Medication administration involves several key steps and considerations. Routes include oral, sublingual, buccal, and various parenteral options. Factors like development, gender, culture, diet and more can impact drug action. Legal aspects require following nursing standards and questioning unreasonable orders. Proper identification, consent, administration technique, documentation, and monitoring of effects are essential steps to follow for each drug. Special considerations apply to older adults due to physiological changes.
Hospital house keeping & care of rubber goodsSiva Nanda Reddy
1) Housekeeping in a hospital aims to provide a clean, comfortable, and safe environment for patients through cleaning, sanitation, and infection control practices.
2) Key components of hospital housekeeping include adequate water supply, clean toilets, proper waste disposal, pest control, and appealing interior design.
3) Proper housekeeping principles include using damp cloths for dusting, cleaning with soap and water, and storing cleaning supplies separately from other items. Heat, chemicals, and abrasives should be used carefully to avoid harming materials.
Pressure sore or bed sore or decubitus ulcer pptProf Vijayraddi
This document provides information about pressure sores (also called bedsores or decubitus ulcers). It defines pressure sores as injuries to the skin and underlying tissue caused by prolonged pressure. Key risk factors include immobility, lack of sensation, poor nutrition, and medical conditions affecting blood flow. Pressure sores are staged from 1 to 4 based on severity, with stage 4 being the most severe. Treatment focuses on reducing pressure, cleaning wounds, applying dressings, removing damaged tissue, pain management, and infection treatment. Prevention emphasizes frequent repositioning and using support surfaces to relieve pressure.
Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene, Fundamental of NursingPooja Koirala
This document discusses many factors that can affect personal hygiene, including culture, socioeconomic status, spiritual practices, developmental level, health state, and personal preferences. It outlines common skin problems like dryness, rashes, and acne. Some causes of impaired self-care are also explained, such as decreased motivation, pain, or cognitive issues. The nursing process for skin care and personal hygiene is introduced. Overall, the document stresses the importance of respecting individual differences and providing hygiene care and information non-judgmentally based on a client's specific situation and needs.
This document discusses various aspects of nursing documentation including definitions, purposes, principles, types, methods, forms of recording data, consequences of inadequate documentation, definitions of reporting, types of reports, importance of records and reports, definitions of electronic documentation, guidelines for electronic documentation, advantages and disadvantages of electronic documentation, and the role of the nurse manager in documentation. It provides a comprehensive overview of documentation in nursing.
This document discusses the hazards of immobility. It defines immobility as the inability to move, which can affect a specific body part, the lower body, or the entire body from the neck down. The document then examines how immobility negatively impacts eight body systems: musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, urinary, gastrointestinal, integumentary, and psychoneurologic. Key effects of immobility include disuse osteoporosis, diminished cardiac reserve, decreased respiratory movement, negative nitrogen balance, urinary stasis, constipation, reduced skin turgor, and decreased self-esteem.
This document discusses various ambulation devices used to assist mobility for those with injuries or illnesses affecting their ability to walk. It describes parallel bars, walkers, crutches, canes, rollators and wheelchairs. For each device, it provides details on types, uses, advantages, disadvantages and proper fitting. It also explains non-weight bearing, partial weight bearing and swing through gaits used with crutches depending on a person's weight bearing status.
This document discusses cognitive processes and attention. It defines cognition as mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, such as thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. It then focuses on defining and describing attention, which is the selective focus on a particular object or idea. The document outlines different types of attention, including involuntary and voluntary attention. It also discusses characteristics of attention like being selective and shifting focus. Determinants of attention, uses of attention, and challenges like distraction are also summarized.
The document discusses mobility and immobility in patients, noting they exist on a continuum. It describes how mobility impacts physiological, psychosocial and developmental well-being. Nursing aims to maintain or restore optimal mobility through exercises like range of motion, isometric/isotonic, and positioning to prevent issues like contractures, atrophy and orthostatic hypotension. A variety of positions and exercises are outlined to appropriately care for patients with altered mobility.
Hospital house keeping & care of rubber goodsSiva Nanda Reddy
1) Housekeeping in a hospital aims to provide a clean, comfortable, and safe environment for patients through cleaning, sanitation, and infection control practices.
2) Key components of hospital housekeeping include adequate water supply, clean toilets, proper waste disposal, pest control, and appealing interior design.
3) Proper housekeeping principles include using damp cloths for dusting, cleaning with soap and water, and storing cleaning supplies separately from other items. Heat, chemicals, and abrasives should be used carefully to avoid harming materials.
Pressure sore or bed sore or decubitus ulcer pptProf Vijayraddi
This document provides information about pressure sores (also called bedsores or decubitus ulcers). It defines pressure sores as injuries to the skin and underlying tissue caused by prolonged pressure. Key risk factors include immobility, lack of sensation, poor nutrition, and medical conditions affecting blood flow. Pressure sores are staged from 1 to 4 based on severity, with stage 4 being the most severe. Treatment focuses on reducing pressure, cleaning wounds, applying dressings, removing damaged tissue, pain management, and infection treatment. Prevention emphasizes frequent repositioning and using support surfaces to relieve pressure.
Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene, Fundamental of NursingPooja Koirala
This document discusses many factors that can affect personal hygiene, including culture, socioeconomic status, spiritual practices, developmental level, health state, and personal preferences. It outlines common skin problems like dryness, rashes, and acne. Some causes of impaired self-care are also explained, such as decreased motivation, pain, or cognitive issues. The nursing process for skin care and personal hygiene is introduced. Overall, the document stresses the importance of respecting individual differences and providing hygiene care and information non-judgmentally based on a client's specific situation and needs.
This document discusses various aspects of nursing documentation including definitions, purposes, principles, types, methods, forms of recording data, consequences of inadequate documentation, definitions of reporting, types of reports, importance of records and reports, definitions of electronic documentation, guidelines for electronic documentation, advantages and disadvantages of electronic documentation, and the role of the nurse manager in documentation. It provides a comprehensive overview of documentation in nursing.
This document discusses the hazards of immobility. It defines immobility as the inability to move, which can affect a specific body part, the lower body, or the entire body from the neck down. The document then examines how immobility negatively impacts eight body systems: musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, urinary, gastrointestinal, integumentary, and psychoneurologic. Key effects of immobility include disuse osteoporosis, diminished cardiac reserve, decreased respiratory movement, negative nitrogen balance, urinary stasis, constipation, reduced skin turgor, and decreased self-esteem.
This document discusses various ambulation devices used to assist mobility for those with injuries or illnesses affecting their ability to walk. It describes parallel bars, walkers, crutches, canes, rollators and wheelchairs. For each device, it provides details on types, uses, advantages, disadvantages and proper fitting. It also explains non-weight bearing, partial weight bearing and swing through gaits used with crutches depending on a person's weight bearing status.
This document discusses cognitive processes and attention. It defines cognition as mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, such as thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. It then focuses on defining and describing attention, which is the selective focus on a particular object or idea. The document outlines different types of attention, including involuntary and voluntary attention. It also discusses characteristics of attention like being selective and shifting focus. Determinants of attention, uses of attention, and challenges like distraction are also summarized.
The document discusses mobility and immobility in patients, noting they exist on a continuum. It describes how mobility impacts physiological, psychosocial and developmental well-being. Nursing aims to maintain or restore optimal mobility through exercises like range of motion, isometric/isotonic, and positioning to prevent issues like contractures, atrophy and orthostatic hypotension. A variety of positions and exercises are outlined to appropriately care for patients with altered mobility.
This document discusses the physiology of pain, including:
1. Nociception involves transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals. Nociceptors detect damaging stimuli and neurotransmitters like substance P transmit signals.
2. The gate control theory proposes that small nerve fibers carry pain signals through a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by large fiber input.
3. Responses to pain have both physiological and psychological aspects, with the sympathetic nervous system initially activating a fight-or-flight response.
This document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and functions of the urinary and bowel elimination systems. It discusses the organs involved in urinary and bowel elimination including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, small intestine, and rectum. Factors that can affect normal elimination are covered as well as common alterations like incontinence, retention, frequency, and impaction. Nursing assessments, interventions, and potential diagnoses related to promotion of normal urinary and bowel elimination are also summarized.
Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, are localized areas of tissue necrosis that occur when soft tissue is compressed between a bony prominence and an external surface for a prolonged period. They are commonly staged from Stage 1 to Stage 4 based on depth of tissue damage. Key risk factors include immobility, moisture, malnutrition, and aging. Prevention focuses on risk assessment, pressure relief, skin care, and nutrition. Treatment involves debridement, dressings, management of bacterial infection, and surgery for advanced cases. Complications can include infection, osteomyelitis, and rarely, cancer.
History Taking for Health Professionals, Nurses Pooja Koirala
This document provides guidelines for taking a patient's medical history. It outlines the key components of a history, including biographical information, chief complaints, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, and review of systems. The guidelines describe how to systematically collect information on symptoms, onset, severity, treatments received, and associated factors. Proper techniques for history taking are also covered, such as establishing rapport, active listening, maintaining privacy, and using a structured format to document the patient's history in a clear and organized manner.
The document provides information about oxygenation and oxygen therapy. It begins with an introduction defining oxygenation and its importance for life. It then discusses factors that can influence oxygenation like physiological, developmental, lifestyle and environmental factors. The document also covers various methods for oxygen administration like nasal cannula, masks and tents. It concludes with discussing complications, preparation of patients and equipment, the procedure for administration and post care activities.
The document discusses various ways to promote patient comfort and ease discomfort. It defines comfort and discomfort and lists potential causes of discomfort like pain, improper bedding, and environmental factors. It then outlines different nursing problems that may arise and the need to address emergencies immediately. Finally, it describes various mechanical devices that can be used, such as pillows, back rests, and air mattresses to support patients and relieve discomfort. The goal is to identify issues and provide simple interventions to improve comfort.
The document discusses crutch walking and the proper use of crutches. It defines crutches as assisting patients to walk while providing support. Crutches increase base of support, maintain center of gravity, redistribute weight bearing, compensate for weak muscles, and decrease pain. Proper crutch use requires muscle strength, correct crutch selection, balance, proper gait patterns, and instructions. There are two main types of crutches: standard axillary crutches and forearm crutches. The document outlines correct stance and four different crutch walking gaits.
