Classification of NCM ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM) WATER-JET MACHINING (WJM) ABRASIVE-JET MACHINING (WJM CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM) ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM) ELECTRICAL-DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM HIGHLY ENERGY BEAM MACHINING LASER-BEAM MACHINING (LBM) ELECTRON BEAM MACINING (EBM)

1. Classification of NCM

2. 1.ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
Principle:
Ultrasonic machining is a process in which
material is removal due to the action of abrasive
grains.
Working:
The abrasive particle are driven into the work
surface by a tool oscillating normal to the work surface at
high frequency.
The tool is made of soft material oscillated at
frequents of order of 20 to30 khz with an amplitude of
about .02 mm.
It is pressed against the work piece with a load of a
few kg and fed downwards continuously as the cavity is
cut in the work.
The tool is shaped as the approximate mirror image
of the configuration of the cavity desired in the work.

3. 2. WATER-JET MACHINING (WJM)
Water jet is machining is a form of micro erosion. It works
by forcing a large volume of water through a small orifice in the
nozzle.
The extreme power of the accelerated water particles
contacts a small area of the work piece and acts like a saw and
cuts a narrow groove in the material.

4. 3.ABRASIVE-JET MACHINING (AJM)
Principle and Working:
This process consists of directing a stream of fine abrasive grains,
mixed with compressed air or some other gas at high pressure through
nozzle on to the surface of the work piece to be machined.
These particles impinge on the work surface at high sspeed and the
erosion caused by their impact enables the removal of metal’
The metal removal rate depends up on the flow rate and size of
abrasive particles.
.

5. 4. CHEMICAL MACHINING (CHM)
Principle and working:
It is a process used to dissolve the work piece material In work piece
solution.
Metal can be removed from selected portions or from the entire surface
of he work piece according to the requirement.
If selected machining is desired, the portion required to the left
unmachined are covered with a resisting material called a resists or maskant
which can be stripped away after machining.

6. 5. ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM)
Principle and Working:
It is an inherently versatile process of
machining because of its capability of
stress free machining of various kinds of
metal and alloys’
An electrolyte (usually a neutral salt
solution) is passed through a very small
gap (0.05 to 0.03) created between the
work piece and the tool where as a direct
current flow is made between them.
When sufficient electrical energy (6
eV) is available a metallic ion may be
pulled out of the work piece surface.
The +ve metallic ion will react with –
ve ions presents in the electrolytic
solution forming metallic hydroxides and
other compounds.
Hence, the metal will be anodically
dissolved with the formation of sludges
and precipitates.

7. 6.ELECTRICAL–DISCHARGEMACHINING(EDM)
PRINCIPLE:
This process involves controlled erosion of electrically
conducting materials by the initiation of rapid and rupture
electrical discharge between the tool (cathode) and the work
piece (anode) separated by a dielectric fluid mechanism.

8. 7.HIGHLY ENERGY BEAM MACHINING
A. Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
Laser Beam Machining is based on
the conversion of electrical energy and then
to thermal energy.
B. Electron Beam Machining (EBM)
It is a process of machining
materials with the use of a high velocity
beam of electrons.