The document provides details about various mechanical components that are part of an EDR micro-project. It describes U-bolts, coil springs, split pins, washers, T-nuts, Nyloc nuts, sprockets, chain drives, coupling nuts, square nuts, bolts, nuts and bearings. Each component is defined and its typical applications are listed. The document was made by 17151-REHAN SHAIKH, 17154-SAQUIB SURA, 17156-TANVI, 17158-MUNEEB ULDE and 17160-ABDURRAHMAAN KAZI.

1. EDR MICRO-PROJECT
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
MADE BY;
17151-REHAN SHAIKH
17154-SAQUIB SURA
17156-TANVI
17158-MUNEEB ULDE
17160-ABDURRAHMAAN KAZI

2. U Bolts
U bolts available in a range of sizes and finishes
to support different loads, torque requirements
and environments. U Bolts usually available
from stock.
A U-bolt is an industrial fastener in the shape of
the letter U with two threaded arms (or legs)
extending from a curved base. U bolts are
typically used to support pipework or to attach a part to a pole, beam or wall, where
the “u” shape keeps it firmly in place, adding stability to the support.
Applications
U bolts are often used as framing fasteners and anchors for foundations and roofs,
pipe and conduit holders and bolts for motor and engine shaft components.
Coil spring
A coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a
mechanical device which is typically used to store energy
and subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to
maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are
made of an elastic material formed into the shape of a
helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded.
Under tension or compression, the material (wire) of a coil
spring undergoes torsion. The spring characteristics therefore depend on the shear
modulus, not Young's Modulus.
A coil spring may also be used as a torsion spring: in this case the spring as a whole
is subjected to torsion about its helical axis. The material of the spring is thereby
subjected to a bending moment, either reducing or increasing the helical radius. In
this mode, it is the Young's Modulus of the material that determines the spring
characteristics.
Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former - a cylinder
is used to form cylindrical coil springs.
Applications

3. Coil springs have many applications; notable ones include:
 Buckling springs in computer keyboards
 Mattress coils in innerspring mattresses
 Upholstery coil springs in upholstery
Split pin
A split pin, also known in the United States as a cotter
pin or cotter key, is a metal fastener with two tines
that are bent during installation, similar to a staple or
rivet. Typically made of thick wire with a half-circular
cross section, split pins come in multiple sizes and
types.
The British definition of "cotter pin" is equivalent to
U.S. term "cotter", which can be a cause for confusion
when companies of both countries work together. There are signs that
manufacturers and stockiest are increasingly listing both names together to avoid
confusion; this led to the term split cotter sometimes being used for a split pin
Applications
Split pins are frequently used to secure other fasteners, e.g. clevis pins, as well as
being used in combination with hardboard discs as a traditional joining technique
for teddy bears. A common application of this is when used to secure a castellated
nut.
Split pins may be used in some applications as low-tech shear pins
Washer
A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped)
with a hole (typically in the middle) that is
normally used to distribute the load of a threaded
fastener, such as a screw or nut. Other uses are as a
spacer, spring (Belleville, wave washer), wear pad,
preload indicating device, locking device, and to
reduce vibration (rubber washer). Washers often
have an outer diameter (OD) about twice their
inner diameter (ID), but this can vary quite widely.
Applications

4. Washers are used for multiple purposes when mechanical parts are assembled. Here
are some usages:
1. Some washers have a special design that attempts to help keep the nut and/or
bolt from coming loose. Known as a lock washer these may be a split ring
type, star type, wavy or any one of a number of other designs. A lock washer
will be used with the part of the assembly that most likely could turn such as
the nut. It could be used under the bolt head in instances where the bolt
screws into threads in one part of the assembly.
2. A washer is sometimes used to protect the surface of the assembled parts. A
nut or bolt head being turned during the tightening process can mar the part
surface around the hole and a washer can be used to take the abuse as opposed
to the part. This may be particularly applicable when the parts are a softer
material such as plastic, brass or aluminum and a washer made of a harder
material is used.
Many times washers will play a role that is a combination of the above
usages. One common example is to see a lock washer used along with a larger
diameter flat washer.
T-nut
A T-nut, T nut, or tee nut (also known as a
blind nut,[1] which can however also refer to
a rivet nut or an insert nut) is a type of nut
used to fasten a wood, particle or composite
materials workpiece, leaving a flush surface.
It has a long, thin body and a flange at one
end, resembling a T in profile. The flanges of
T-nuts often have hooks or serrations on the
prongs that dig into a wooden work piece as
the bolt is tightened from the opposite side of
the piece, providing better retention.
In 1969, the first four-prong T-nut with the eight-sided base was patented.
Unlike the standard round base T-nuts, the eight-sided T-nuts can be fed
efficiently and reliably via machine. The eight-sided T-nut base has become
the standard configuration for T-nuts inserted by machine.
Applications
Tee nuts can be used to fasten materials such as wood, plastic or composite
material in such a manner that it will leave a flush surface. This makes it ideal

