This document discusses the relationship between population growth, poverty, and development in the Philippines based on analysis of macroeconomic data, household surveys, and people's views. Some key points:
1) While poverty has many causes, rapid population growth exacerbates poverty by reducing resources available per person. The Philippines' high population growth makes its poverty reduction target difficult to achieve.
2) Household survey data show poverty rates rise with larger family size, and mean income, spending, education investment, and health spending fall as family size increases.
3) Most Filipinos want smaller families but poor families in particular lack access to family planning and have more children than desired. A national population policy is needed to address
This document is the introduction chapter of the World Happiness Report 2019. It summarizes the focus of the report, which examines how happiness has changed over time and how factors like government, community, and technology influence happiness. The chapter specifically discusses three topics: 1) links between government and happiness, 2) the impact of prosocial behavior, and 3) changes in information technology. It provides examples from Mexican survey data to illustrate how dissatisfaction with government can influence voting behavior and how happiness increased after a change in leadership.
This document is a summary of the World Happiness Report 2021, which focuses on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some key points:
1) The pandemic caused over 2 million deaths in 2020 and increased economic insecurity, anxiety, and disruption of lives worldwide. It negatively impacted mental and physical health for many.
2) Happiness levels showed surprising resilience according to global surveys, though emotions like worry and sadness increased more during lockdowns.
3) Countries with higher levels of trust in institutions and each other fared better in terms of well-being and fewer COVID deaths. Asian countries that acted quickly through measures like contact tracing and testing had great success containing the virus.
4) Remote
The Inconvenient Truth - The Facts on RH and Family Planning Harvey Diaz
1. The Philippines' population is projected to grow significantly even with lowered growth rates, posing economic and security risks. Rapid population growth strains resources and hinders development.
2. Most economic studies show a clear link between rapid population growth, large family sizes, and increased poverty. Slower population growth allows countries more time to develop and reduce poverty.
3. Modern contraceptives are proven safe and needed to effectively plan families and protect women. Natural family planning methods alone are ineffective and can cause embryo loss.
This document is Nathan McGibney's dissertation submitted to Trinity College Dublin investigating the role of cultural sensitivities in delivering aid to Afghanistan. It provides context on Afghanistan's poor social indicators and ongoing need for international assistance. The dissertation aims to examine how Afghan culture and Islam impact social structures, gender roles, and community access, and whether this influences the work of aid organizations. Through interviews with aid workers and literature review, the dissertation concludes there is a significant need for culturally sensitive aid programming, particularly regarding appreciation of Islam and its role in Afghan society, women's empowerment, and access to justice.
The document discusses inclusive growth, which it defines as rapid, sustained economic growth that creates many jobs, broadly shares benefits, and continuously reduces mass poverty. It notes that the Philippines has historically had unsatisfactory economic growth for three reasons: its growth has been slower than neighbors, benefits have not been widely shared, and corruption and legitimacy issues have undermined public policy. Specifically, the Philippines' average annual growth of 3% since 1981 is below other Asian economies and has resulted in stagnant per capita incomes, while poverty has remained high and inequality erratic. Quality, inclusive growth requires rapid output and job creation that reduces poverty.
1) The document analyzes the impact of international remittance inflows on poverty and income inequality in Nigeria using household survey data.
2) It finds that household poverty declines across Nigeria's geopolitical zones as well as for different demographic groups when remittance income is included. For example, poverty declines from 0.35 to 0.30 in the South-South region with remittances.
3) The analysis also finds that remittances reduce income inequality more in urban areas compared to rural areas. A 10% increase in remittances is associated with a 0.1% decline in income inequality in urban areas but only a 0.02% decline in rural areas.
India has undergone significant domestic transformations that have enhanced its potential role as a global power. It has experienced rapid economic growth, greater political competition, and military expansion. These changes have impacted India's foreign policy pursuits of security, regional influence, and global governance. Key will be India's ability to manage relations with neighbors like Pakistan and major powers like the US and China. If India continues economic growth and pragmatic diplomacy, it could substantially increase its international role over the next 15 years. However, setbacks like renewed India-Pakistan conflicts could undermine its trajectory.
11.five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades (1960-2010). The article employs statistical analysis of data and finds a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid has tended to worsen human development outcomes. It reviews literature on the effectiveness of foreign aid and presents an empirical model to analyze the effect of aid on human development and economic growth in Nigeria. Key variables in the model include development aid, human development index, gross domestic product per capita, inflation, life expectancy, and infant mortality.
This document is the introduction chapter of the World Happiness Report 2019. It summarizes the focus of the report, which examines how happiness has changed over time and how factors like government, community, and technology influence happiness. The chapter specifically discusses three topics: 1) links between government and happiness, 2) the impact of prosocial behavior, and 3) changes in information technology. It provides examples from Mexican survey data to illustrate how dissatisfaction with government can influence voting behavior and how happiness increased after a change in leadership.
This document is a summary of the World Happiness Report 2021, which focuses on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some key points:
1) The pandemic caused over 2 million deaths in 2020 and increased economic insecurity, anxiety, and disruption of lives worldwide. It negatively impacted mental and physical health for many.
2) Happiness levels showed surprising resilience according to global surveys, though emotions like worry and sadness increased more during lockdowns.
3) Countries with higher levels of trust in institutions and each other fared better in terms of well-being and fewer COVID deaths. Asian countries that acted quickly through measures like contact tracing and testing had great success containing the virus.
4) Remote
The Inconvenient Truth - The Facts on RH and Family Planning Harvey Diaz
1. The Philippines' population is projected to grow significantly even with lowered growth rates, posing economic and security risks. Rapid population growth strains resources and hinders development.
2. Most economic studies show a clear link between rapid population growth, large family sizes, and increased poverty. Slower population growth allows countries more time to develop and reduce poverty.
3. Modern contraceptives are proven safe and needed to effectively plan families and protect women. Natural family planning methods alone are ineffective and can cause embryo loss.
