main parts of a syringe. The document proceeds to discuss skin anatomy and different injection sites. It provides details on intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injection techniques, including needle and syringe selection, administration steps, and recommended sites for each. Proper hand washing and infection control are emphasized throughout.
1. A dressing is applied directly to a wound to promote healing and protect it. It is distinguished from a bandage, which holds the dressing in place.
2. The purposes of wound dressing are to control bleeding, absorb exudate, ease pain, and protect newly formed tissue from further harm.
3. Proper wound dressing involves cleaning the area, applying any necessary ointments, covering with sterile gauze or pads, securing with a bandage, and instructing the patient on aftercare.
Drug administration is an important but dangerous duty for medical assistants. They must understand pharmacology principles, fundamentals of administration including various routes, dosage calculations, and the seven rights of medication administration. When preparing to administer a drug, medical assistants must pay close attention to dose, route, form and follow rules like preparing in a well-lit area, properly identifying the patient, having the physician in office, observing the patient after, and documenting properly. Special considerations must be made for pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding and elderly patients due to alterations in drug metabolism and absorption. Proper documentation of drug administration in the patient's chart is also essential.
The document provides information on drugs acting on the genitourinary system. It discusses several classes of drugs including antidiuretics, diuretics, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, alpha blockers, anti-infectives, antigout agents, and spermicides. Specifically, it describes the mechanisms, indications, and side effects of antidiuretics like vasopressin and various classes of diuretics including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics. It also includes a section on research evidence regarding the use of terlipressin and albumin for hepatorenal syndrome.
The document provides guidelines for administering oral medications. It states that hand hygiene and patient identification are the first steps. Medications should be measured accurately using proper devices and not mixed together or returned to containers. If a patient vomits after administration, the nurse should identify the medication and notify the physician before re-administering. Crushing enteric coated medications is not recommended.
This document provides information on oral hygiene procedures. It defines oral hygiene as cleaning the teeth and oral cavity to prevent disease spread and increase patient comfort. Good oral hygiene includes daily stimulation of gums and brushing teeth. The purposes of oral hygiene are to maintain oral health and relieve discomfort. It should be performed for patients who are seriously ill, have infections, or are unconscious. The procedure involves using various tools to clean the mouth depending on the patient's consciousness. Complications from neglected mouth care can include local issues like halitosis or stomatitis as well as general infections.
The document provides instructions for making different types of patient beds, including occupied, unoccupied open and closed beds. It describes the steps for stripping linens, cleaning the mattress, placing new linens including bottom sheet, draw sheet, top sheet and blanket. The purpose of properly making the bed is to provide a clean, comfortable and safe surface for patients that can help prevent infections and bed sores.
This document provides information on subcutaneous injections including:
1) It defines subcutaneous injection as administering medication into the subcutaneous tissue and lists purposes such as rapid systemic effect and for medications that cannot be taken orally.
2) It identifies common injection sites such as the outer arm, abdomen, front of thigh, and upper back/buttock and notes the abdomen has the fastest absorption rate.
3) It outlines the nursing procedure for administering a subcutaneous injection including assembling supplies, preparing the patient and site, correctly inserting and administering the medication, and documenting the injection.
Injections can be administered via several routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal. The key components of a syringe include the barrel, plunger, and tip. Medications can be drawn up from ampules or vials using aseptic technique. Intramuscular injections are administered at a 90 degree angle into muscle sites like the deltoid, gluteus maximus, or vastus lateralis. Subcutaneous injections are given at a 45-90 degree angle into the subcutaneous tissue. Intradermal injections involve injecting a small volume into the dermis to produce a wheal for diagnostic purposes.
This document outlines techniques for IV infusion, including preparing IV solutions, performing venipuncture and starting an IV infusion, caring for a patient with a venous access device, and discontinuing an IV infusion. It describes the assessment, equipment, procedures, evaluations, and documentation needed for each step. The objectives are to prepare IV fluids, perform venipuncture and start an IV, provide care for a venous access device, and discontinue an IV infusion. Videos are included to demonstrate some of the techniques.
This document provides information about medication administration by nurses. It discusses key responsibilities of nurses including having thorough knowledge of the medications being administered, ensuring the right patient, drug, dose, route, time and frequency. It covers drug classifications, effects, interactions and incompatibilities. The document also reviews the nursing process for safe administration including assessment, diagnosis, planning intervention and evaluation. Different routes of medication administration such as oral, parenteral, topical and inhalation are explained.
1. The document provides information on the administration of oral medication, including definitions, purposes, advantages, disadvantages, contraindications, formulas for calculating pediatric doses, and the scientific principles and general instructions for administration.
2. Details are given on preparing the patient and necessary articles, the administration procedure, and post-administration care of the patient and storage of articles.
3. Safety and proper documentation are emphasized throughout the administration process.
This presentation is about Iv injection which is used by all health professionals to the patients. This presentation includes definition, purpose, types, equipment with procedure and role of nurse all are included.. this is very helpful demonstration for health care settings.
An enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus. Enemas are used for various medical purposes like treating constipation, administering medication, cleansing the bowel, and more. The document provides detailed information on different types of enemas including evacuant enemas, oil enemas, purgative enemas, and retention enemas. It describes the solutions, dosages, and purposes of each type of enema.
