The document discusses various mechanical temperature measurement devices. It describes five main types: liquid-in-glass thermometers, pressure thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, sealed bellows, and bulb and capillary sensors. Each type uses the mechanical effects of thermal expansion to infer temperature changes by measuring volume, pressure, or motion. While some devices like thermometers are centuries old, mechanical sensors remain widely used for their reliability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to function without external power sources.
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esistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper. The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.
Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability, accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies nearly linearly with temperature per the Callendar–Van Dusen equation.
The platinum detecting wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film is supported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or other strains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made from iron or copper are also used in some applications. Commercial platinum grades exhibit a temperature coefficient of resistance 0.00385/°C (0.385%/°C) (European Fundamental Interval).[7] The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC 60751:1995). The American Fundamental Interval is 0.00392/°C,[8] based on using a purer grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from the Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this standards field. As a result, the "American standard" is hardly the standard even in the US.
Lead-wire resistance can also be a factor; adopting three- and four-wire, instead of two-wire, connections can eliminate connection-lead resistance effects from measurements (see below); three-wire connection is sufficient for most purposes and is an almost universal industrial practice. Four-wire connections are used for the most precise applications.
We provide you Project Temperature Sensors – Types.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
esistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper. The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.
Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability, accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies nearly linearly with temperature per the Callendar–Van Dusen equation.
The platinum detecting wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film is supported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or other strains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made from iron or copper are also used in some applications. Commercial platinum grades exhibit a temperature coefficient of resistance 0.00385/°C (0.385%/°C) (European Fundamental Interval).[7] The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC 60751:1995). The American Fundamental Interval is 0.00392/°C,[8] based on using a purer grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from the Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this standards field. As a result, the "American standard" is hardly the standard even in the US.
Lead-wire resistance can also be a factor; adopting three- and four-wire, instead of two-wire, connections can eliminate connection-lead resistance effects from measurements (see below); three-wire connection is sufficient for most purposes and is an almost universal industrial practice. Four-wire connections are used for the most precise applications.
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
Types of fluid conductors in hydraulic circuits and their advantages and disadvantages. Selection criteria for the fluid conductors and the procedure to determine their size.
Applications of turbines-Hydroelectric Power PlantsAnand Prithviraj
Different types of turbines used in hydroelectric power plants based on the working parameters such as head, flow, etc., Characteristics of a turbine; specific to its applications in a dam.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Temperature Measurement
• Temperature measurement in today’s industrial
environment has a wide variety of needs and applications.
• It is a very critical and widely measured variable for most
mechanical engineers.
• The industry has developed a large number of sensors and
devices to handle this demand.
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3. Types of Temperature Measurement
• Temperature can be measured in a diverse array of
sensors.
• All of them infer temperature by sensing some change in
physical characteristic.
• Four basic types of temperature measurement include:
1) Mechanical
2) Thermojunctive
3) Thermoresistive
4) Radiative
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4. Mechanical Temperature measurement
• In the absence of electronics, early temperature sensors
were based on the mechanical effects of temperature.
• While the mechanical temperature sensing technologies
are decades or centuries old, they are still in widespread
use.
• They meet the needs of many common applications in a
reliable and cost-effective manner.
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5. Principle of operation
• A change in temperature causes some kind of mechanical
motion, typically due to the fact that most materials
expand with a rise in temperature.
• Mechanical thermometers can be constructed that use
liquids, solids, or even gases as the temperature-sensitive
material.
• The mechanical motion is read on a physical scale to infer
the temperature.
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6. Mechanical temperature measuring devices
• The basis of the thermometer’s operation is the thermal expansion of
a working fluid(mercury in this case).
• The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature; the small
change in volume drives the narrow mercury column a relatively long
way up the tube.
• The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be
at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum.
1) Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer:
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7. • The scale is calibrated to read temperature directly.
• The range of a thermometer and it reading accuracy is
dependent on the size of the hole, the length of the tube
and the fluid in the thermometer.
• Typically the smaller the reading increment, the less
range it will have.
• The accuracy of a thermometer is greatly dependent on
the manufacturing process, but also can be affected by
usage.
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8. Applications:
• Aircrafts use thermometers and hygrometers to determine
if atmospheric icing conditions exist along their flight path.
• They are also applied in meteorological and oceanographic
applications. These measurements are used to
initialize weather forecast models.
• Used in household, hospitals, etc., for body temperature
measurement.