This document is Nathan McGibney's dissertation submitted to Trinity College Dublin investigating the role of cultural sensitivities in delivering aid to Afghanistan. It provides context on Afghanistan's poor social indicators and ongoing need for international assistance. The dissertation aims to examine how Afghan culture and Islam impact social structures, gender roles, and community access, and whether this influences the work of aid organizations. Through interviews with aid workers and literature review, the dissertation concludes there is a significant need for culturally sensitive aid programming, particularly regarding appreciation of Islam and its role in Afghan society, women's empowerment, and access to justice.
The document discusses inclusive growth, which it defines as rapid, sustained economic growth that creates many jobs, broadly shares benefits, and continuously reduces mass poverty. It notes that the Philippines has historically had unsatisfactory economic growth for three reasons: its growth has been slower than neighbors, benefits have not been widely shared, and corruption and legitimacy issues have undermined public policy. Specifically, the Philippines' average annual growth of 3% since 1981 is below other Asian economies and has resulted in stagnant per capita incomes, while poverty has remained high and inequality erratic. Quality, inclusive growth requires rapid output and job creation that reduces poverty.
1) The document analyzes the impact of international remittance inflows on poverty and income inequality in Nigeria using household survey data.
2) It finds that household poverty declines across Nigeria's geopolitical zones as well as for different demographic groups when remittance income is included. For example, poverty declines from 0.35 to 0.30 in the South-South region with remittances.
3) The analysis also finds that remittances reduce income inequality more in urban areas compared to rural areas. A 10% increase in remittances is associated with a 0.1% decline in income inequality in urban areas but only a 0.02% decline in rural areas.
India has undergone significant domestic transformations that have enhanced its potential role as a global power. It has experienced rapid economic growth, greater political competition, and military expansion. These changes have impacted India's foreign policy pursuits of security, regional influence, and global governance. Key will be India's ability to manage relations with neighbors like Pakistan and major powers like the US and China. If India continues economic growth and pragmatic diplomacy, it could substantially increase its international role over the next 15 years. However, setbacks like renewed India-Pakistan conflicts could undermine its trajectory.
11.five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades (1960-2010). The article employs statistical analysis of data and finds a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid has tended to worsen human development outcomes. It reviews literature on the effectiveness of foreign aid and presents an empirical model to analyze the effect of aid on human development and economic growth in Nigeria. Key variables in the model include development aid, human development index, gross domestic product per capita, inflation, life expectancy, and infant mortality.
Five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades from 1960 to 2010. It finds that there is a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid tends to worsen human development outcomes. The study uses two-stage least squares estimation to analyze data on development aid flows to Nigeria and indicators of human development. It provides context on levels of poverty, education, health, and human development in Nigeria despite large amounts of development aid received.
This document discusses population and sustainable development in the Philippines. It defines key demographic terms like population growth rate, population structure, and spatial distribution. The Philippines' population is characterized as expansive, with a very young age structure and high population density in some areas. The main determinants of population change are discussed as fertility, mortality, and migration. Rapid population growth is shown to strain economic development, education, employment, health services, and the ecosystem in the Philippines.
Дания — самая счастливая в мире страна, говорится в новом исследовании. Самые несчастные люди, по мнению составителей World Happiness Report, живут в Бурунди.
Авторы доклада отмечают, что чем меньше показатели социального неравенства в стране, тем ее жители в целом счастливее.
The document summarizes the economic environment of the United States from the 19th century to 2011. It discusses key trends such as the US having the largest economy in the world, a high level of per capita output, and being the largest global trading partner. It also examines structural changes in the US economy, including a shift away from industry towards services. Key metrics covered include GDP growth, household income, wealth, debt levels, important industries, and population/labor force size.
This document provides an overview of mental health promotion initiatives for children and youth in contexts of poverty in South Africa. It discusses:
1) Critical risk influences on early childhood development like poor nutrition, maternal depression, and lack of early childhood services in South Africa and evidence that mental health promotion programs can help mediate these risks.
2) Examples of mental health promotion programs in South Africa that have shown benefits for early childhood development, including a home visitation program and programs to reduce alcohol use in pregnancy.
3) Risk influences on middle childhood development in South Africa and how mental health promotion programs may help mediate risks like poor family environments and schooling.
This chapter focuses on the role of social factors in supporting happiness. It finds that bringing social factors like social support, trust, and generosity up to world averages would increase life evaluations more than eliminating income and health differences. International differences in happiness are largely explained by six key factors: GDP per capita, life expectancy, social support, freedom, generosity, and corruption. Positive emotions provide an important channel for the effects of freedom and social support on well-being. Social factors have a significant impact on happiness beyond what would be expected from their effects on health and income.
This document discusses population growth in India and its impact on economic development. It provides background on key concepts like population explosion, birth rate, death rate, and stages of demographic transition. It then analyzes population growth trends in India and some major countries. The document explores causes of population increase in India and the impact of a growing population on economic development, both positive and negative. It also examines India's national population policies and strategies to reduce rapid population growth through various economic and social interventions.
This document provides an overview of the 2019 World Happiness Report, which focuses on happiness and community. It discusses three topics: links between government and happiness, the importance of prosocial behavior, and the impact of digital technology on communities and interactions. The overview previews the subsequent chapters, which will analyze relationships between governance and life evaluations, the connection between voter happiness and political participation, evidence on the link between generosity and well-being, and the effects of digital media and internet addiction on American happiness.
Florida: An Economic Overview by Amy BakerAPA Florida
- Florida's economy grew 1.4% in 2010 after declining for two years, but personal income fell in Q3 2011 for the first time since 2009. Unemployment remained high at 9.9% in December 2011.
- While housing sales and permits have increased year-over-year, foreclosure rates remain high and home prices are flat. Population growth is expected to increase to around 1.1% by 2030, fueling economic growth.
- The recovery has been slow as the state has yet to regain the 779,700 jobs lost. Challenges remain such as high unemployment, tight credit conditions, and problems in the Eurozone economy.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Population geography examines how population characteristics vary spatially and change over time. It studies demographic phenomena like birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns in geographical contexts. Population geography analyzes population distributions, densities, and structures to understand how they are influenced by and influence specific places. It uses maps to visualize spatial variations in population characteristics.