The document discusses the discharge of patients from the hospital. It defines discharge as relieving a patient from the hospital setting after completing their initial treatment. There are two types of discharge: planned discharge after treatment is finished, and discharge against medical advice (DAMA). The steps for planned discharge include a doctor's order, completing paperwork, informing departments, and ensuring bills are paid. For DAMA, the patient must sign a consent form acknowledging they are leaving against advice. Nurses are responsible for preparing patients for discharge, assisting with the discharge process, and documenting discharge.
This document discusses health assessments in the army. It defines different types of health assessments including comprehensive, ongoing partial, focused, and emergency assessments. It outlines the purposes of health assessments which include understanding a client's health status, establishing a health database, and helping form treatment decisions. The document then describes the components of a health assessment, which are health history and physical examination. It provides details on collecting a health history and conducting a physical exam, including the various examination techniques and the roles and preparations of the nurse.
The document provides guidance on proper perineal care including:
1) Assessing the patient's perineal skin condition and care needs.
2) Preparing necessary articles like a tray, mackintosh, cotton balls, jug of water.
3) Explaining the procedure to the patient and providing privacy.
4) Cleaning the perineal area from the midline outward using wet cotton balls and forceps to prevent infections.
This document discusses medication administration and documentation. It defines medication and medication administration records. Safe medication administration is a major nurse responsibility. Nurses must follow the rights of medication administration which include the right patient, medication, dosage, route, time, documentation, education, refusal, assessment and evaluation. Proper preparation, administration at bedside while verifying patient details, and documentation are emphasized. Documentation must be complete and accurate in medical records. Electronic medication administration records are used to track medication administration and military time is used. Careful transcription to medical charts is important. Reasons for holding or refusing medication must be documented.
The document discusses the different routes of medication administration. It provides multiple choice questions that test understanding of the right nurse following principles when administering medication, including right patient, right medication, right dose, right time, and right route. The questions cover confirming the right patient, checking the medication against the prescription, cutting a tablet to the correct dose, giving oral syrup to a pediatric patient, checking the time of the last dose, providing patient education, documenting medication administration, informing the doctor if a patient refuses medication, assessing a patient's temperature and pain levels after medication administration. The document also questions routes of medication administration including sublingual, intraosseous, intraarticular, intrathecal, and inhalation.
Bladder irrigation involves flushing the bladder with liquid to clean it and maintain catheter patency. It can be done manually or continuously. Manual irrigation is used to clear clots or debris when a catheter is blocked. Continuous bladder irrigation prevents clot formation and maintains flow by continuously irrigating the bladder with saline. The procedure must be done aseptically to prevent infection and complications can include UTI, tissue trauma, urethral irritation, and bladder spasm.
Oral medications are drugs administered by mouth to treat or prevent disease. Nurses are responsible for checking orders, the patient's condition, and administering oral drugs correctly. This includes preparing equipment, positioning the patient, identifying them, and staying until the drug is swallowed to ensure proper administration. Aftercare involves monitoring for side effects, recording administration, and cleaning equipment. Oral medications are generally safe and convenient but may cause irritation or not be swallowed.
Steam inhalation involves inhaling warm, moist air to relieve congestion and irritation in the upper respiratory tract. It loosens secretions, stimulates expectoration, and relaxes muscles to relieve coughing and spasmodic breathing. The document outlines the effects of steam inhalation and provides instructions on the materials needed, procedures like the jug method and steam tent, precautions to avoid burns, and recommended treatment time.
Professional Nursing Concept And Practic - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject Foundation of Nursing and topic is Professional Nursing Concept And Practice. This slide is presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid Basic B.Sc Nusing 4th Year In Florence College of Nursing
This document provides an overview of the physical examination process. It defines physical examination as the systematic collection of objective health information through observation and examination techniques. The purposes of physical examination are then outlined, which include understanding a client's physical and mental well-being, detecting diseases early, and determining treatment needs. The four basic examination techniques - inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation - are then described at a high level. The document concludes by outlining the process for a general head-to-toe examination.
Administration of Medication, Unit - 12 FONAtul Yadav
Administration of Medication
1.Introduction of medication ,drug
2. Drug
3. Medication
4. Name of drugs or Nomenclature
5. Classification of drugs
6. Classification of drugs according to their action
7. Terminologies of drugs
8. Routes of drug administration
a. Oral route
b. Sublingual route
c. Rectal route
d. Inhalation route
e. Cutaneous route
f. Parental route
9. Intravenous
10. Interamuscular
11. Intradermal
12. subcutaneous
13. Purposes of medication
14. Principles of medication
15. Medication errors
16. Drugs form
17. Storage and maintenance of drugs
18. Effects of drugs on the body
19. Factors affecting drugs response
20. Factors affecting drug absorption
21. Systems of drug measurement
22. Converting measurements units
23. Dose calcuations
24. Abbreviations used in drugs
25. Abbreviations uses in pharmacology
26. Abbreviations use in nursing
27. Oral drug administration equipments
28. Oral administration procedure
29. Parental administration procedure
30. Cannula
31. Types of cannula
32. Needle stick injuries
33. Preventing needle stick injuries
Clinical pharmacy is a health science discipline that optimizes medication therapy to promote health. It involves services provided by pharmacists in various settings where medicines are prescribed and used. The focus is on analyzing population needs regarding medicines and their effects on patients, rather than just on the drugs themselves. The overall goal of clinical pharmacy is to promote correct and appropriate medicine use by maximizing clinical effects, minimizing risks and expenditures, and assisting physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy. Clinical pharmacists can influence proper medicine use before, during, and after prescriptions by activities like participating in drug trials, developing formularies and policies, evaluating prescriptions, counseling patients, and providing continuity of care.