• They are also used in indoor climate control systems.
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9. • Advantages:
1) Simplicity in use & low cost.
2) Portable device.
3) Checking physical damage is easy.
4) Power source not require.
5) Repeatable, calibration does not drift.
• Disadvantages:
1) Can not be used for automatic
recording.
2) Time lag in measurement.
3) Range is limited to about 300 °C .
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10. 2) Pressure thermometer:
• A pressure thermometer operates by the expansion of a
gas or a liquid.
• Its types are:
1) Liquid Pressure Thermometer
2) Vapour Pressure Thermometer
• A pressure thermometer measures temperature indirectly
by measuring pressure.
• The gauge is a pressure gauge, but is typically calibrated
in units of temperature instead.
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11. 1) Vapor pressure thermometers
• The saturated vapor pressure of a volatile liquid is used as a measure of the
temperature.
• These thermometers are very sensitive but the scale is not linear.
• The measurement accuracy is 1%. The typical temperature range is from -
20° C to 280° C depending on the nature of the gas.
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12. 2) Liquid pressure thermometer:
• It’s a temperature measuring device whose operation is based on
thermal expansion of a liquid.
• The insides of the thermo-sensor cylinder, capillary, and Bourdon tube
are filled with liquid which changes volume with varying temperature.
• The liquid in the thermo-sensor cylinder is expanded and contracted as
the temperature changes, and the pressure change in the Bourdon tube
that is transmitted through the capillary is indicated as a temperature.
• Liquid filled thermometers have scales
with divisions from 10° to 0.01°C.
• The measurement accuracy depends on the depth of immersion of the
thermometer in the medium to be measured.
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14. • Applications:
1. Suitable for most heating and ventilation applications.
2. Used in dairy, brewing and food industries.
3. A common application of this type of thermometer is
measurement of outside temperature from the inside of a
building.
• Advantages:
1. Simple structure, high mechanical strength.
2. Low cost, requires no external energy.
• Disadvantages:
1. Temperature range is limited, usually 80-400 ℃.
2. Slow response time.
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15. 3) Bimetallic Thermometer:
• The temperature is measured by means of a bimetal system
inside the temperature sensor.
• The bimetal is made from two metal strips, permanently
joined together, each metal having a different thermal
expansion coefficient.
• This causes the strip to deflect in proportion to the
temperature variation.
• The actual bimetal system consists of a bimetal strip that is
either helically or spirally wound, depending on the size of
the sensor and the temperature range to be measured.
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17. • Any temperature variation causes the bimetal to rotate an attached
spindle and it is indicated by a pointer on a dial.
• Bimetal thermometers are available for temperature ranges from -70
to +600 °C
• Ranges as high as 1000° F are possible, however ranges around the
500° F value are more common.
Dial
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18. Cross section of a Bimetallic thermometer
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19. • Applications:
1. Common application of bimetallic strips is in household
thermostats.
2. Its also used in circuit breakers.
• Advantages:
1. Robust, easy to use and cheap.
2. Can be used at higher temperatures.
3. Power source not required
• Disadvantages:
1. Not very accurate.
2. Limited to applications where manual reading is acceptable.
3. Not suitable for very low temperatures
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20. 4) Sealed Bellows:
• The sealed bellows type is filled with a gas, vapor or
liquid.
• It responds to change in temperature by variation in
volume and pressure causing expansion or contraction.
• Gas filled bellows can make the sensor sensitive to both
external pressure and temperature.
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21. • Liquid Filled bellows can function in a
number of transducer applications.
• Applications:
1. Used in fuel and air density controls.
2. Used in passive actuation in a vacuum or
pressure chamber.
3. Used as transducers.
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22. 5) Bulb and Capillary Sensor:
• Bulb and capillary elements are used where temperatures are to be
measured in ducts, pipes, tanks or similar locations remote from the
controller.
• The bulb is filled with liquid, gas or refrigerant depending on the
temperature range required.
• Expansion of the fluid in the heated bulb exerts a pressure which is
transmitted by the capillary to the diaphragm and there it is translated
into movement.
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24. • The linear movement is directionally proportional to the
temperature.
• Advantages:
1. Typically inexpensive
2. Easily understood wiring
• Disadvantages:
1. Sensing bulb must be perfectly horizontal, which is difficult
to set.
2. Diaphragm case must be mounted in a separate, warmer
location for effective operation.
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