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESSolomon Adetokunbo
This document discusses the uncertainty of organizational environments in developing countries. It outlines several factors that contribute to uncertainty, including economic/global factors, demographic changes, political instability, and socio-cultural differences. Developing countries face more uncertainty due to a lack of access to information, an inability to accurately anticipate consequences, and internal and external shocks. Managers must frequently analyze internal and external environmental elements to identify opportunities and threats and determine the best strategies for organizations to succeed despite uncertain conditions.
Education in the American South: Historical Context, Current State, and Futur...Jeremy Knight
The deck provides a detailed analysis of academic outcomes in Southern states, placing them in historical, economic, and political context. It also traces the development of public schools in the South and shows that the modern education reform movement has its roots in the South, where strategies like accountability, charter schools, private school choice, and school governance reform were first piloted.
This document is an introduction to the World Happiness Report. It discusses how while technology and economic growth have increased, levels of happiness and life satisfaction have not risen in kind. In rich countries, affluence has led to issues like obesity, addiction, and environmental degradation without improving well-being. Simply increasing GDP does not necessarily improve average happiness. For sustainable development, lifestyles and technologies must improve happiness while reducing environmental impact.
This document contains a series of questions and answers on topics related to population, gender, family planning, and sexual and reproductive health. The questions cover topics such as the definition of sex, common sexually transmitted diseases, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, female sex hormones, population growth trends, and laws promoting women's rights. The responses provide concise factual answers and cite sources from population education reference materials.
This document provides an overview of Dilys Leman's professional experience and expertise. It outlines her background in communications, education, urban development, and arts/culture. It details her skills in areas like project management, research, writing, and editing. It also lists organizations she has worked for related to education, urban development, and arts/culture. Specifically, it highlights her experience at the Canadian Council on Learning researching and writing reports on lifelong learning in Canada.
Christian Groups' Position Papers on the RH BillHarvey Diaz
mMajority of Christian groups have expressed support for a national family planning policy with modern methods and education. This debunks the claims of the Catholic Church that family planning and the RH Bill are anti-life, antiGod, and anti-Christian
Five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades from 1960 to 2010. It finds that there is a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid tends to worsen human development outcomes. The study uses two-stage least squares estimation to analyze data on development aid flows to Nigeria and indicators of human development. It provides context on levels of poverty, education, health, and human development in Nigeria despite large amounts of development aid received.
This document discusses population and sustainable development in the Philippines. It defines key demographic terms like population growth rate, population structure, and spatial distribution. The Philippines' population is characterized as expansive, with a very young age structure and high population density in some areas. The main determinants of population change are discussed as fertility, mortality, and migration. Rapid population growth is shown to strain economic development, education, employment, health services, and the ecosystem in the Philippines.
Дания — самая счастливая в мире страна, говорится в новом исследовании. Самые несчастные люди, по мнению составителей World Happiness Report, живут в Бурунди.
Авторы доклада отмечают, что чем меньше показатели социального неравенства в стране, тем ее жители в целом счастливее.
The document summarizes the economic environment of the United States from the 19th century to 2011. It discusses key trends such as the US having the largest economy in the world, a high level of per capita output, and being the largest global trading partner. It also examines structural changes in the US economy, including a shift away from industry towards services. Key metrics covered include GDP growth, household income, wealth, debt levels, important industries, and population/labor force size.
This document provides an overview of mental health promotion initiatives for children and youth in contexts of poverty in South Africa. It discusses:
1) Critical risk influences on early childhood development like poor nutrition, maternal depression, and lack of early childhood services in South Africa and evidence that mental health promotion programs can help mediate these risks.
2) Examples of mental health promotion programs in South Africa that have shown benefits for early childhood development, including a home visitation program and programs to reduce alcohol use in pregnancy.
3) Risk influences on middle childhood development in South Africa and how mental health promotion programs may help mediate risks like poor family environments and schooling.
This chapter focuses on the role of social factors in supporting happiness. It finds that bringing social factors like social support, trust, and generosity up to world averages would increase life evaluations more than eliminating income and health differences. International differences in happiness are largely explained by six key factors: GDP per capita, life expectancy, social support, freedom, generosity, and corruption. Positive emotions provide an important channel for the effects of freedom and social support on well-being. Social factors have a significant impact on happiness beyond what would be expected from their effects on health and income.
This document discusses population growth in India and its impact on economic development. It provides background on key concepts like population explosion, birth rate, death rate, and stages of demographic transition. It then analyzes population growth trends in India and some major countries. The document explores causes of population increase in India and the impact of a growing population on economic development, both positive and negative. It also examines India's national population policies and strategies to reduce rapid population growth through various economic and social interventions.
This document provides an overview of the 2019 World Happiness Report, which focuses on happiness and community. It discusses three topics: links between government and happiness, the importance of prosocial behavior, and the impact of digital technology on communities and interactions. The overview previews the subsequent chapters, which will analyze relationships between governance and life evaluations, the connection between voter happiness and political participation, evidence on the link between generosity and well-being, and the effects of digital media and internet addiction on American happiness.
Florida: An Economic Overview by Amy BakerAPA Florida
- Florida's economy grew 1.4% in 2010 after declining for two years, but personal income fell in Q3 2011 for the first time since 2009. Unemployment remained high at 9.9% in December 2011.
- While housing sales and permits have increased year-over-year, foreclosure rates remain high and home prices are flat. Population growth is expected to increase to around 1.1% by 2030, fueling economic growth.
- The recovery has been slow as the state has yet to regain the 779,700 jobs lost. Challenges remain such as high unemployment, tight credit conditions, and problems in the Eurozone economy.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Population geography examines how population characteristics vary spatially and change over time. It studies demographic phenomena like birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns in geographical contexts. Population geography analyzes population distributions, densities, and structures to understand how they are influenced by and influence specific places. It uses maps to visualize spatial variations in population characteristics.