The document provides instructions for making different types of patient beds, including occupied, unoccupied open and closed beds. It describes the steps for stripping linens, cleaning the mattress, placing new linens including bottom sheet, draw sheet, top sheet and blanket. The purpose of properly making the bed is to provide a clean, comfortable and safe surface for patients that can help prevent infections and bed sores.
This document provides information on subcutaneous injections including:
1) It defines subcutaneous injection as administering medication into the subcutaneous tissue and lists purposes such as rapid systemic effect and for medications that cannot be taken orally.
2) It identifies common injection sites such as the outer arm, abdomen, front of thigh, and upper back/buttock and notes the abdomen has the fastest absorption rate.
3) It outlines the nursing procedure for administering a subcutaneous injection including assembling supplies, preparing the patient and site, correctly inserting and administering the medication, and documenting the injection.
Injections can be administered via several routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal. The key components of a syringe include the barrel, plunger, and tip. Medications can be drawn up from ampules or vials using aseptic technique. Intramuscular injections are administered at a 90 degree angle into muscle sites like the deltoid, gluteus maximus, or vastus lateralis. Subcutaneous injections are given at a 45-90 degree angle into the subcutaneous tissue. Intradermal injections involve injecting a small volume into the dermis to produce a wheal for diagnostic purposes.
This document outlines techniques for IV infusion, including preparing IV solutions, performing venipuncture and starting an IV infusion, caring for a patient with a venous access device, and discontinuing an IV infusion. It describes the assessment, equipment, procedures, evaluations, and documentation needed for each step. The objectives are to prepare IV fluids, perform venipuncture and start an IV, provide care for a venous access device, and discontinue an IV infusion. Videos are included to demonstrate some of the techniques.
This document provides information about medication administration by nurses. It discusses key responsibilities of nurses including having thorough knowledge of the medications being administered, ensuring the right patient, drug, dose, route, time and frequency. It covers drug classifications, effects, interactions and incompatibilities. The document also reviews the nursing process for safe administration including assessment, diagnosis, planning intervention and evaluation. Different routes of medication administration such as oral, parenteral, topical and inhalation are explained.
1. The document provides information on the administration of oral medication, including definitions, purposes, advantages, disadvantages, contraindications, formulas for calculating pediatric doses, and the scientific principles and general instructions for administration.
2. Details are given on preparing the patient and necessary articles, the administration procedure, and post-administration care of the patient and storage of articles.
3. Safety and proper documentation are emphasized throughout the administration process.
This presentation is about Iv injection which is used by all health professionals to the patients. This presentation includes definition, purpose, types, equipment with procedure and role of nurse all are included.. this is very helpful demonstration for health care settings.
An enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus. Enemas are used for various medical purposes like treating constipation, administering medication, cleansing the bowel, and more. The document provides detailed information on different types of enemas including evacuant enemas, oil enemas, purgative enemas, and retention enemas. It describes the solutions, dosages, and purposes of each type of enema.
The document discusses the discharge of patients from the hospital. It defines discharge as relieving a patient from the hospital setting after completing their initial treatment. There are two types of discharge: planned discharge after treatment is finished, and discharge against medical advice (DAMA). The steps for planned discharge include a doctor's order, completing paperwork, informing departments, and ensuring bills are paid. For DAMA, the patient must sign a consent form acknowledging they are leaving against advice. Nurses are responsible for preparing patients for discharge, assisting with the discharge process, and documenting discharge.
This document discusses health assessments in the army. It defines different types of health assessments including comprehensive, ongoing partial, focused, and emergency assessments. It outlines the purposes of health assessments which include understanding a client's health status, establishing a health database, and helping form treatment decisions. The document then describes the components of a health assessment, which are health history and physical examination. It provides details on collecting a health history and conducting a physical exam, including the various examination techniques and the roles and preparations of the nurse.
The document provides guidance on proper perineal care including:
1) Assessing the patient's perineal skin condition and care needs.
2) Preparing necessary articles like a tray, mackintosh, cotton balls, jug of water.
3) Explaining the procedure to the patient and providing privacy.
4) Cleaning the perineal area from the midline outward using wet cotton balls and forceps to prevent infections.
This document discusses medication administration and documentation. It defines medication and medication administration records. Safe medication administration is a major nurse responsibility. Nurses must follow the rights of medication administration which include the right patient, medication, dosage, route, time, documentation, education, refusal, assessment and evaluation. Proper preparation, administration at bedside while verifying patient details, and documentation are emphasized. Documentation must be complete and accurate in medical records. Electronic medication administration records are used to track medication administration and military time is used. Careful transcription to medical charts is important. Reasons for holding or refusing medication must be documented.
