This document discusses impartiality regulation in news media. It provides background on trust in various professions according to a 2012 survey. It then discusses concepts of objectivity and impartiality in news reporting. Several examples from Canada and the UK are presented where prominent news organizations and journalists were accused of bias or lack of impartiality. The document examines regulatory bodies like OFCOM and guidance on impartiality. It notes challenges to achieving true objectivity or impartiality and debates around balancing views. In conclusion, it questions if objectivity is possible and if impartiality is necessary, and whether balance may be a compromise.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
5. The rise ofThe rise of ““impartialityimpartiality””??
Defined as:
• A “sound practice [that] makes clear distinction
between news reports and expressions of opinion.
News reports should be free of opinion or bias of any
kind”
• American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1923 in Allan,
2004: 22
5
7. Canada, 2013
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
Discovered Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) was hiring
junior employees to train temp staff to replace
themselves
Canadaland blog discovered the follow-up story
was dropped in dubious circumstances
7
8. Canada, 2013
CBC’s senior business correspondent and star
presenter, Amanda Lang, invited journalists into a
conference call dismissing the story.
Lang paid C$15,000 for public speaking events, one of
which sponsored by RBC
Lang booked to speak for the outsourcing company
hired by RBC
Lang’s partner is board member at RBC
8
12. Biased towards the Right?
12Source
• Eurosceptic
• Pro-business
• Anti-immigration
“On BBC News at Six,
business representatives
outnumbered trade
union spokespersons by
more than five to one
(11 vs 2) in 2007 and by
19 to one in 2012”
13. “To ensure that news, in whatever form, is reported with due
accuracy and presented with due impartiality”
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/broadcast-codes/broadca
BBC have extra guidelines
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/our_work/other/century21.shtm
13
18. OFCOM guidance notes
Section 5 - Due Impartiality and Due Accuracy
and Undue Prominence of Views and Opinions
‘“Due” is an important qualification to the
concept of impartiality. Impartiality itself means
not favouring one side over another. “Due”
means adequate or appropriate to the subject
and nature of the programme.
18
19. OFCOM guidance notes
Section 5 - Due Impartiality and Due Accuracy and
Undue Prominence of Views and Opinions
So “due impartiality” does not mean an equal
division of time has to be given to every view, or
that every argument and every facet of every
argument has to be represented. The approach to
due impartiality may vary according to the nature
of the subject, the type of programme and
channel, the likely expectation of the audience as
to content, and the extent to which the content
and approach is signalled to the audience.
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/undue/
19
21. Regulation of the BBC
Abides by terms set out via:
BBC Charter (BBC Trust)
Department for Culture, Media and Sport agreement (‘the
Agreement’)
The Communications Act 2003 (“the Act”)
The Broadcasting Act 1996
Terms agreed by OFCOM and the BBC
21
22. Regulation of the BBC
‘Ofcom’s published procedures for handling
standards complaints will not apply in cases
relating to accuracy and impartiality in BBC
programmes on UK Public Services.’
Ofcom, 8/3/2007, Memorandum of Understanding,
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/about/csg/ofcombbc/
22
23. Addition to the MoU
5. No difficulty arises when a service/programme gives
rise to an issue of accuracy or impartiality alone: the Trust
has sole jurisdiction. But sometimes a single
service/programme gives rise to an issue both of offence
and/or harm, and accuracy
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/about/how-ofcom-is-run/committees/ofcom-
/
23
24. Addition to the MoU
6. In such a situation, Ofcom and the Trust have agreed
that the following approach will apply: both
organisations have jurisdiction only if the fundamental
issue satisfies three conditions:
24
25. Addition to the MoU
6. In such a situation, Ofcom and the Trust have agreed
that the following approach will apply: both
organisations have jurisdiction only if the fundamental
issue satisfies three conditions:
1. It is not an issue arising from News/news headlines or
Current Affairs content as defined in the Memorandum
of Understanding; and
25
27. Addition to the MoU
27
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/about/csg/ofcombbc/mou_addition/
28. Subsections of note
5.7 Views and facts must not be
misrepresented. Views must also be
presented with due weight over
appropriate timeframes.
28
29. Subsections of note
5.8 Any personal interest of a reporter
or presenter, which would call into
question the due impartiality of the
programme, must be made clear to the
audience
29
30. Subsections of note
5.9 Presenters and reporters (with the
exception of news presenters and
reporters in news programmes) […]
may express their own views on matters of
political or industrial controversy or matters
relating to current public policy. However
alternative viewpoints must be adequately
represented either in the programme, or in a
series of programmes taken as a whole.
30
31. What does this mean?
Criticism + praise (separate stories) = balance overall?
Strict rules governing regulation = professionalism is
always achieved?