UNCERTAINTY OF ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESSolomon Adetokunbo
This document discusses the uncertainty of organizational environments in developing countries. It outlines several factors that contribute to uncertainty, including economic/global factors, demographic changes, political instability, and socio-cultural differences. Developing countries face more uncertainty due to a lack of access to information, an inability to accurately anticipate consequences, and internal and external shocks. Managers must frequently analyze internal and external environmental elements to identify opportunities and threats and determine the best strategies for organizations to succeed despite uncertain conditions.
Education in the American South: Historical Context, Current State, and Futur...Jeremy Knight
The deck provides a detailed analysis of academic outcomes in Southern states, placing them in historical, economic, and political context. It also traces the development of public schools in the South and shows that the modern education reform movement has its roots in the South, where strategies like accountability, charter schools, private school choice, and school governance reform were first piloted.
This document is an introduction to the World Happiness Report. It discusses how while technology and economic growth have increased, levels of happiness and life satisfaction have not risen in kind. In rich countries, affluence has led to issues like obesity, addiction, and environmental degradation without improving well-being. Simply increasing GDP does not necessarily improve average happiness. For sustainable development, lifestyles and technologies must improve happiness while reducing environmental impact.
This document contains a series of questions and answers on topics related to population, gender, family planning, and sexual and reproductive health. The questions cover topics such as the definition of sex, common sexually transmitted diseases, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, female sex hormones, population growth trends, and laws promoting women's rights. The responses provide concise factual answers and cite sources from population education reference materials.
This document provides an overview of Dilys Leman's professional experience and expertise. It outlines her background in communications, education, urban development, and arts/culture. It details her skills in areas like project management, research, writing, and editing. It also lists organizations she has worked for related to education, urban development, and arts/culture. Specifically, it highlights her experience at the Canadian Council on Learning researching and writing reports on lifelong learning in Canada.
Christian Groups' Position Papers on the RH BillHarvey Diaz
mMajority of Christian groups have expressed support for a national family planning policy with modern methods and education. This debunks the claims of the Catholic Church that family planning and the RH Bill are anti-life, antiGod, and anti-Christian
Flowcrete has been providing flooring solutions for 30 years, growing from 2 staff in the UK to over 300 staff in more than 30 global offices. They offer resin floor finishes for a variety of industrial and commercial uses, including car parks, food production facilities, and electronics. Their flooring products include heavy-duty, decorative, antimicrobial, fast-cure, and waterproof options. They have an extensive client base in Vietnam and aim to ensure their business operations minimize environmental impact.
The document summarizes several social issues that contribute to injustice and inequity in the Philippines. It notes that over 74.7% of the population is considered lower class while only 0.1% are upper class. The middle class of 25.2% are heavily taxed. Other issues discussed include inaccessibility of healthcare, high rates of poverty (26.14 million live below poverty line), lack of access to education, discrimination such as against indigenous groups, unemployment, corruption, and economic challenges such as reliance on rice imports. The document argues these issues trample human dignity and that cooperatives can help address social injustice by providing for social, economic, and cultural needs of members through equitable contributions and sharing of risks and benefits
The document discusses several social issues that contribute to injustice and inequity in the Philippines. It notes that over 74.7% of the population is considered lower class while only 0.1% is upper class. There are high levels of inequality in terms of income distribution. Some examples of social injustice include inaccessibility of healthcare, high poverty rates of over 20%, lack of access to education for many, discrimination, unemployment, and corruption. Rural areas face particular challenges with half the poor population living in rural locations. Cooperatives can help address these issues by providing an instrument for equity, social justice, and economic development as mandated in the Philippine constitution.
The document discusses population growth in the Philippines, arguing that it is not the primary cause of poverty based on 4 main facts: global population growth is slowing, Philippine population growth is decreasing, there is no evidence high population impedes economic growth, and poverty is caused more by inequality and corruption than family size. The reproductive health bills are criticized for ignoring these root causes of poverty.
Rostow's stages of economic growth model outlines 5 stages of development: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions for take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption. The take-off stage involves investment increasing to over 10% of GDP, triggering sustained economic growth. During drive to maturity, new industries replace old ones and agriculture declines as countries industrialize. In the final stage, per capita incomes rise enough for widespread consumer goods consumption. The document discusses these stages and their application to understanding rural development.
1) The document reviews population trends, poverty, and their links in the Philippines compared to other Southeast Asian countries.
2) While the Philippines has experienced modest declines in poverty, the number of poor has increased due to rapid population growth. Large family sizes also negatively impact investments in education and health.
3) Better fertility control and economic growth are needed to alleviate poverty in the Philippines, though interventions must consider poor households' preferences and ability to freely choose family size. More research is still needed to fully understand these complex relationships in the Philippine context.
The document discusses insights on political realities in the Philippines following the 2010 elections. It notes a renewed trust in democracy as shown by the election results and responses. It also discusses the transition period and challenges facing the new Aquino administration, including political jockeying, handling crisis situations, delivering on promises, and meeting high expectations. The document outlines socioeconomic indicators like poverty levels, unemployment, and human development rankings. It concludes with notes on climate change impacts, social issues like a growing population and child labor, and concerns around cultural education and exposure to popular culture.
Poverty is defined as lacking essential resources for a minimum standard of living. It can refer to lacking material resources like food, water, and shelter, or social resources like education, healthcare, and social connections. Poverty may also be defined relatively based on income or wealth disparities. Definitions and measurements of poverty have evolved over time based on changing views of socioeconomic well-being. Poverty is caused by many interrelated factors including lack of resources, illness, natural disasters, wars, and unequal economic structures between developing and developed countries. Alleviating poverty requires both economic growth and investment in people through education, health, and other social services.
Social development aims to improve well-being for all citizens. The document discusses social development in the Philippines under the Duterte Administration from 2017-2022. Key programs implemented included Pantawid Pamilya, universal healthcare, an anti-terrorism act, and infrastructure development. Literacy rates increased while issues remained in areas like housing, the environment, and financial literacy. The new Philippine Development Plan for 2023-2028 envisions healthy, educated citizens living in livable communities.