The document discusses the different routes of medication administration. It provides multiple choice questions that test understanding of the right nurse following principles when administering medication, including right patient, right medication, right dose, right time, and right route. The questions cover confirming the right patient, checking the medication against the prescription, cutting a tablet to the correct dose, giving oral syrup to a pediatric patient, checking the time of the last dose, providing patient education, documenting medication administration, informing the doctor if a patient refuses medication, assessing a patient's temperature and pain levels after medication administration. The document also questions routes of medication administration including sublingual, intraosseous, intraarticular, intrathecal, and inhalation.
Bladder irrigation involves flushing the bladder with liquid to clean it and maintain catheter patency. It can be done manually or continuously. Manual irrigation is used to clear clots or debris when a catheter is blocked. Continuous bladder irrigation prevents clot formation and maintains flow by continuously irrigating the bladder with saline. The procedure must be done aseptically to prevent infection and complications can include UTI, tissue trauma, urethral irritation, and bladder spasm.
Oral medications are drugs administered by mouth to treat or prevent disease. Nurses are responsible for checking orders, the patient's condition, and administering oral drugs correctly. This includes preparing equipment, positioning the patient, identifying them, and staying until the drug is swallowed to ensure proper administration. Aftercare involves monitoring for side effects, recording administration, and cleaning equipment. Oral medications are generally safe and convenient but may cause irritation or not be swallowed.
Steam inhalation involves inhaling warm, moist air to relieve congestion and irritation in the upper respiratory tract. It loosens secretions, stimulates expectoration, and relaxes muscles to relieve coughing and spasmodic breathing. The document outlines the effects of steam inhalation and provides instructions on the materials needed, procedures like the jug method and steam tent, precautions to avoid burns, and recommended treatment time.
Professional Nursing Concept And Practic - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject Foundation of Nursing and topic is Professional Nursing Concept And Practice. This slide is presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid Basic B.Sc Nusing 4th Year In Florence College of Nursing
This document provides an overview of the physical examination process. It defines physical examination as the systematic collection of objective health information through observation and examination techniques. The purposes of physical examination are then outlined, which include understanding a client's physical and mental well-being, detecting diseases early, and determining treatment needs. The four basic examination techniques - inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation - are then described at a high level. The document concludes by outlining the process for a general head-to-toe examination.
Administration of Medication, Unit - 12 FONAtul Yadav
Administration of Medication
1.Introduction of medication ,drug
2. Drug
3. Medication
4. Name of drugs or Nomenclature
5. Classification of drugs
6. Classification of drugs according to their action
7. Terminologies of drugs
8. Routes of drug administration
a. Oral route
b. Sublingual route
c. Rectal route
d. Inhalation route
e. Cutaneous route
f. Parental route
9. Intravenous
10. Interamuscular
11. Intradermal
12. subcutaneous
13. Purposes of medication
14. Principles of medication
15. Medication errors
16. Drugs form
17. Storage and maintenance of drugs
18. Effects of drugs on the body
19. Factors affecting drugs response
20. Factors affecting drug absorption
21. Systems of drug measurement
22. Converting measurements units
23. Dose calcuations
24. Abbreviations used in drugs
25. Abbreviations uses in pharmacology
26. Abbreviations use in nursing
27. Oral drug administration equipments
28. Oral administration procedure
29. Parental administration procedure
30. Cannula
31. Types of cannula
32. Needle stick injuries
33. Preventing needle stick injuries
Clinical pharmacy is a health science discipline that optimizes medication therapy to promote health. It involves services provided by pharmacists in various settings where medicines are prescribed and used. The focus is on analyzing population needs regarding medicines and their effects on patients, rather than just on the drugs themselves. The overall goal of clinical pharmacy is to promote correct and appropriate medicine use by maximizing clinical effects, minimizing risks and expenditures, and assisting physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy. Clinical pharmacists can influence proper medicine use before, during, and after prescriptions by activities like participating in drug trials, developing formularies and policies, evaluating prescriptions, counseling patients, and providing continuity of care.
Nursing responsibilities in MEDICATION-ADMINISTRATION.pptxQMMCEA2021Qawani
The document discusses safe medication administration. It defines key terms and outlines objectives related to administering medication properly. It discusses factors that affect drug action, legal implications, common abbreviations, and calculating dosages. The document also covers medication assessment, types of medication orders, routes of administration, and safety measures like the "five rights" to prevent errors.
Introduction to the course Clinical PharmacyEneutron
Clinical pharmacy differs from traditional pharmacy by focusing on analyzing population needs related to medication use, administration, and effects on patients. The overall goal of clinical pharmacy is to promote appropriate medication use by maximizing clinical effects, minimizing risks, and reducing healthcare costs. Clinical pharmacists influence medication use at multiple levels, including involvement in clinical trials, formulary decisions, and patient counseling before, during, and after prescriptions.
This document discusses key concepts related to safe medication administration in nursing. It defines key terms and outlines learning objectives. The document covers medication names, classifications, routes of administration, principles of drug action, and factors affecting drug safety. It also discusses medication orders, prescriptions, calculations, and legal aspects of medication administration. The goal is to develop knowledge around safe and effective medication practices in nursing.
Form of drugs , patients right and route of drug administrationShipraMishra30
This document discusses various aspects of drug administration including:
1. Drug names can include the chemical, generic, official, and trade names.
2. Drugs come in many forms for different routes of administration such as tablets, capsules, solutions, and suppositories.
3. The rights of patients include receiving the right drug, dose, route, and information to ensure safe and effective treatment. Nurses must properly document and monitor patients during drug administration.