Difficult to detect linguistic bias = overall structure of
news may be indicative?
31
32. Impartiality = counter-productive?
Traditionally, impartiality was thought to be achieved by
balancing the views of the main parties on the issues of the
day as perceived by Westminster. Today, however, for
many people, for example those concerned with the wars
in Iraq and Afghanistan, animal rights, climate change and
so on, the play of forces within parliament no longer
constitutes what they regard as politics.
Petley in Allen, 2010: 603
32
33. Chomsky (2002) The Common Good
“The smart way to keep people passive and obedient is to
strictly limit the spectrum of acceptable opinion, but allow
very lively debate within that spectrum - even encourage
the more critical and dissident views. That gives people the
sense that there's free thinking going on, while all the time
the presuppositions of the system are being reinforced by
the limits put on the range of the debate.”
33
Far right?Far left?
35. 35
“This goes to the heart of science
reporting – you wouldn't have a
homeopath speaking alongside a
brain surgeon for balance, as that
would be absurd.
It's just as absurd to have a climate
sceptic for balance against the work of
the overwhelming majority of climate
scientists.”
- Steve Jones, biologist
46. Conclusion
Objectivity can never be satisfied due to the structural
limitations of strict deadlines for news and the consequences
of routinising the unexpected.
News aims for impartiality which is problematic given
that news selection and positioning means
subjective value decisions still have to be made
The ‘truth’ of news is that it is ideological
46
47. Points to consider:
Objectivity (is it possible?)
Impartiality (is it necessary?)
Balance (is it a compromise?)
What are the techniques by which the news makes itself
credible?
How easy/difficult is it to spot our biases?
47
51. Sources
S. Allan, 2004, News Culture 2nd
Edition, Berkshire: Open University Press
A. Bell, 1991, The Language of the New Media, Oxford: Blackwell.
N. Davies, 2008, Flat Earth News, London: Chatto & Windus
Stuart Hall, ‘The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media’ in Paul Marris and Sue Thornham (eds.)
1997, Media Studies: A Reader, Dundee: Edinburgh University Press
S. Hall, C. Critcher, Jefferson, Clarke, Roberts, 1978, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, Law and Order,
D. Hallin, 1986, The Uncensored War: The Media and Vietnam, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Justin Lewis, Andrew Williams and Bob Franklin, 2008, ‘Four Rumours and an Explanation: A political economic
account of journalists’ changing newsgathering and reporting practices’ in Journalism Practice, Vol 2, No 1, pp 25-
45.
M. Leapman, 1992, Treacherous Estate, London: Hodder & Stoughton.
R. K. Manoff and M. Shudson (eds.), 1986, Reading the News, New York: Pantheon.
J. Palmer, 1998, ‘News production: news values’ in A. Briggs and P. Cobley, The Media: An Introduction, Harlow:
Longman.
R. McChesney, 2001, ‘Global Media, Neoliberalism, and Imperialism’ at
http://www.monthlyreview.org/301rwm.htm
P. Schlesinger, 1987, Putting Reality Together 2nd
edition, London: Methuen.
L. V. Sigal, 1973, Reporters and Officials, Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
M. Shudson, 1991, ‘The sociology of news production revisited’ in J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds.), Mass Media
and Society, Arnold: London.
G. Tuchman, 1978, Making News, New York: Free Press.
51
Editor's Notes
So certain factors which we’ve discussed have shown that objectivity is perhaps obscure. It may be better to think in terms of impartiality which Allan defines as...
Taken from Monbiot
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/20/broadcasters-mouthpieces-of-elite-balanced-news-journalists
Taken from Monbiot
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/20/broadcasters-mouthpieces-of-elite-balanced-news-journalists
Taken from Monbiot
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/20/broadcasters-mouthpieces-of-elite-balanced-news-journalists
Taken from Monbiot
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/20/broadcasters-mouthpieces-of-elite-balanced-news-journalists
Taken from Monbiot
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/20/broadcasters-mouthpieces-of-elite-balanced-news-journalists
“To ensure that news, in whatever form, is reported with due accuracy and presented with due impartiality” – need to adhere to section 5 of the OFCOM code
What they mean by ‘due’ is simply – not favouring one side over the other. But this is significant because it means that the media don’t have to give equal amounts of coverage to each argument. This rule is seen as a protection system: means that news producers don’t have to give vast coverage to right-wing political groups such as the BNP (although their views may be seen to of interest to the public)?
So as a result, ‘due impartiality’ perhaps undermines some of Habermas’ ideals of the public sphere?
Steve Jones (biologist): the BBC was still wedded to an idea of "false balance" in presenting climate sceptics alongside reputable scientists.
So you could argue that objectivity is an ideal that can never be achieved – due to strict deadlines etc