Factors that determine a country's population size include birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Birth rates are influenced by nutrition, fertility, abortion policies, economic factors, and culture. Death rates are affected by disease, war, healthcare access, and development levels. Immigration and emigration depend on "pull" and "push" factors that attract or displace people. Governments implement population policies to manage these factors.
The document summarizes several major social problems faced by the Philippines: poverty, inequality, crime, lack of access to healthcare, unemployment, environmental degradation, and lack of access to education. It notes that over 5.6 million families live in poverty, which contributes to other issues. Addressing these complex, interrelated problems is important for improving quality of life in the country.
The document discusses several major social problems in the Philippines: poverty, inequality, crime, lack of access to healthcare, unemployment, environmental degradation, and lack of access to education. It notes that over 5.6 million Filipino families live in poverty, inequality is perpetuated across generations, crime rates have recently increased, approximately 12% of the population lacks health insurance, unemployment decreased in 2023 but remains an issue, 20% of land is degraded, and many children lack access to schooling. Addressing these complex and interrelated issues is important for improving quality of life in the Philippines.
11.the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of macroeconomic policies in Nigeria on poverty from 1980-2002. Two regression models were used to examine the relationship between poverty, GDP, and other economic variables. The study found that:
1. Poverty in Nigeria increased substantially from 1980-2002, with the average poverty rate being higher after structural adjustment programs were introduced compared to before.
2. Key macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth, unemployment, and exchange rates deteriorated from 1980-2002, suggesting macroeconomic policies did not effectively address rising poverty.
3. Regression analysis found a relationship between rising poverty and factors like declining GDP, high inflation, unemployment, and exchange rate depreciation over
The impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty in Nigeria from 1980 to 2002. Two regression models were used to analyze the relationship between poverty and GDP. The study found that Nigeria's macroeconomic policies have not addressed the upward trend in poverty levels based on economic indicators like inflation, unemployment, and exchange rates. Some of the key causes of poverty identified included corruption, inconsistent macroeconomic policies, high population growth, and over-reliance on oil exports. The incidence of poverty in Nigeria increased from around 15% in 1960 to 28% in the 1980s.
Lesson 5 (poverty level & human resources)holycrackers
The document discusses poverty levels in Asia by analyzing factors like population growth, health indicators, literacy rates, employment, GDP, education, migration, and more. It recognizes that poverty is not solely economic and also involves issues like lack of basic needs, exploitation, discrimination, lack of opportunities and power. Nearly half the world's population, around 2.8-3 billion people, live in conditions of severe poverty, especially in Asia and Africa.
PPT 1_COMM 104_Intro. to Development Communication.pptxJonasVillaveza
This document outlines several key problems facing developing countries according to development communication theories. It identifies poverty, unemployment, high population growth, inequality, environmental degradation, malnutrition, ethnic conflict, misplaced social priorities, and the vicious cycle of poverty as major issues. Development communication posits that information and communication can help address root causes of problems in developing nations. The document provides background on each problem area and cites statistics illustrating the scope of the challenges.
Estimating the magnitude and correlates of poverty using consumption approach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that estimates the magnitude and correlates of poverty in Khyber Agency, FATA, Pakistan using a consumption-based approach. The study finds that 48.1% of households are above the poverty line while 51.9% are below it. Depth and severity of poverty are estimated at 10.52% and 3.7% respectively. Factors found to positively correlate with poverty include dependency ratio, household size, age of head, and residence in kacha (temporary) housing. Negatively correlating factors include landholding, assets, and number of earning household members. A logistic model also finds illiteracy of the head, farming occupation, and lack of education/abroad income to
This Market Study was carried out during my internship training period at Wallace Pharmaceuticals, India, Pvt. Ltd.
it is a presentation proposal to the company in view of making future investment in the Philippine Pharmaceutical Market.
The Philippines pharmaceutical market is a complex institution owing to its expensive medical care, monopolistic competition, and lack of government controlled drug pricing, all within a country that has high levels of poverty.
The research study delves further into the pharmaceutical market, methods of investment and the advantages of investment in the said market.
N.B: This presentation is based solely on secondary internet research. Though 100% accurate and cited, some information (figures) are dated due to lack of current and up to date information availability on the internet.
The study is accompanied by a slideshow presentation.
The Philippines' Pharmaceutical Market: A Secondary Research StudyNadia Dias
This Market Study was carried out during my internship training period at Wallace Pharmaceuticals, India, Pvt. Ltd.
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Similar to UP Economists- Population, the Real Score (20)
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UP Economists- Population, the Real Score
1. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
Discussion Paper No. 0415 December 2004
Population and Poverty:
The Real Score*
*R. Alonzo, A. Balisacan, D. Canlas, J. Capuno, R. Clarete, R. Danao,
E. de Dios, B. Diokno, E. Esguerra, R. Fabella, Ma. S. Bautista,
A. Kraft, F. Medalla, Ma. N. Mendoza, S. Monsod, C. Paderanga, Jr., E.
Pernia, S. Quimbo, G. Sicat, O. Solon, E. Tan and G. Tecson
School of Economics, University of the Philippines
Note: UPSE Discussion Papers are preliminary versions circulated
privately to elicit critical comments. They are protected by the
Copyright Law (PD No. 49) and not for quotation or reprinting
without prior approval.
2. Population and Poverty: The Real Score*
By
Ruperto P. Alonzo, Arsenio M. Balisacan, Dante B. Canlas, Joseph J.
Capuno, Ramon L. Clarete, Rolando A. Danao, Emmanuel S. de Dios,
Benjamin E. Diokno, Emmanuel F. Esguerra, Raul V. Fabella, Ma.
Socorro Gochoco-Bautista, Aleli P. Kraft, Felipe M. Medalla, Nimfa F.
Mendoza, Solita C. Monsod, Cayetano W. Paderanga, Jr., Ernesto M.
Pernia, Stella A. Quimbo, Gerardo P. Sicat, Orville C. Solon, Edita A.