Medication Administration for Nursing Studentsssuser7bfabb
This document discusses medication administration, including:
- The nurse's role in safely administering medications according to the six rights.
- Factors to consider like dosage, routes of administration, forms, and calculating amounts.
- Common techniques like oral administration, injections, and Z-track injections to prevent leakage.
- Key interventions to safely administer medications and assess patient responses.
Clinical pharmacy involves optimizing patient outcomes through the appropriate use of medications. It includes activities performed by pharmacists in various settings to develop and promote rational medication use. The overall goal is to maximize clinical effects, minimize risks, and reduce healthcare costs through counseling patients before, during, and after prescriptions. Key aspects of clinical pharmacy differ from traditional pharmacy in focusing on analyzing population needs related to medications and their effects on individual patients.
This document discusses drug administration and metabolism. It covers the following key points:
1. Drugs are metabolized through four stages: absorption, transportation, biotransformation, and excretion. The rate of absorption depends on factors like pH and presence of food or disease.
2. Common routes of drug administration include oral, parental, rectal, inhalation and others. Parental routes include subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections.
3. Many factors can influence drug metabolism, such as age, health conditions, and genetic factors. Proper drug administration follows the "Five Rights" to ensure safety.
Medication administration involves several key steps and considerations. Routes include oral, sublingual, buccal, and various parenteral options. Factors like development, gender, culture, diet and more can impact drug action. Legal aspects require following nursing standards and questioning unreasonable orders. Proper identification, consent, administration technique, documentation, and monitoring of effects are essential steps to follow for each drug. Special considerations apply to older adults due to physiological changes.
This document discusses the administration of medicines. It begins by defining medicine and drug, and explaining the stages of medication delivery which can lead to errors. It then classifies medicines according to their actions and names, and describes various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and other external routes. The rights of drug administration are outlined to minimize errors. Different types of medication orders and forms drugs can take are also defined. Finally, the document provides guidance on properly administering oral medications according to established best practices.
. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs.
4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-
This document discusses various aspects of medication including definitions, purposes, uses, classifications, forms, routes of administration, orders, and effects. A medication is a substance used for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. Drugs can be used for diagnostic, prophylactic, or therapeutic purposes. Medications are classified based on their target body system, use, disease treated, or effect. Proper storage, administration according to the 6 rights, and documentation are important. Medication orders should include patient name, drug, dosage, route, time, and prescriber signature.
Medications are substances used to treat diseases, symptoms, and prevent illnesses. They are administered according to prescriptions under legal guidelines. Medications can be used for diagnostic, prophylactic, or therapeutic purposes. Nurses must follow principles of safe administration including checking the "3 rights" and "10 rights" to ensure the correct patient receives the right drug by the proper route and dose at the correct time. Medication orders contain essential information and abbreviations are used to indicate timing of doses. Proper storage and documentation are also important aspects of medication administration.
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It deals with the effects of drugs and how the body affects drugs.
- The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is what drugs do to the body, and pharmacokinetics, which is what the body does to drugs.
- There are several routes of drug administration including oral, injection, topical, inhalation, and rectal. The choice depends on factors like the drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
Clinical pharmacology connects medical practice and laboratory science by promoting drug safety and maximizing effects while minimizing side effects. It has been practiced for centuries through observing herbal remedies, and scientific advances allowed studying physiological and biological drug effects. Clinical pharmacologists have medical and scientific training enabling them to evaluate evidence and conduct studies to personalize therapies. They analyze adverse effects, toxicology, and more. Drugs are classified and regulated, and developing new drugs is a long process involving pre-clinical and clinical testing, FDA approval, and post-market surveillance.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. The chapter covers drug nomenclature, classifications of prescription, non-prescription, and controlled substances. Drugs are derived from natural sources like plants and animals, or they can be synthetic. Absorption is the first step in a drug's pharmacokinetic phase once in the body. Many factors influence a drug's absorption including its route of administration, bodily conditions, blood flow to the site, and the drug's pH level.
This document discusses the administration of medication presented by an assistant professor. It defines administration of medication as dispensing medicine to patients for therapeutic purposes. It outlines the rights and principles of medication administration including the right patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation, and reason. It also discusses terminology related to pharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and components of prescriptions. Guidelines for safe administration and factors that can influence medication errors are presented.
The document discusses medication administration and its responsibilities for nurses. It defines medication and describes the mechanisms of drug action including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. It discusses adverse drug effects such as allergic reactions, drug tolerance, toxicity, idiosyncratic effects, and drug interactions. It provides guidelines for calculating drug dosages, essential elements of medication orders, types of orders, abbreviations used and principles of safe administration including the rights. It describes various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, rectal and parental routes. The nursing responsibilities before, during and after medication administration are outlined along with general medication safety guidelines.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Medication administration is a basic nursing function
that involves skillful technique and consideration of the
clients’ development and safety.
Nurse administering medication is expected to have a
knowledge base concerning drugs, including: drug
names, preparations, classifications, adverse effects,
mechanisms of drug actions, and physiologic functions
that affect drug action
2
3. Definitions of terms
Drugs is any substance that alters physiologic functions
with a potential for affecting health.
