The document discusses various models of media effects and debates around media violence. It outlines the hypodermic needle model and two-step flow hypothesis as early models of media effects. It then discusses moral panics around media violence, such as those sparked by the James Bulger murder case and concerns over new media technologies. It notes that evidence for direct harmful media effects is weak and inconclusive. The document advocates understanding media panics as socially constructed moral issues rather than proven behavioral effects and examines the role of interest groups in fueling such panics.