Tan, Gwendolyn R. Tecson
University of the Philippines
SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
December 2004
*
This paper reflects the views of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the
School of Economics or the University of the Philippines. Very able research assistance by Karl Kendrick
T. Chua is gratefully acknowledged.
3. 1
Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................2
Key messages
What Macro Data Show...............................................................................3
What Household Data Reveal......................................................................5
What People Say ........................................................................................10
Is the Government’s Poverty Goal Achievable?........................................11
Why the Need for Population Policy? .......................................................12
Why Must Population Policy Be National in Scope? ................................13
What are the Elements of an Effective Population Policy? .......................14
What about the Prospect of a “Demographic Winter”? .............................14
Conclusion .................................................................................................15
References..................................................................................................16
Appendix....................................................................................................18
4. 2
Population and Poverty: The Real Score
Salus populi suprema lex
Introduction
The public debate on the population issue – long settled in most of the developing world
– remains unresolved in the Philippines. We aim in this paper to contribute to the debate,
in particular to highlight the role the government must play to face up to this
development challenge.
On one extreme, there are those who say that there is no population problem and,
hence, that there is nothing the government needs to do about it. On the other, some view
population growth as the principal cause of poverty that would justify the government
resorting to draconian and coercive measures to deal with the problem (e.g., denial of
basic services and subsidies to families with more than two children).
We consider these extreme views and arrive at what we think is a balanced, more
reasoned and, hopefully, more widely acceptable position. Our review of the extensive
literature and our analysis of relevant empirical data lead us to the following key
messages:
• Poverty is a complex phenomenon, and many factors are responsible for it.
Rapid population growth alone cannot explain poverty. Bad governance, high
wealth and income inequality and weak economic growth are the main causes.
But rapid population growth and high fertility rates, especially among the
poor, do exacerbate poverty and make it harder for the government to address
it. The government’s target of reducing poverty incidence to 20% or lower by
2010 would not be feasible, given historical growth rates of population and
the economy.
• Time and again, Filipino women across all socioeconomic classes have
expressed their desire for fewer children. But many, particularly the poor and
the less educated among them, have more children than they want and are
unable to achieve their desired number of children. Moreover, an
overwhelming majority of Filipinos have affirmed the importance of the
ability to plan one’s family or control one’s fertility, and believe that rapid
population growth impedes the country’s development.
• An unequivocal and coherent national population policy – backed by an
adequately funded family planning program that provides accurate
information and enables access to methods of contraception of choice – is pro-
poor, pro-women, pro-people, and pro-life. Any government that cares about
the poor cannot be blind to the fact that many of them have no access to
effective family planning services.
5. 3
• Good population policy and programs are not costly and, based on the results
of surveys, are likely to be widely welcomed. But political will and
commitment are needed to make them effective.
• The threat of the so-called “demographic winter” (birth dearth, aging, etc.) for
the Philippines is greatly exaggerated, and using it as an argument against a
sensible population policy is a plain and simple scare tactic.
What macro data show
Population growth in the Philippines declined slowly from 3.0% per annum in the early
1970s to 2.5% in the mid-1980s, then leveling to 2.36% in the 1990s and remaining at
this rate today. This pattern of growth deceleration roughly corresponds to the relative
waxing and waning of the country’s population program.
The leveling of the Philippines’ population growth decline in the late 1980s
through 1990s has resulted in a population size that is larger than the United Nations
(UN) medium variant population projections. The UN (1986) projected RP’s population
to reach 86 million by 2010; in fact, that size would already likely be reached by 2005.
By comparison, Thailand’s and Indonesia’s population growth rates, which were
similar to the Philippines’ in the early 1970s, are down to 1.4% and 1.5%, respectively
(Chart 1). Likewise, while Thailand’s poverty incidence is down to 9.8% and Indonesia’s
to 18.2%, the Philippines’ poverty incidence remains high at 33% (all official figures
reported in ADB 2004)1.
Chart 1: Population Growth Rates (% )
3.5
3
Growth Rate
Philippines
2.5
Thailand
2
Indonesia
1.5
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; Population Resource Center, Wash. D.C.
1
Poverty incidence is the proportion of the population below a defined poverty line – here, a country’s
official poverty line.
6. 4
These comparisons are instructive in understanding the links between governance,
population policy, and poverty. Thailand is arguably the best among the three countries
on all three counts, suggesting that good population policy combined with good
governance results in rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. Meanwhile, the
experience of Indonesia, where governance and corruption ratings are worse than those of
the Philippines, suggests that good population policy by itself can contribute to
significant poverty reduction. In short, population policy does matter.
Moreover, the contrast between Indonesia and the Philippines shows that even a
country with lower literacy and per capita income than the Philippines can reduce fertility
rates, which, as is argued below, is very important for poverty reduction. This is so since
it is the poor who have the highest fertility and the largest gap between desired and actual
fertility.
The Philippines’ population growth rate is among the highest in the developing
world. It had been widely accepted even in the 1970s-80s that rapid population growth
(of 2% or more per annum then prevailing in many developing countries) was more likely
to impede than promote economic development (World Bank 1984). This negative effect
operates via reduced child care and human capital investment at the family level, lower
household sector savings for business and government investments, and constraints on
allocative efficiency, innovation and entrepreneurship. Population growth requires capital
widening to maintain the amount of capital per worker, and the faster such growth the
lesser the chances for capital deepening or raising the amount of capital per worker.
Many developing countries have taken these lessons to heart, with positive results, and
since have moved on – but not the Philippines.
The Philippines’ rapid population growth has a direct bearing on the labor market.
It has prolonged the task of significantly reducing unemployment – a problem that is
untenably large – and raising productivity. The current pool of unemployed and
underemployed exceeds 5 million – a daunting challenge, indeed, for job creation.
A recent study (Mapa and Balisacan 2004) on the population-poverty nexus, using
data on 80 developing and developed countries, gives the following results:
• total population growth exerts a negative and significant effect on economic
growth (unfavorable saving and capital-shallowing effects);
• at the same time, working-age population growth (implying demographic
dividend), life expectancy at birth (a health indicator), openness to trade, and
quality of public institutions (denoting good governance) all show positive
and significant effects on economic growth.
