Carroll's model of mastery learning proposes that students can master a topic if given sufficient time and proper instruction. The model defines the degree of learning as the time actually spent on a task divided by the time needed to master it. Carroll identified five key factors that influence time needed: aptitude, ability to understand instruction, quality of instruction, opportunity to learn, and perseverance. Teachers providing individualized instruction, feedback, and alternative learning materials can help ensure all students achieve mastery within the necessary time frame.

1. Carroll’s model of MasteryLearning
● Mastery of Learning
○ Mastery learning is referred as a approach for teaching students for own proficiency. It encored
the progress rate of students to master a topic until they are clearly to known to it.
○ It states that enough time and proper instruction should be given to students for mastering the
topic or the learning the objective. For these approach, small units of study or lesson is made for
better understanding.
○ It proposes that all children learn when provided with the appropriate learning conditions in the
classroom. It is an extra help provided by the teacher for learning in groups.
○ Eg. The lesson taught by the teacher in class. Some of the students reach the mastery level by
knowing the concept. when test or homework given they complete it. But students may not
understand the concepts and are unable to do their homework. So teacher plans again the
lesson for reaching good marks.
○ The theory of Mastery is developed by many psychologist like Benjamin Bloom and John
Carroll
● Carroll’s model of MasteryLearning
○ John Carroll in 1963 formulated that learning is a function of time spent and divided by time
needed.
○ The most important variable aspect in the theory is Time and needed aptitude of students.
○ The time taken by students for mastery over a subject may different. If students are given time
to achieve particular level of goal and if he spends the amount of time needed to achieve his
goals.
○ The model considered degree of learning as a function of the amount of time the learner
actually spends on the learning task to the total amount needed.
○ Degree of learning = f Time actually spent
○ Time needed
○ Carroll used five elements such as aptitude, ability to understand instruction, quality of
instruction, opportunity to learn and perseverance to explain the degree of learning a
particular task
○ According to this model, these five elements contribute to the effectiveness of instruction.
■ Aptitude: The students general abilities to learn
■ Ability to understand instruction: the students knowledge of prerequisite skills and
information needed to understand a unit of instruction
■ Perseverance: The amount of time students are willing to spend actively participating in
the learning process.
■ Opportunity: The time available for learning.
■ Quality of instruction: The effectiveness with unit of instruction delivered.
● Need :
○ The mastery provide extra help from the teacher and peers to the student to attain it
○ Mastery learning is a powerful new approach to student learning which can provide successful
and rewarding learning experiences
○ It is suggested that all or almost all students can master what they are taught and also provides
a compact and interesting way of increasing likelihood that more students will attain a
satisfactory level of performance in school subjects.
○ It will help students to reach mastery level are given enrichment of activities like computer
work,simulations, research projects, problem solving.
○ No students will remain back or dull. Their would be an all round development of students
○ In the competitive world, the students will score good marks can compete with others
○ Students understanding level can be define through the mastery learning

2. ○ It manages each student's instruction and learning within the context of group based classroom
instruction
● Assumptions
○ It will tend to value achievement and see ability as improved in students
○ It will help them to focus on mastery their goals and increases their skills and abilities
○ Moreover students will not fearful of failure, as they are not frightened for fail
○ It helps students to set difficult goals and cope with failure
○ Students give their best performance in competitive situation
○ It will help them to boost them self-confidence which leads to success in their life
○ It assumes the learning rate of student. Thus it will help to identity the attitude of learning rather
than good or poor learner
○ If the student given specified time to learn the student will definitely learn the subject to the
specified level.
○ Aptitude is the major factor to understand student’s ability to understand instruction and his
perseverance.
● Components
○ Aptitude for Particular kinds of Learning
■ aptitude is considered an ability to perform various kinds of learning task in Caroll
method of learning for a specific topic.
■ The theory accepts that students differ with their aptitude and if they are trained
according to it in a specified time.
■ They can show the definite change.There is clear evidence that aptitudes may be
modified by environmental conditions or by learning experiences in school and in the
home .
■ It is highly probable that more effective learning conditions can reduce the amount of
time, which all students and especially those with lower aptitudes require to master a
subject.
○ Quality of Instruction
■ It is necessary that a quality instruction should be given while teaching class.
■ These instruction must attend in sequence, proper explanation. Every student has
different forms of learning so it can be possible that they need repetitions and other may
need reinforcement.
■ The quality of instruction requires clarity and appropriates of the instructional hints for
each pupil.
■ There should be active participation and practice of learning should be given for each
students.
■ There should amount and variety of reinforcements available to each learner.
○ Ability to Understand Instruction
It is necessary the learner should understand the instruction properly. If he understand
the instruction with different use of skill but finds difficulty in learning the subject. It means the concept
has been not reached to the students. Their may be a gap of verbal ability between teacher and
students.
■ Small group study sessions: A small group study sessions can students effective
learning. It helps to overcome their learning difficulties.It helps them to get freedom to
exposes for his difficulties. and get corrected with evaluating with others.
■ Tutorial help: It is a tutor who can bring fresh ideas and detec the student learning
difficult and foster student self-reliance in learning. Peer tutoring can help learners to
help each other. Students who learns at a faster level can their peers to learn and it will
help them to strengthen their own learning.

3. ■ Alternative textbooks Teacher determine where a learner is
having difficulty in understanding the instruction and provide alternative textbook explanations if
they are more effective at that point. Workbooks can provide drill and practice on specific tasks.
■ Individualised instructional materials:Ithelp student who cannot grasp the ideas or a
procedure in the textbook form. Sequentially arranged units, feedback and reinforcement make
learning easier. Such materials may be used in the initial instruction or as students encounter
specific difficulties in learning a given unit or section of the course.
■ Audio-Visual methods: Some students may learn the concept if shown pictures and
images.For these students filmstrips, slides, charts should be used. Demonstration and
experimentation may also leads to better learning. Teacher should use different methods
for learning in class.
○ Perseverance:
■ perseverance is related to student attitudes towards and interest in learning. Students
vary in perseverance they have specific learning task.If in the past the student is given
reward he spends more time in studies.
■ On the other hand if student is having frustrated evidences in learning he may not
interested to study. Frequency of reward and evidence may increase the perseverance
of students.
○ Time Wowed for Learning :
■ According to Carroll, the time spent on learning is the key to mastery. Since aptitude
determines rate of learning, most of the students achieve mastery if they are allowed the
necessary amount of time for a particular task.
■ The time an individual needs is likely to be affected by his aptitudes, his verbal ability,
the quality of instruction he receives in class, and the quality of the help he receives out
of the class. The time needed for mastering of topic by a students is different.
● Implications
○ Quality of instructions:
■ It is necessary that quality of instructions should be given to students
■ The teacher should use new techniques like teaching aids, audio-visual aids, activities,
fieldstrip,
■ The teacher should administer the instructional materials and the rate of learning of
students.
○ Appropriate level of instruction:
■ The teacher has to understand the aptitude of students.
■ The function of the teacher is to specify learning in class, to motivate pupils to learn it,
and to provide them with instructional materials.
■ Teacher has to plan the unit in sequence and instructional program.
■ Test helps to identify the students with grades and problem.
○ Incentive
■ An effective motivation should be provided by the teacher to should to mastery over a
topic.
■ The teacher should give an enough space
○ Time
■ The method of mastery focuses on time spend by a student on a specific topic to gain
mastery.
■ Teacher should provide time needed to the student according their aptitude.