The document provides information on the physiology of bowel elimination or defecation. It discusses the normal process of defecation including the role of muscles in moving fecal material through the digestive tract. It describes factors that influence defecation frequency and the signals that stimulate the urge to defecate. The document also covers the composition of feces, normal and abnormal characteristics of feces, and factors that can affect bowel elimination such as diet, medications and medical conditions.
Blood transfusion by M.Sc.Second year, 2020-21 Btach, SVBCON, SilvassaNursingOfficers1
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, history, components of blood, types of blood products that can be transfused, indications for transfusion, roles of nurses in transfusion, and complications. It discusses the steps nurses must take before, during, and after a blood transfusion procedure to ensure it is performed safely and effectively. It also outlines ways to minimize the need for blood transfusion such as through preoperative planning and postoperative care strategies.
The document discusses reflex arcs and reflexes. It defines a reflex arc as an involuntary response to a stimulus that involves a receptor, sensory transmission through afferent nerves, integration in the central nervous system, and motor response through efferent nerves and effectors. It provides the example of a spinal reflex using a headless frog where touching the limb causes withdrawal. The basic components of a reflex arc are described as the receptor, afferent limb, center (spinal cord or brain), efferent limb, and effector organ. Reflexes are also classified clinically, by number of synapses, and physiologically.
Illness and illness behavior, impact on patient& familyArifa T N
This document discusses illness behavior and its determinants and stages. It defines illness as an abnormal response to disease that diminishes a person's physical, emotional, intellectual or other functioning. Illness behavior refers to how people describe, monitor, interpret and seek treatment for their symptoms. Determinants of illness behavior include how recognizable symptoms are, how serious they are perceived to be, cultural assumptions, and access to treatment resources. The stages of illness behavior outlined include experiencing symptoms, assuming the sick role, seeking medical care, becoming a dependent patient, and recovering. The impact of illness can include behavioral, emotional and lifestyle changes for the patient, as well as role changes, stress and financial problems for the family.
About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by the stomach and consists of water, minerals, mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and inactive enzyme precursors. The gastric juice helps further liquefy food, acidifies the food to stop salivary amylase, kills microbes, and provides an environment for pepsins to break down proteins. Secretion reaches its maximum about an hour after eating and declines to fasting levels around 4 hours later, occurring in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The functions of the stomach include temporary storage, chemical and mechanical digestion, limited absorption, defense against microbes, and regulating passage to the small intestine.
This document discusses several models of health and illness that are used in nursing. It describes the Health Illness Continuum Model, Health Belief Model, Health Promotion Model, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Model, and Holistic Health Models. The models provide frameworks for nurses to understand patients' health behaviors and needs in order to deliver effective healthcare.
The health illness continuum was proposed by John Travis in 1972 to illustrate that well-being incorporates mental and emotional health beyond an absence of illness. Travis believed the standard medical approach of considering someone well without symptoms was insufficient. The continuum describes how movement right indicates increasing wellness through awareness, education and growth, while movement left represents decreasing health through signs, symptoms and disability.
This document provides guidance on the proper care of linen in a hospital setting. It discusses the various types of linen used, including bed sheets, pillow covers, blankets, towels, patient and surgical gowns. It outlines principles for linen care such as keeping cupboards orderly, locked when not in use, and checking stock regularly. Guidance is provided for cleaning soiled linen, including rinsing urine or feces with cold water. Specific instructions are included for removing stains like blood, tea, coffee, rust and ink. Blankets should be protected by sheets and cleaned through dry cleaning rather than washing.
There are several documentation systems used in healthcare to record patient data, either electronically or on paper. Some common systems include narrative charting, source-oriented charting, problem-oriented charting using the SOAP format, PIE charting, focus charting, charting by exception, computerized documentation, and case management using critical paths. Problem-oriented charting using the SOAP format is a structured approach that documents subjective data, objective data, assessment, and plan.
Zhen fda, a 43-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of appendicitis. He has 4 children and lives with his brother. He works as a driver and has no known allergies or family history of illness. He is experiencing abdominal pain, fatigue, and anxiety about his condition and upcoming surgery. The nursing assessment found pale skin, abdominal tenderness, and normal vital signs. He is prescribed medications including antibiotics and antacids to treat his appendicitis and reduce anxiety prior to his planned appendectomy.
This document discusses machinery, equipment, and linen used in hospitals. It begins by defining machinery and equipment as essential tools for patient care. It then categorizes the types of materials used in hospitals, including movable and non-movable facilities, supplies, equipment and instruments, and drugs and medicines. The document goes on to describe different types of equipment, including self-care, electronic, diagnostic, surgical, acute care, and storage/transport equipment. It also discusses the categorization of machinery and equipment as reusable or disposable. Finally, it provides details on the use and care of linens, rubber goods, and gloves in hospital settings.
This document discusses the administration of medication presented by an assistant professor. It defines administration of medication as dispensing medicine to patients for therapeutic purposes. It outlines the rights and principles of medication administration including the right patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation, and reason. It also discusses terminology related to pharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and components of prescriptions. Guidelines for safe administration and factors that can influence medication errors are presented.
This document discusses medication administration. It defines medication and describes the roles of medication in treating illness. It outlines various routes of drug administration and factors that affect drug absorption and effects. The document also discusses drug orders, prescriptions, and the rights of medication administration. It provides guidance on documenting medication administration and addressing errors.