Medication is a drug that is used for therapeutic
/curative purpose
Also it is a substance administered for the ff purposes:
◦ Diagnosis, treatment, cure, relief, prevention
3
4. The study that deals with chemicals that affects the
body’s functioning is called pharmacology.
Prescription: a written direction for the preparation or
administration of medication
N.B All medications are drugs, but all drugs are not
medication.
4
5. Parts of the medication order
Consists of seven parts. These are:
Client’s name
Date & time the order is written
Name of the drug to be administered
Dosage of the drug
Route by which the drug is to be administered
Frequency of administration
Signature of a person writing the order
5
6. Common abbreviations used in drug administration
Po …………..by mouth
bid ……………twice a day
ac……………before meal
tid ………….. 3x a day
Pc …………..after meal
hs ……………at bed time
Qd ………….every day
prn ………….as needed
Qod…..every other day
Qid……4x a day
Q2h ….…every 2hrs
Qhr……every hour
am……in the morning
Pm………after noon
IV…………Intravenous
6
8. Nomenclature of drugs
One drug can have several names. These include:
The chemical name:-is a precise description of a drug’s
chemical composition; it identifies the drug’s atomic &
molecular structure.
The generic name: - is the name designed by the
manufacturer that first develops the drug.
It is often derived from the chemical name.
8
9. The official name:-is the name by which the drug is
identified in the official publication.
The trade name:-also referred to as brand name or
proprietary name, is selected by the drug company that
sells the drug & is copyrighted.
A drug can have several trade names when produced by
different manufacturers.
9
10. DRUG MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Three systems of drug measurement systems are
used. These are:
The metric system
The apothecary’s system
The household system.
10
11. The metric system
The most widely accepted and convenient/suitable
method.
The basic units of measurement are meter (linear), liter
(volume) & gram (weight)
11
12. The apothecary system
Less convenient & precise than the metric system and
infrequently used.
Basic unit of weight is the grain.
The minim, dram, ounce, pint, & quart are used for
volume.
Roman numerals are used to express numbers and
quantities <1are written in fraction form (grain ¼)
12
13. The household system
Used when accurate systems of measurements are not
required, because it is the least accurate one.
Units of measurement include: drops, teaspoon,
tablespoon, teacup, cups, glasses, etc.
13
14. Classifications of drugs
Drugs can be classified from d/t perspectives. For
example;
◦ By body system affected by the drug(drugs that
affect the RS, the CVS),
◦ By the symptom relieved by the drug (antipain,
analgesics),
◦ By the clinical indications for the drug (antibiotics,
antifungal …)
14
15. Effect of drugs
Drugs have several effects:
Therapeutic effect (desired effect)
the effect that we are intended on.
Side effect (untoward effect)
Secondary effect of drug which is not intended
E.g. Al(OH)3 -neutralize gastric acid
S/E: causes constipation
Usually S/Es are predictable and harmless or harmful
15
16. Drug toxicity- result from administration of high doses
No drug is safe if administered inappropriate
Drug allergy -resulting from immunological reaction of
the body
◦ Leads to antigen-antibody reactions
◦ Called anaphylactic reaction
16
17. Mechanism of drug action
Pharmacodynamics
The process by which drugs alter the cell physiology
One of the mechanisms of drug action is a drug receptor
interaction.
The drug fits the receptor sites as the key fits the lock
Some drugs act on cell membrane or alter the cellular
environment.
17
18. Pharmacokinetics
The study of the movement of drug molecule in the
body.
Absorption:-is a process by which a drug is transferred
from its site of entry into the body to the blood stream.
Distribution:-after it has been absorbed into the blood
stream; the drug is distributed throughout the body.
18
19. Metabolism:-metabolism or biotransformation is the
breakdown of the drug to an inactive form in the liver.
Excretion:-after it is broken down into inactive form,
elimination of the drug from the body occurs.
Most drugs are excreted by the kidney and lungs are the
primary route of excretion for gaseous substances, such
as inhalation anesthesia.
19
20. FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ACTION
Age
Sex
Weight
Genetic
Illness and disease
Time of administration
Environment, psychology, diet
20
21. TYPES OF PREPARATION
Medications are prepared in various forms.
The most desirable form of medication for any client is
determined by the:
Disease process being treated
Age of the person
Ability of the client to swallow etc.
21
22. Accordingly, there are
Oral preparation
Topical preparation
Parentral preparation, etc.
22
23. Oral preparation
These are medications prepared to be swallowed by
mouth. There are different forms of oral preparation.
Capsule:-gelatinous container, may contain liquid
Emulsion-oil based preparation
Enteric coated- prepared to be dissolved and absorbed
in the intestine.
Lozenges-dissolved & absorbed in the mouth like
candy.
23
24. Powder-finely ground drugs
Syrup-sugar sweetened (acquous solution of sugar)
Suspension-is liquid form, shacked before
administration.
Elixir-liquid form of drug
24
25. Topical preparation
Drugs to be applied directly to the skin or mucus
membrane. There are d/t types of topical preparation:
Cream=non greasy/oily, semi solute preparation
Ointment=semi solute than cream, for external use on
skin, conjunctiva, etc.
Paste=thicker & stiffer than ointment
25
26. Lotion=clear, suspension, emollient liquid
Gel or jelly=clear, translucent form.
Suppository=prepared to be inserted through the
rectum/ anus, & vagina
26
27. Parentral preparation
Prepared to be injected using needle.