7. 5
The study also carries out a simulation exercise – what if the Philippines had
Thailand’s population growth trajectory? – with the following results:
• an increase of 0.77% per annum over 1975-2000 in average income per
person or a cumulative increase of 22% in income per capita by 2000 –
meaning a GDP per capita in 2000 of $1,210 instead of the actual $993 [or
$4,839 instead of $3,971 in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms];
• basic education cost savings of P128 billion from 1991-2000, and basic health
cost savings of P52 billion from 1996 to 2000;
• these cost savings could have been used to improve the quality of education
and health services, or to finance agricultural sector investments that – along
with lower population growth – could have sharply reduced rural poverty;
• the above estimates are conservative as they don’t fully capture the
population-economy-poverty interaction effects.
It should be noted, however, that cross-country studies such as the above, which
employ regression analysis of cross-country averages, have inherent shortcomings2 and
show mixed results (see Appendix). Other studies may be cited that show either a
positive or no relationship between growth rates of population and per capita income.
We now turn to micro (household) data for a deeper look at the population-
poverty link.
What household data reveal
The Philippines’ total fertility rate (TFR)3 declined from 6.0 in 1973 to 4.1 in 1993, and
more slowly to 3.5 in 2003 (NDHS 2003). By comparison, Thailand’s and Indonesia’s
TFRs, starting at about the same level in the early 1970s as the Philippines’, are currently
1.7 and 2.6, respectively (Chart 2).
Again, this is instructive. Contrary to claims that significant fertility declines can
happen only in countries at high income levels, Indonesia with lower per capita income
and lower literacy rate was, in fact, able to reduce fertility faster than the Philippines. The
same can be said of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and India’s Kerala state.
2
For example, the data are inconsistent as concepts and measurements of poverty, income and income
correlates, as well as unmeasured institutions and economic structures, vary across countries.
3
TFR is the number of births a woman would have on average at the end of her reproductive life if she
were subject to the currently prevailing age-specific fertility rates throughout her reproductive years (15-
49).
8. 6
Chart 2: Total Fertility Rates
7
6
Total Fertility RAte
5
Philippines
4
Thailand
3
Indonesia
2
1
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; UN, World Population Prospects.
There is a close association between poverty incidence and family size, as borne
out consistently by data over time. For example, data for 2000 show that poverty
incidence rises monotonically from 9.8% for family size of one to 57.3% for family size
of 9+ (Table 1). Moreover, poverty incidence declined the slowest for family size 9+,
from 59.9% in 1985 to 57.3% in 2000 compared with 19% to 9.8% for family size 1.
Further, family size is directly related to the vulnerability to poverty or the likelihood of
falling into poverty owing to exogenous shocks, e.g., typhoons and droughts (Reyes
2002).
Table 1: Poverty Incidence by Family Size (%)
Family Size Poverty Incidence
1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000
1 19.0 12.8 12.7 14.9 9.8 9.8
2 20.0 18.4 21.8 19.0 14.3 15.7
3 26.6 23.2 22.9 20.7 17.8 18.6
4 36.6 31.6 30.1 25.3 23.7 23.8
5 42.9 38.9 38.3 31.8 30.4 31.1
6 48.8 45.9 46.3 40.8 38.2 40.5
7 55.3 54.0 52.3 47.1 45.3 48.7
8 59.8 57.2 59.2 55.3 50.0 54.9
9 or more 59.9 59.0 60.0 56.6 52.6 57.3
National 44.2 40.2 39.9 35.5 31.8 33.7
Source: Orbeta (2004) based on NSO, Family Income and Expenditure Surveys, 1985-2000.
As expected, mean per capita income, expenditure and savings fall monotonically
as family size rises (Table 2). Likewise, mean education spending per student drops from
P5,558 for family size 1 to P682 for family size 9+, and average health spending per
capita falls from P1,700 to P150 over that family size range (Table 3).
9. 7
Table 2: Mean per Capita Income, Expenditure
and Savings by Family Size, 2002
Mean per Capita Mean per Capita Mean per Capita
Family Size Income Expenditure Savings
1 39,658 33,885 5,773
2 25,712 20,858 4,854
3 21,342 18,307 3,035
4 18,429 15,480 2,950
5 15,227 13,159 2,068
6 12,787 11,416 1,371
7 11,147 9,341 1,806
8 9,259 8,168 1,091
9 or more 8,935 7,699 1,236
Total 14,280 12,252 2,028
Source: Orbeta (2004) based on Family Income and Expenditure Surveys, 1985-2000.
Table 3: Mean Education and Health
Expenditures by Family Size, 2002
Mean Education Mean Health Mean Health
Expenditure per Expenditure per Expenditure per
Family Size Student Sick Member Capita
1 5,558 2,437 1,700
2 3,135 1,969 922
3 2,243 2,124 802
4 1,787 1,464 438
5 1,558 1,454 336
6 1,090 1,311 299
7 858 940 206
8 1,081 744 166
9 or more 682 756 150
Total 1,369 1,400 466
Source: Orbeta (2004) based on Family Income and Expenditure Surveys, 1985-2000.
As noted in our earlier paper, “The Deepening Crisis: The Real Score on Deficits
and the Public Debt” (August 2004), social sector services besides infrastructure have
fallen victim to the fiscal crisis. National government expenditure on social services per
capita has fallen sharply in real terms from P2,487 in 1997 to P1,999 in 2004 (Manasan
2004). For education the decline has been from P1,789 to P1,415, and for health from
P266 to P141 over the same period. More specifically for education, annual real spending
per student in public elementary and secondary schools has dropped precipitously from
P8,439 to P6,554, with negative annual average growth rate, over that seven-year interval
(Chart 3).