This document discusses the physiology of pain, including:
1. Nociception involves transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals. Nociceptors detect damaging stimuli and neurotransmitters like substance P transmit signals.
2. The gate control theory proposes that small nerve fibers carry pain signals through a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by large fiber input.
3. Responses to pain have both physiological and psychological aspects, with the sympathetic nervous system initially activating a fight-or-flight response.
This document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and functions of the urinary and bowel elimination systems. It discusses the organs involved in urinary and bowel elimination including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, small intestine, and rectum. Factors that can affect normal elimination are covered as well as common alterations like incontinence, retention, frequency, and impaction. Nursing assessments, interventions, and potential diagnoses related to promotion of normal urinary and bowel elimination are also summarized.
Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, are localized areas of tissue necrosis that occur when soft tissue is compressed between a bony prominence and an external surface for a prolonged period. They are commonly staged from Stage 1 to Stage 4 based on depth of tissue damage. Key risk factors include immobility, moisture, malnutrition, and aging. Prevention focuses on risk assessment, pressure relief, skin care, and nutrition. Treatment involves debridement, dressings, management of bacterial infection, and surgery for advanced cases. Complications can include infection, osteomyelitis, and rarely, cancer.
History Taking for Health Professionals, Nurses Pooja Koirala
This document provides guidelines for taking a patient's medical history. It outlines the key components of a history, including biographical information, chief complaints, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, and review of systems. The guidelines describe how to systematically collect information on symptoms, onset, severity, treatments received, and associated factors. Proper techniques for history taking are also covered, such as establishing rapport, active listening, maintaining privacy, and using a structured format to document the patient's history in a clear and organized manner.
The document provides information about oxygenation and oxygen therapy. It begins with an introduction defining oxygenation and its importance for life. It then discusses factors that can influence oxygenation like physiological, developmental, lifestyle and environmental factors. The document also covers various methods for oxygen administration like nasal cannula, masks and tents. It concludes with discussing complications, preparation of patients and equipment, the procedure for administration and post care activities.
The document discusses various ways to promote patient comfort and ease discomfort. It defines comfort and discomfort and lists potential causes of discomfort like pain, improper bedding, and environmental factors. It then outlines different nursing problems that may arise and the need to address emergencies immediately. Finally, it describes various mechanical devices that can be used, such as pillows, back rests, and air mattresses to support patients and relieve discomfort. The goal is to identify issues and provide simple interventions to improve comfort.
The document discusses crutch walking and the proper use of crutches. It defines crutches as assisting patients to walk while providing support. Crutches increase base of support, maintain center of gravity, redistribute weight bearing, compensate for weak muscles, and decrease pain. Proper crutch use requires muscle strength, correct crutch selection, balance, proper gait patterns, and instructions. There are two main types of crutches: standard axillary crutches and forearm crutches. The document outlines correct stance and four different crutch walking gaits.
The document provides information on the physiology of bowel elimination or defecation. It discusses the normal process of defecation including the role of muscles in moving fecal material through the digestive tract. It describes factors that influence defecation frequency and the signals that stimulate the urge to defecate. The document also covers the composition of feces, normal and abnormal characteristics of feces, and factors that can affect bowel elimination such as diet, medications and medical conditions.
Blood transfusion by M.Sc.Second year, 2020-21 Btach, SVBCON, SilvassaNursingOfficers1
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, history, components of blood, types of blood products that can be transfused, indications for transfusion, roles of nurses in transfusion, and complications. It discusses the steps nurses must take before, during, and after a blood transfusion procedure to ensure it is performed safely and effectively. It also outlines ways to minimize the need for blood transfusion such as through preoperative planning and postoperative care strategies.
The document discusses reflex arcs and reflexes. It defines a reflex arc as an involuntary response to a stimulus that involves a receptor, sensory transmission through afferent nerves, integration in the central nervous system, and motor response through efferent nerves and effectors. It provides the example of a spinal reflex using a headless frog where touching the limb causes withdrawal. The basic components of a reflex arc are described as the receptor, afferent limb, center (spinal cord or brain), efferent limb, and effector organ. Reflexes are also classified clinically, by number of synapses, and physiologically.
Illness and illness behavior, impact on patient& familyArifa T N
This document discusses illness behavior and its determinants and stages. It defines illness as an abnormal response to disease that diminishes a person's physical, emotional, intellectual or other functioning. Illness behavior refers to how people describe, monitor, interpret and seek treatment for their symptoms. Determinants of illness behavior include how recognizable symptoms are, how serious they are perceived to be, cultural assumptions, and access to treatment resources. The stages of illness behavior outlined include experiencing symptoms, assuming the sick role, seeking medical care, becoming a dependent patient, and recovering. The impact of illness can include behavioral, emotional and lifestyle changes for the patient, as well as role changes, stress and financial problems for the family.
About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by the stomach and consists of water, minerals, mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and inactive enzyme precursors. The gastric juice helps further liquefy food, acidifies the food to stop salivary amylase, kills microbes, and provides an environment for pepsins to break down proteins. Secretion reaches its maximum about an hour after eating and declines to fasting levels around 4 hours later, occurring in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The functions of the stomach include temporary storage, chemical and mechanical digestion, limited absorption, defense against microbes, and regulating passage to the small intestine.