Glass capsule:-contain liquid drugs
Vials (glass bottle):-may contain powder dissolved
before administration
Ampoule:-glass flask/container containing a single dose
medication for parentral administration.
27
28. Safety when administering medication
Safety is of the most importance in preparing and implementing
drug administration.
The nurse observes the three checks and the five rights when
administering medication.
The three checks:-the label on the medication container should be
checked three times during medication preparation.
When the nurse reaches for container or unit dose package.
Immediately before pouring or opening the medication and
When replacing the container to the drawer or shelf or prior to
giving the unit dose to the client.
28
29. The five rights of medication administration
The five rights ensure accuracy when administering
medications. These five rights are:
◦ Right client/pt
◦ Right drug/medication
◦ Right dosage
◦ Right route
◦ Right time
29
30. N.B The nurse gives the right medication for a
right client in a right dosage through the
right route at the right time.
30
31. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The route of administration should be indicated when the
drug is ordered.
When administering the drug, the nurse should ensure
that the pharmaceutical preparation is appropriate for the
route specified.
There are different routes of administration
31
32. Oral
Drugs given orally are intended for absorption in the
stomach & small intestine.
Advantage-most common & least expensive route
most convenient &safest route for clients
doesn’t break skin barrier& doesn’t cause stress.
32
33. Disadvantages
unpleasant taste
GI- irritation
may discolor or harm the teeth
Inappropriate for those clients who can’t swallow,
for unconscious pts/mentally ill clients,
those with nausea& vomiting
33
34. After oral administration, drug action has a slower
onset and a more prolonged but less effect
Equipment
Medication tray - Towel
A bowl of water for used drug cup - Medicine glasses.
Medication cup - measuring spoon
Jug of water chart and medication card
Ordered medication
34
35. Sublingual
The tablet is placed under the client’s tongue.
This area is reach in superficial blood vessels that allows
the drug to be absorbed relatively rapidly into
bloodstream for quick systemic effect.
E.g. Nitroglycerine-a drug for treatment of angina
pectoris
35
36. Parentral route
Parentral means outside the intestine or alimentary
canal.
These may be injected into ID, SC, IM, IV, intra lesional
tissue, intra spinal, etc.
Medications given by parentral route usually absorbed
completely and begin acting faster than medications
given by other routes.
36
37. The following are some of the more common routes for
parentral administration.
Subcutaneous or hypodermic:-into the subcutaneous
tissue, just below the skin.
Because there is subcutaneous tissue all over the body,
various sites are used for SC injection:
E.g. outer aspects of the upper arm, anterior aspects of
the thigh, lower abdominal wall, and upper back
37
38. This route is used to administer insulin, heparin,
adrenalin and certain immunizations (measles).
Ordinarily no more than 1ml of solution is given
subcutaneously.
The needle is inserted at 45 degree angle to the body.
38
39. Equipment
1. Disposable syringe and needle
2. Small tray
3. Medication
4. Ampoule of sterile water if medication must be dissolved
5. Cotton balls soaked with alcohol.
6. File
7. Receiver
39
40. Intradermal (ID)
Administration of medication under epidermis, into the
dermis layer of the skin.
It is used for administration of small doses, usually less
than 0.5ml (0.1, 0.01ml).
A 0.6 -1.3cm, 26- or 27 gauge needle is used.
40
41. The ID route has the longest absorption period (slow
absorption) of all parentral routes
Sites commonly used are inner surfaces of forearm, the
dorsal aspect of upper arm, & the upper back.
The needle is inserted at 15 degree angle to the skin for
intradermal injection
41
42. Equipments
Tray, file
Receiver
A vial or ampoule of sterile medication
Vial of diluents (when necessary)
Alcohol swab, Dry sterile gauze
Marking pen
Sterile syringe and needle
42
43. Intramuscular (IM)
Administration of medication into the muscle.
Absorption is rapid than SC-route, because of the greater
blood supply to the muscle.
Large volume of fluid or medication can be injected
without causing discomfort.
4ml is considered the maximum dose to be given IM on
one site for an adult with well developed muscle.
43
44. A volume of 1 to 2ml is usually recommended for adults
with less developed muscle.
Deltoid muscle accommodates small volume of
medication, small sized & gauged needle than other sites
of IM injection
Common sites for IM injection are: deltoid muscle
(upper arm), ventrogluteal muscle (hip), vastus lateralis
(on thigh), rectus femoralis (thigh).
The needle is inserted at 90 degree angle to the body
44
45. Disadvantages-it breaks skin integrity
- Pain and anxiety may develop.
Equipment:
1. Disposable syringe and needle
2. Cotton balls soaked in alcohol
3. Small tray, Medication
5. Ampoule of sterile (if drug is to be dissolved)
6. Fill, Receiver.
45
46. Intravenous (IV)
administration of medication through veins.
It is the most dangerous route of drug administration,
because the drug is placed directly into the blood stream,
it cannot be recalled nor its action be slowed.
It would be the route chosen in an emergency situation
when immediate absorption is required.
46
47. Advantage
◦ large volume can be given
◦ getting rapid effect.
◦ Used to administer fluid/nutrition if the pt can’t feed
by mouth.
Disadvantage–the drugs prepared for IV administration
is expensive
◦ Limited to highly soluble medications.