5. for all sorts of assembly, including in the manufacture of some types of toys
such as slides. The tee nut has a long body and a flange in one end. When
looked at in profile, it resembles a T shape, which is why it has this name.
The flange on the tee nut typically has hooks that grab into the material being
fastened, which gives the joint more strength and retention.
Nyloc nut
A nyloc nut, also referred to as a nylon-insert lock
nut, polymer-insert lock nut, or elastic stop nut, is
a kind of locknut with a nylon collar ins ert that
resists turning.
The plastic insert is placed at the end of the nut,
with an inner diameter (ID) slightly smaller than
the major diameter of the screw. The insert
deforms elastically over the threads of the screw,
without having threads in turn cut into it. The
nylon insert locks the nut by friction against the
screw under the applied radial compressive force. Nyloc nuts retain their locking
ability up to 250 °F (121 °C).
Applications
A nyloc nut, also referred to as a nylon-insert lock nut, polymer-insert lock nut, or
elastic stop nut, is a kind of locknut with a nylon collar insert that resists turning.
Sprocket
A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled
wheel with teeth, or cogs, that mesh with a
chain, track or other perforated or indented
material. The name 'sprocket' applies
generally to any wheel upon which radial
projections engage a chain passing over it. It
is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets
are never meshed together directly, and
differs from a pulley in that sprockets have
teeth and pulleys are smooth.
Applications

6. Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other
machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are
unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common
form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a
large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small sprocket
on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely driven by
sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles.
Chain drive
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical
power from one place to another. It is often used to
convey power to the wheels of a vehicle,
particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also
used in a wide variety of machines besides
vehicles.
Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller
chain, known as the drive chain or transmission
chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing with the
holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting
mechanical force into the system. Another type of drive chain is the Morse chain,
invented by the Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York, United States. This
has inverted teeth.
Applications
Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to
lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is
recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often
simple oval loops, they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears
along the chain; gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are
generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output
gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered. For example, when
the bicycle pedals' gear rotate once, it causes the gear that drives the wheels to
rotate more than one revolution.

7. Coupling nut
A coupling nut, also known as extension nut, is a
threaded fastener for joining two male threads,
most commonly a threaded rod, but also pipes.
The outside of the fastener is usually a hex so a
wrench can hold it. Variations include reducing
coupling nuts, for joining two different size
threads; sight hole coupling nuts, which have a
sight hole for observing the amount of engagement; and coupling nuts with left-
handed threads.
Applications
These are used to make up long rod assemblies from shorter lengths of rods. The
rods are threaded into the coupling nut for a certain distance. Coupling nut
dimensions are described by the Industrial Fasteners Institute in standard IFI-128. It
is given a plain finish. It is either cold drawn or hot rolled depending on the bar
stock used. Coupling nuts threaded with two different thread sizes and profiles are
called reducing coupling nuts.
Coupling nuts can be used to tighten a rod assembly inward or to press a rod
assembly outward.
Square nut
A square nut is a four-sided nut. Compared to
standard hex nuts, square nuts have a greater
surface in contact with the part being fastened,
and therefore provide greater resistance to
loosening (though also greater resistance to ti
ghtening). They are also much less likely to
become rounded-off after repeated
loosening/tightening cycles. Square nuts are
typically mated with square-headed bolts. Square nuts are used along with flat
washers in order to avoid damage from its sharp edges and helps to increase the
strength of the fastener. Square nuts can have standard, fine or coarse threading
with plating of zinc yellow, plain, zinc clear, tin and cadmium, among others.

8. Applications
Commonly used in furniture as a blind nut, they are also used in rail channels in
order to prevent turning of rail when pressure is applied. They are also used to
make perfect foundation in metal channels for hidden fasteners.
Bolt (fastener)
A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are closely
related to, and often confused with, screws.
Applications
Many screws use a screwdriver head fitting,
rather than an external wrench. Screwdrivers
are applied in-line with the fastener, rather
than from the side. These are smaller than
most wrench heads and cannot usually apply the same amount of torque. It is
sometimes assumed that screwdriver heads imply a screw and wrenches imply a
bolt, although this is incorrect. Coach screws are large square-headed screws with a
tapered wood screw thread, used for attaching ironwork to timber.
Head designs that overlap both are the Allen or Torx heads; hexagonal or splined
sockets. These modern designs span a large range of sizes and can carry a
considerable torque.
Nut
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts
are almost always used in conjunction with a mating
bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two
partners are kept together by a combination of their
threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a
slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the
parts to be held together.

9. Applications
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking
mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-
locking fluid such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lock wire in conjunction
with castellated nuts, nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.
Bearing
A bearing is a machine element that constrains
relative motion to only the desired motion, and
reduces friction between moving parts. The
design of the bearing may, for example, provide
for free linear movement of the moving part or
for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may
prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of
normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired
motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the
type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces)
applied to the parts
Applications
Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical
systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the
structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of
a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication is often used to reduce friction. In the ball
bearing and roller bearing, to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as
rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or
journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow
the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency,
reliability, durability and performance.