This document discusses several models of health and illness that are used in nursing. It describes the Health Illness Continuum Model, Health Belief Model, Health Promotion Model, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Model, and Holistic Health Models. The models provide frameworks for nurses to understand patients' health behaviors and needs in order to deliver effective healthcare.
The health illness continuum was proposed by John Travis in 1972 to illustrate that well-being incorporates mental and emotional health beyond an absence of illness. Travis believed the standard medical approach of considering someone well without symptoms was insufficient. The continuum describes how movement right indicates increasing wellness through awareness, education and growth, while movement left represents decreasing health through signs, symptoms and disability.
This document provides guidance on the proper care of linen in a hospital setting. It discusses the various types of linen used, including bed sheets, pillow covers, blankets, towels, patient and surgical gowns. It outlines principles for linen care such as keeping cupboards orderly, locked when not in use, and checking stock regularly. Guidance is provided for cleaning soiled linen, including rinsing urine or feces with cold water. Specific instructions are included for removing stains like blood, tea, coffee, rust and ink. Blankets should be protected by sheets and cleaned through dry cleaning rather than washing.
There are several documentation systems used in healthcare to record patient data, either electronically or on paper. Some common systems include narrative charting, source-oriented charting, problem-oriented charting using the SOAP format, PIE charting, focus charting, charting by exception, computerized documentation, and case management using critical paths. Problem-oriented charting using the SOAP format is a structured approach that documents subjective data, objective data, assessment, and plan.
Zhen fda, a 43-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of appendicitis. He has 4 children and lives with his brother. He works as a driver and has no known allergies or family history of illness. He is experiencing abdominal pain, fatigue, and anxiety about his condition and upcoming surgery. The nursing assessment found pale skin, abdominal tenderness, and normal vital signs. He is prescribed medications including antibiotics and antacids to treat his appendicitis and reduce anxiety prior to his planned appendectomy.
This document discusses machinery, equipment, and linen used in hospitals. It begins by defining machinery and equipment as essential tools for patient care. It then categorizes the types of materials used in hospitals, including movable and non-movable facilities, supplies, equipment and instruments, and drugs and medicines. The document goes on to describe different types of equipment, including self-care, electronic, diagnostic, surgical, acute care, and storage/transport equipment. It also discusses the categorization of machinery and equipment as reusable or disposable. Finally, it provides details on the use and care of linens, rubber goods, and gloves in hospital settings.
This document discusses the administration of medication presented by an assistant professor. It defines administration of medication as dispensing medicine to patients for therapeutic purposes. It outlines the rights and principles of medication administration including the right patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation, and reason. It also discusses terminology related to pharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and components of prescriptions. Guidelines for safe administration and factors that can influence medication errors are presented.
This document discusses medication administration. It defines medication and describes the roles of medication in treating illness. It outlines various routes of drug administration and factors that affect drug absorption and effects. The document also discusses drug orders, prescriptions, and the rights of medication administration. It provides guidance on documenting medication administration and addressing errors.
This document discusses several key aspects of medication safety:
1. Medication errors are a major cause of preventable patient harm. Proper knowledge of pharmacology principles is important for safely administering and monitoring medications.
2. Several factors can contribute to medication errors, including lack of communication, assumptions, inadequate labeling, and lack of checking procedures. Errors can be prevented by developing safe habits like verifying medications and using memory aids.
3. Patients should be educated on their medication regimens and actively involved in their own care by maintaining accurate medication lists. Thorough medication histories are important to avoid unintended interactions or duplications.
This document discusses the importance of proper drug administration in nursing practice. It outlines the traditional five rights of drug administration - right client, right drug, right dose, right time, right route - as well as five additional rights including right assessment, right documentation, patient's right to education, right evaluation, and patient's right to refuse. It emphasizes that nurses are accountable for safely administering medications by verifying orders, understanding each drug's effects and interactions, and ensuring patients provide informed consent before treatment.
This document provides information on safely handling and administering medications. It outlines key legislation, guidelines, medication types, and administration procedures. The goal is to ensure delegates understand how to properly receive, store, record, and dispose of medications according to policies and maintain safety, consent, and the rights of the individual. Delegates will learn to identify medications, understand classifications and routes of administration, recognize side effects, and follow protocols to avoid errors when giving prescribed drugs.
Clinical pharmacy is a health science discipline that optimizes medication therapy to promote health. It involves services provided by pharmacists in various settings where medicines are prescribed and used. The focus is on analyzing population needs regarding medicines and their effects on patients, rather than just on the drugs themselves. The overall goal of clinical pharmacy is to promote correct and appropriate medicine use by maximizing clinical effects, minimizing risks and expenditures, and assisting physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy. Clinical pharmacists can influence proper medicine use before, during, and after prescriptions by activities like participating in drug trials, developing formularies and policies, evaluating prescriptions, counseling patients, and providing continuity of care.
This document discusses medication safety and errors. It defines key terms like adverse drug events, adverse drug reactions, and medication errors. It describes types of medication errors that can occur and factors that contribute to errors. Recommendations are provided to prevent errors, like adopting a systems approach, using technology, implementing policies on verbal orders, and reporting errors. Specific classes of high alert medications and look-alike/sound-alike medications that are prone to errors are also identified.