◦ drug distribution is inhibited by poor circulation.
47
49. Less common parentral routes of administration
Intra-arterial
◦ Inject directly in to the arteries
◦ Commonly used for diagnostic purposes
Intra-cardiac
◦ Inject directly in to the muscle of hearts e.g.
adrenaline
◦ Used for emergency medication
49
50. Intra-osseous
◦ Inject directly in to the bone including areas of
ossification particularly joint area
◦ Used in chronic infection of bone e.g. Osteomyelitis
Intra-thecal/ intra-spinal
◦ Inject directly in to spinal column
◦ commonly used for diagnostic purposes
◦ for medication administration on lumbar region
50
51. INTRAVENOUS INJECTION (THERAPY)
It is an introduction of a large amount of fluid into the
blood stream through a vein.
Purpose: -
To maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and restore
acid-base balance, in case of shock, haemorrhage and
other metabolic disorders.
To introduce medication through the vein, particularly
antibiotics.
51
52. Site of injection: - Usually one of the large superficial
veins in front of the upper arm is used or vein on the
inner aspect of the ankle.
Preparation of the patient: - since an infusion therapy
takes several hours to complete, the patient should first
be made comfortable/informed.
52
56. Formula for computing drug dosage
Some times drugs are prepared and supplied in the
amount ordered
Not prepared and supplied in the exact quantity and the
nurse must do a dosage calculation to determine what
quantity medication the client is to receive
The dosage must be in the same unit of measurement
56
57. Several formulas can be used to calculate drug dosage.
One of these formulas is used to set up proportions.
Dose on hand = dose desired
Quantity on hand X (quantity desired)
E.g. If Erythromycin 500mg is ordered & supplied in a
liquid preparation containing 250mg in 5ml, how much
volume of erythromycin is administered?
57
58. Volume to be given = Dosage ordered X Volume on hand
Dosage on hand
E.g. Give procaine penicillin 800,000IU IM BID from a vial
containing procaine penicillin 4 million IU dissolved in
10ml. What is the volume of procaine penicillin to be
injected?
58
59. Intravenous medication calculation
To infuse a medication for a set time, the nurse needs to
calculate the appropriate rate of flow for the medication.
IV flow rates are calculated in drops/min.
To calculate IV drip rate, the nurse can use the following
formula
ml of solution X drip rate factor = drops/min
Hrs to administer 60(min/hr)
1ml= 15-20drop, this is the drip rate factor
59
60. E.g. If you are ordered to administer 1L of Normal saline
over 4hours, what would be the flow rate?
60
61. TOPICALADMINISTRATION
Drug is applied directly to the body sites.
Usually intended for direct (local) action on a particular
site
Applied locally to the skin or to mucus membrane in
areas such as the eye, internal ear canal, vagina and
rectum.
61
62. Skin application
The process of applying medication to the skin is called
inunctions.
Powders:-are used to promote drying of the skin and
prevent friction on the skin.
Ointments:-provide prolonged contact of medication on
skin and soften the skin.
Creams& oils:-lubricate and soften the skin & prevent
drying of the skin.
62
63. Ophthalmic drops/ointments
Eye drops:-instillation of eye drops is performed for their
local effects; such as pupil dilation or constriction when
examining the eye or for treating infections like
trachoma.
Ointments:-used to treat local infections & irritation of
the eye. After application the eye should be closed and
the client is instructed to move the eye ball to spread the
ointment
63
64. Nasal installation:-used to treat sinus infections and
nasal congestion/obstruction
Vaginal suppositories:-medications are applied directly
to the vagina to
Treat or prevent infection
Remove an offensive or irritating discharge
Reduce inflammation & relieve vaginal discomfort.
64
65. Rectal suppositories: - are used primarily for their local
action, such as a laxative & fecal softener.
NB: Use disposable gloves to insert rectal & vaginal
suppositories to prevent contamination.
The client should remain in that position for 5min,
unless it is for laxative purpose (35-45min), or until the
client feels urge to defecate.
65
66. Ear installation
Are placed in the auditory canal for their local effect.
Used to soften wax, relive pain, apply local anesthesia,
destroy microorganisms, or destroy an insect lodged in
the ear canal
sterile technique is used to prevent infection in case of
ruptured tympanic membrane.
66
67. MEDICATION ORDER
Medications can be prescribed as stat, single-dose,
standing, and PRN orders.
Stat Orders
Order for a single dose of medication to be given
immediately.
Stat drugs are often prescribed in emergency situations
to modify a serious physiological response
67
68. Single-dose Orders
One-time medications or may require the administration
of drops or tablets over a short period of time.
The nurse should administer single-dose orders only
once, either at a time specified by the health care
practitioner or at the earliest convenient time.
These drugs are often prescribed in preparation for a
diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
68
69. Standing Orders
Also referred to as scheduled orders
They are administered routinely as specified until the
order is canceled by another order.
The purpose of a standing medication order is to
maintain the desired blood level of the medication
E.g. lente insulin 16IU SC daily in the morning and 8IU in
the evening
69
70. PRN Orders
A drug may be ordered on a PRN (as needed) basis as
circumstances indicate.
The drug is administered when, in the nurse’s judgment,
the client’s condition requires it.
This type of order is commonly written for analgesics,
antiemetics, and laxatives.
70