Respiratory system This presentation covers three section: Anatomy, physiology and the pathology. Anatomy covers the structure and the specialized tissues. Physiology section covers the process of breathing(inspiration and expiration) and the process of gas exchange(alveoli and diffusion).The last section pathology covers Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis and Cystic fibrosis and their symptoms and treatment in detail.

3. structure:
 The mouth allows the air and food
to enter the body.
 The nose a passage way for the air
to go the lungs.
 The trachea connects the larynx
(voice box) to the bronchi of the
lungs and it provides air flow to and
from the lungs for respiration.
 The lungs gas exchange between
blood and the air. It provides us
oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide from the body.
 The bronchi are the air ways to the
lungs. There are two bronchi for
each lung.
 The bronchioles are the end of the
small air way in the lungs.
 Alveoli are bunches of tiny air
sacks inside the lungs.
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danatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev1.shtml

4.  Ciliated epithelium are found in
the trachea they stretch down
the throat catching the dust and
harmful particles that people
breathe in then waft it back up
to the mouth where it is either
spat out or swallowed.

5. Cartilage rings are found
surrounding the wide pipe they
stop the throat from closing and
the person from suffocating.

6.  Process of Breathing
Inspiration & Expiration
 Process of Gas Exchange
Alveoli & Diffusion

7.  Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the
lungs.
 Diaphragm is a muscle under your lungs. It helps the air
to move in and out of the body
 Breathing in is also known as inspiration
 Breathing out also known as expiration

8.  The intercostal muscles contract,
expanding the ribcage.
 diaphragm contracts and moves down,
to allow air to move into lungs
 the pressure inside the chest
decreases and air is sucked into the
lungs.
Inhaling takes in oxygen

9.  Diaphragm returns to normal
shape, decreasing the volume of
the chest.
 Pressure inside the chest
increases and air is pushed out of
the lungs
 Intercostal muscles relax, the
ribcage drops inwards and
downwards.
Exhaling takes out carbon dioxide

10. Alveoli are bunches of tiny air sacks inside the
lungs.
Normal Alveoli
Damaged Alveoli
Features of Alveoli:
 Give the lungs big Surface Area
 Have Moist, thin walls
 Have lot of tiny blood vessels called
capillaries.

11. In Alveoli:
 Oxygen diffuses from the
air into blood.
 Carbon dioxide diffuses
from the blood into the
air.
 Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high
concentration into an area of low concentration.

13. Asthma is along term condition, it is an example of a
localised allergic reaction, affecting the airways. This
effects 10% of the world’s population.
Symptoms:
 Wheezing
 Shortness of breath
 A tight chest
 Coughing
 Inhalers:
This is a devices that is used to deliver
medication straight to the lungs when
breathing in. This is a good way to take
asthma medication because it goes
straight to the lungs. This is used to
open up the bronchi.
When symptoms get worse, it is known asthma attack. this is
when the bronchi and bronchioles and constricted and lined
with extra mucus so air cannot pass through them so you
cannot breathe well. Signs of this include above symptoms
becoming severely worse, increase in heart rate and faster
breathing.
 Spacers:
Spacers are plastics, hollow containers
(sometimes metal) which a mouth hole
one end and a hole for the inhaler on the
other end. This can work better than an
inhaler because the medication has
easier asses to the lungs and less sticks
to your mouth
Treatment: Inhales and Spacers

14. Emphysema overs a period of time damages and stretches the air sacs in the
lungs. This means it is hard for them to breathe in fresh air containing oxygen,
leaving patients short of breathe. 1 in 5 smokers develop this.
Symptoms:
 Coughing
 Shortness of breathe
 Wheezing
 A bluish skin colouration
Treatment:
 This disease will not disappear although
it can be helped. The main treatment is
giving up smoking. This will stop further
damage to the lungs.
 Oxygen- this is in serve cases. some
may only need a small amount of
oxygen occasionally. This could be
tanks of oxygen and a face mask. Other
may have to have tubes replaced with
oxygen machines to assist breathing.
 Tablets- some people are prescribed
drugs to help open their airways and to
help with shortness of breathe.

15. Home treatment:
 Getting lots of rest
 Drinking lots of fluids to thin mucus
and prevent dehydration
 Paracetamol and ibuprofen. this helps
fever, headache and aches
 Stopping smoking
Bronchitis is an infection affecting the main airway in the lungs,
causing irritation and inflammation.
Symptoms:
 Sore throat
 Headache
 Runny or blocked nose
 Aches and pains
 Tiredness
Medication:
A medication can be given to make it easier
to cough up mucus.

16. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition which clogs the lungs and
digestive system with thick mucus.
Symptoms:
 Coughing
 Large, oily and smelly feces
 Gaining weight
 Diabetes can develop
 Swelling and pain in joints
 Infertility
Treatment:
 Medication- antibiotics- mannitol
powder
 Insulin for those who develop
diabetes