This document discusses medication administration for nurses. It defines types of medication orders and responsibilities. It also lists and explains the six rights of administering medication and identifies dos and don'ts. Common abbreviations are identified. Considerations for medication administration are discussed and the importance of following proper technique is emphasized.
The document discusses the nursing process as it applies to drug administration. It outlines the key steps - assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Assessment involves collecting subjective and objective data on the client, medication, and environment. Planning involves analyzing the data to develop nursing diagnoses and goals. Implementation means preparing and administering the medication correctly. Evaluation monitors the client's response to the drug. The document also reviews a nurse's responsibilities in areas like safe storage, accurate transcription of orders, informed consent, and documentation.
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
Medications are substances used to treat diseases, symptoms, and prevent illnesses. They are administered according to prescriptions under legal guidelines. Medications can be used for diagnostic, prophylactic, or therapeutic purposes. Nurses must follow principles of safe administration including checking the "3 rights" and "10 rights" to ensure the correct patient receives the right drug by the proper route and dose at the correct time. Medication orders contain essential information and abbreviations are used to indicate timing of doses. Proper storage and documentation are also important aspects of medication administration.
Introduction to the course Clinical PharmacyEneutron
Clinical pharmacy differs from traditional pharmacy by focusing on analyzing population needs related to medication use, administration, and effects on patients. The overall goal of clinical pharmacy is to promote appropriate medication use by maximizing clinical effects, minimizing risks, and reducing healthcare costs. Clinical pharmacists influence medication use at multiple levels, including involvement in clinical trials, formulary decisions, and patient counseling before, during, and after prescriptions.
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapeutics. It defines pharmacotherapeutics as the application of pharmacological information together with disease knowledge for disease prevention, mitigation or cure. The document discusses key topics in pharmacotherapeutics including rational drug use, evidence-based medicine, essential medicines lists, and irrational drug use. It emphasizes that pharmacotherapeutics aims to select the appropriate drug, dose, formulation and administration method based on the disease, its state and patient condition.
This document discusses guidelines for rational and appropriate pharmacotherapy in geriatric patients. It notes that older patients are more susceptible to adverse drug effects due to multiple illnesses, physiological changes, and reduced organ function. When prescribing for older adults, doctors should balance potential harms and benefits, regularly review prescriptions, use appropriate formulations, avoid symptomatic prescribing, consider non-prescribed medications, anticipate pharmacological differences in aging bodies, and be aware that adverse drug reactions may present atypically. The guidelines emphasize cautious, individualized prescribing tailored to each older patient's needs and risks.
The document discusses rational medication use and patient compliance. It defines rational use as prescribing the appropriate drug, dose, duration and cost to meet a patient's clinical needs. Irrational use can lead to ineffective treatment, prolonged illness and increased costs. The document outlines factors influencing rational use and strategies to improve it, including educational, managerial, economic and regulatory approaches. It also defines adherence versus compliance, discusses causes and measurements of non-compliance, and factors affecting a patient's ability to comply with medication instructions.
This document discusses various aspects of medication including definitions, purposes, uses, classifications, forms, routes of administration, orders, and effects. A medication is a substance used for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. Drugs can be used for diagnostic, prophylactic, or therapeutic purposes. Medications are classified based on their target body system, use, disease treated, or effect. Proper storage, administration according to the 6 rights, and documentation are important. Medication orders should include patient name, drug, dosage, route, time, and prescriber signature.
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACHOLOGY.PPTXcharan zagade
The document provides an introduction to clinical pharmacology, including definitions of key terms like medication, pharmacology, and prescription. It discusses the purposes of medication administration like diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment. It also outlines principles of safe medication administration, including the rights of medication administration and types of medication orders. Potential sources of medication errors are identified at different stages, from prescribing to dispensing to administration. Actions to take in the event of an error include stopping the drug, assessing the patient, notifying the physician, and filing an incident report.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions on the body. Drugs are chemicals used to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease. This document outlines general principles of pharmacology, including drug names, classifications, routes of administration, and factors that can influence drug response. It emphasizes the importance of understanding pharmacokinetics and following legal and safety guidelines when providing patient care using medications.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN AND EVALUATION USING WHO GUI...M.Arumuga Vignesh
This document describes a prospective study conducted to evaluate drug utilization patterns and prescribing practices in a government hospital in India using WHO prescribing indicators. Data was collected from 282 patient records over 6 months across various wards. The study aimed to promote rational drug use, avoid polypharmacy, prevent antibiotic resistance, and estimate disease prevalence. Key metrics analyzed included the average number of drugs per prescription, percentage of generics prescribed, consultation times, and drug availability. The findings could provide insights into prescribing quality and opportunities for improvement.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, drugs, medicines, and drug interactions. It describes how drugs are classified based on origin, chemical structure, means of procurement, body system affected, and mechanism of action. The stages of drug discovery, development and clinical trials are outlined. Philippine laws regarding drug use like the Generics Act and those establishing the Philippine National Drug Formulary are mentioned. Community drug outlets called Botika ng Barangay aimed at improving access to essential medicines are also introduced.
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How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
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In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
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to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
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Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
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chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
3. Medication
Substance administered for the diagnosis,
treatment, or relief of a symptom or for the
prevention of diseases
Used interchangeably with the word drug
Drug also has the connotation of an illegally
obtained substance
12. Legal Aspects of Administering
Medications
– Nursing practice acts
– Responsibility for actions
– Question any order that appears
unreasonable
– Refuse to give the medication until the order
is clarified
13. Controlled Substances
– Kept under lock
– Special inventory forms
– Documentation requirements
– Counts of controlled substances
– Procedures for discarding
14. Nurses need to know how nursing practice
acts in their areas define and limit their
functions and be able to recognize the
limits of their own knowledge and skills.
Under the law, nurses are responsible for
their own actions regardless of whether
there is a written order. Therefore, nurses
should question any order that appears
unreasonable and refuse to give the
medication until the order is clarified.
15. Another aspect of nursing practice
governed by law is the use of controlled
substances. Controlled substances are
kept under lock. Special inventory (list of
items) forms are used for recording the
use of these substances
16. The information usually required on these
forms include the name of the client, date
and time of administration, name of the
drug, dosage, and signature of the person
who prepares and gives the drug. The
name of the primary care provider who
ordered the drug may also be listed.
17. A verifying signature of another RN may be
required by the agency when a drug is
administered. Careful inventory control is
maintained. When a portion or all of a controlled
substance is discarded, the nurse must ask
another nurse to witness the discarding. In most
agencies, counts of controlled substances are
taken at the end of each shift and the count
total should tally with the total at the end of the
last shift minus the number used.
19. Factors Affecting Medication Action
– Developmental
– Gender
– Cultural, ethnic, and genetic
– Diet
– Environment
– Psychologic
– Illness and disease
– Time of administration
20.
21. Medication action may be affected by
developmental factors, gender, culture,
ethnicity, genetics, diet, environment,
psychologic factors, illness and disease,
and time of administration.
22. The nurse needs to be aware of
developmental factors. Pregnant women
must be careful about taking medications,
especially in the first trimester, because of
the possible adverse effects on the fetus.
Infants usually require smaller doses
because of their body size and the
immaturity of their organs.
23. Older adults have different responses to
medications due to physiologic changes
that accompany aging and because they
may be prescribed multiple drugs and
incompatibilities may occur.
24. Gender differences in medication action are
chiefly related to the distribution of body fat and
fluid and hormonal differences. In addition, most
research studies on medications have been done
on men.
In addition to gender, a client’s response to
drugs is also influenced by genetic variations
such as size and body composition
(pharmacogenetics).
25. Ethnopharmacology is the study of the
effects of ethnicity on response to
prescribed medications. Cultural factors
and practices (values and beliefs) can also
affect a drug’s action; for example, an
herbal remedy may speed up or slow
down the metabolism of certain drugs
(see Culturally Competent Care).
26. The diet may contain nutrients that can
interact with medications and increase or
decrease action.
It is important to consider the effects of a
drug in the context of the client’s
personality, milieu (surroundings ), and
environmental conditions (e.g.,
temperature, noise).
27. Psychologic factors, such as a client’s
expectations about what a drug can do,
can affect the response to the medication.
Illness and disease can affect how a
client responds to a medication. For
example, aspirin can reduce body
temperature of a feverish client but has no
effect on body temperature of a client
without a fever.
28. Time of administration is important
because medications are absorbed more
quickly if the stomach is empty; however,
some medications irritate the
gastrointestinal tract and are given after a
meal.
32. Routes of medication administration
include oral, sublingual, buccal,
parenteral, and topical.
In oral administration the drug is
swallowed. It is the most common, least
expensive, and most convenient route for
most clients
33. In sublingual administration a drug is
placed under the tongue, where it
dissolves.
34. Buccal means “pertaining to the cheek.” In
buccal administration a medication is held
in the mouth against the mucous
membranes of the cheek until the drug
dissolves.
35. Some common routes for parenteral
administration include subcutaneous
(hypodermic), into the subcutaneous
tissue just below the skin; intramuscular,
into the muscle; intradermal, under the
epidermis (into the dermis)
36. intravenous, into a vein;
intra-arterial, into an artery;
intracardiac, into the heart muscle;
intraosseous, into the bone;
intrathecal or intraspinal, into the spinal
canal;
epidural, into the epidural space; and
intra-articular, into a joint.
37. Topical applications are those applied
to a circumscribed surface area of the
body. Routes for topical applications
include dermatologic, applied to the skin;
instillations and irrigations, applied into
body cavities or orifices such as the
urinary bladder, eyes, ears, nose, rectum,
or vagina
38. ophthalmic, otic, nasal, rectal, and vaginal
topical preparations; and inhalations,
administered into the respiratory system
by a nebulizer or positive pressure
breathing apparatus.
39.
40. Parts of a Medication Order
– Full name of the client
– Date and time the order written
– Name of drug to be administered
– Dosage
– Frequency of administration
– Route of administration
– Signature of person writing the order
41. Types of Medication Orders and
Examples
– Stat order
Demerol 100 mg IM stat
– Single order
Seconal 100 mg hs before surgery
– Standing order
Multivitamin 1 capsule po daily
Demerol 100 mg IM q 4 h x 5 days
– prn order
Amphojel 15 mL prn
42. A stat order indicates that the medication
is to be given immediately and only once
(e.g., Demerol 100 mg IM stat).
The single order or one-time order is
for medication to be given once at a
specified time (e.g., Seconal 100 mg hs
before surgery).
43. The standing order may or may not have a
termination date, may be carried out indefinitely
(e.g., multiple vitamins daily) until an order is
written to cancel it, or may be carried out for a
specified number of days (e.g., Demerol 100 mg
IM q4h × 5 days).
A prn order or as-needed order permits the
nurse to give a medication when, in the nurse’s
judgment, the client requires it (e.g., Amphojel
15 mL prn).
44. State systems of measurement that
are used in the administration of
medications.
48. Six Essential Steps for
Administering Medications
– Identify the client
– Inform the client
– Administer the drug
– Provide adjunctive interventions as indicated
– Record the drug administered
– Evaluate the client’s response to the drug
49. 1. When administering any drug,
regardless of the route of administration,
the nurse must identify the client, inform
the client, administer the drug, provide
adjunctive interventions as indicated,
record the drug administered, and
evaluate the client’s response to the drug.
50. The nurse must use at least two client
identifiers whenever administering
medications. Acceptable identifiers may be
the person’s name, an assigned
identification number, a telephone
number, a photograph, or another
personal identifier.
51. If the client is unfamiliar with the
medication, the nurse should explain the
intended action as well as any side effects
or adverse reactions that might occur. It is
also very important to listen to the client.
52. Before administering the drug, the nurse
should read the medication administration
record (MAR) carefully and perform three
checks with the labeled medication (See
Box 35–3). In addition the ten “rights” of
medication administration must be
observed
53.
54. The nurse should provide adjunctive
interventions as indicated. Clients may
require physical assistance in assuming
positions for parenteral medications or
may need guidance about measures to
enhance drug effectiveness and prevent
complications.
55. The nurse must record the drug
administered, following agency
regulations.
56. In order to evaluate the client’s
response to the drug, the nurse should
know the kinds of behavior that reflect the
action or lack of action of the drug and its
untoward effects (both minor and major)
for each medication the client is receiving.
The nurse may also report the client’s
response directly to the nurse manager
and primary care provider.
57. Ten “Rights” of Accurate
Medication Administration
– Right medication (Drug)
– Right dose
– Right time
– Right route
– Right client
– Right documentation
– Right client education
– Right to refuse
– Right assessment
– Right evaluation
58.
59. Describe physiologic changes in
older adults that alter
medication administration and
effectiveness
.
–Elder Considerations
– Altered memory
– Decreased visual acuity
– Decrease in renal function
60. – Less complete and slower absorption from the
gastrointestinal tract
– Increased proportion of fat to lean body mass
– Decreased liver function
– Decreased organ sensitivity
– Altered quality of organ responsiveness
– Decrease in manual dexterity
61. Physiologic changes in older adults that
alter medication administration and
effectiveness include altered memory;
decreased visual acuity; decreased renal
function, resulting in slower elimination of
drugs and higher drug concentration in
the bloodstream for longer periods; less
complete and slower absorption from the
gastrointestinal tract;
62. increased proportion of fat to lean body
mass, which facilitates retention of fat-
soluble drugs and increases the potential
for toxicity; decreased liver function,
which hinders biotransformation of drugs;
63. decreased organ sensitivity, which means
that the response to the same drug
concentration in the vicinity (surrounding
region) of the target organ is less in older
people than in the young; altered quality
of organ responsiveness, resulting in
adverse effects becoming pronounced
before therapeutic effects are achieved
64. and decreased manual dexterity due to
arthritis and/or decreased flexibility .
65. Outline steps required to
administer oral medications
safely.
Prior to administering oral medications,
the nurse should assess for allergies to
medications ,the client’s ability to swallow
the medication;
66.
67. presence of vomiting or diarrhea; specific
drug action, side effects, interactions, and
adverse reactions; the client’s knowledge
of and learning needs about the
medication; and determine if assessment
data influences administration of the
medications.
68. In preparation for administering the
medication, the nurse should know the
reason why the client is receiving the
medication, the drug classification,
contraindications, usual dosage range,
side effects, and nursing considerations
for administering and evaluating the
intended outcomes for the medication.
The nurse should check the MAR, verify
the client’s ability to take medication
orally, and organize the supplies.
69. Outline steps required for nasogastric and
gastrostomy tube medication
administration.
Nasogastric/Gastrostomy Tube Medication
Administration
– Check with the pharmacist for a liquid form
– Check to see if medication may be crushed
– Crush a tablet into a fine powder and dissolve
in at least 30 mL of warm water
70. – Open capsules and mix the contents with
water only with the pharmacist’s advice
– Do not administer whole or undissolved
medications
– Assess tube placement
– Aspirate stomach contents and measure the
residual volume
71. Nasogastric/Gastrostomy Tube
Medication Administration
– Remove the plunger from the syringe and
connect the syringe to a pinched or kinked
tube
– Put 15 to 30 mL (5 to 10 mL for children) of
water into the syringe barrel to flush the
tube before administering the first
medication