10. 8
Chart 3: National Government Real Education Expenditure
per Public School Student and Growth Rates
10000 0.2
Real Education
Growth Rates
Expenditure
8000 0.15
6000 0.1
0.05
4000 0
2000 -0.05
0 -0.1
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
National Government Real Education Expenditure per Public School Student
Growth Rates
Source: NSCB; Authors' Calculations.
The prevalence of child labor rises, and school attendance falls, with the number
of children in the family (Raymundo 2004). Moreover, the odds of a child becoming
underweight and stunted are greater if he/she belongs to a household with 5 or more
members (FNRI 1998). This partly explains why poverty tends to be transmitted and
perpetuated from one generation to the next.
The average TFR masks the wide variance across wealth (asset) groups: 5.9
children for the bottom quintile, 3.5 for the middle quintile, and 2.0 for the top quintile
(Table 4). Likewise, wanted fertility declines monotonically from the bottom to the top
asset class: 3.8 for the bottom quintile, 2.6 for the middle, and 1.7 for the top. The large
gap between actual and unwanted fertility among poor households (2.1 bottom quintile
versus 0.9 middle and 0.3 top) suggests that family size adversely impacts on their living
standards4. As expected, the actual-wanted fertility gaps are also evident by education
level and urban/rural location.
Behind this gap is high unmet need for family planning services: 26.7% bottom
quintile versus 15% middle and 12.4% top (Table 5). Hence, low contraceptive use or
contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) (any method): 37.4% bottom versus 52.7% middle,
and CPR (modern method) of 23.8% versus 35.7% (Table 6). Poor households mostly
depend on public sources of modern family planning methods (88% versus 74% among
the middle quintile) (Table 7).
4
“In the 2003 NDHS, women were asked a series of questions about each child born in the preceding five
years and any current pregnancy, to determine whether the pregnancy was wanted then, wanted at a later
time, or unwanted…The danger of rationalization is present; an unwanted conception may well have
become a cherished child…Respondents are willing to report unwanted conceptions, although some
postpartum rationalization probably occurs. The result is probably an underestimate of unwanted fertility”
(NSO 2004, p. 100).
11. 9
Table 4: Actual and Wanted Fertility (Number of Children) by
Wealth Quintile, Education, and Urban/Rural Location
Total Actual Total Wanted
Difference
Fertility Rate Fertility Rate
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.9 3.8 2.1
Second 4.6 3.1 1.5
Middle 3.5 2.6 0.9
Fourth 2.8 2.2 0.6
Highest 2.0 1.7 0.3
Women’s education
No education 5.3 4.1 1.2
Elementary 5.0 3.3 1.7
High school 3.5 2.5 1.0
College or higher 2.7 2.2 0.5
Urban/Rural location
Urban 3.0 2.2 0.8
Rural 4.3 3.0 1.3
Total 3.5 2.5 1.0
Source: National Demographic and Health Survey 2003.
Table 5: Unmet Need for Family Planning Services, 2003 (%)
Wealth Quintile
Unmet Need Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Poor-rich ratio
Total 26.7 19.6 15.0 13.4 12.4 17.3 2.2
Spacing 10.9 8.6 7.7 6.5 6.1 7.9 1.8
Limiting 15.8 11.0 7.3 6.9 6.2 9.4 2.5
Source: NSO, National Demographic and Health Survey 2003.
Table 6: Contraceptive Prevalence Rates, 2003 (%)
Wealth Quintile
Type of Method Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Poor-rich ratio
No Method 62.6 51.2 47.3 45.6 49.4 51.1 1.3
Any Method 37.4 48.8 52.7 54.4 50.6 48.9 0.7
Modern 23.8 33.8 35.7 37.9 35.2 33.4 0.7
Traditional 13.6 15.0 17.0 16.5 15.3 15.5 0.9
Source: NSO, National Demographic and Health Survey 2003.
12. 10
Table 7: Source of Supply of Modern Methods, 2002 (%)
Wealth Quintile
Source Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest Total
Public 88.4 80.2 74.4 61.9 49.2 70.1
Private 10.9 18.0 23.9 36.2 49.7 28.5
Others 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.1
Don’t know 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: NSO, Family Planning Survey 2002.
Higher-order pregnancies are more likely to be unwanted and, as would be
expected, unwanted pregnancies often result in abortions. Indeed, 70% of unwanted
pregnancies are aborted intentionally, accounting for a large part of about 400,000
abortions yearly (estimated in 1994 and must have risen over time, Raymundo 2004).
What people say
The latest survey carried out by Pulse Asia (February 2004) shows that people’s views on
family planning have not changed much over time since previous surveys.
Virtually all Filipinos nationwide and across the broad regions affirm the
importance of the ability to control’s one’s fertility or plan one’s family (Table 8).
Moreover, 7 out of 10 Filipinos believe that rapid population growth impedes the
country’s development, with 13% undecided and 16% disagreeing.
Further, a vast majority (82%) are of the opinion that candidates favoring family
planning should be supported rather than rejected in elections.
Table 8: Survey Results on Family Planning, 2004
Location National NCR Luzon Visayas Mindanao
% of people who think that
ability to control one's fertility
or plan one's family is 97 99 97 97 98
important
% of people who think that a
fast-increasing population
hinders the country’s 71 77 72 67 69
development
% of people who think that
candidates who favor family 82 87 81 77 87
planning should be supported
Source: Pulse Asia Survey on Family Planning, 2004.
13. 11
Is the government’s poverty goal achievable?
The government aims for a poverty incidence of below 20% in 2010 from about 33%
currently. Is this goal achievable? Estimating a simple functional relationship shows that
a GDP per capita growth rate of 1% is associated with drop in poverty incidence of
0.95%. This suggests that a poverty incidence of 20% by 2010 would require a GDP per
capita growth of at least 3% per annum5.
Such economic growth numbers are significantly higher than the Philippines’
historical average since the early 1980s and even higher than the more recent average of
at most 1.8% from the mid-1990s to the present (Chart 4). This suggests that even for
more modest reductions in poverty than the government’s objective, it’s not realistic to
rely on economic growth (already severely constrained by fiscal deficits) while benignly
neglecting the population issue.
Chart 4: GDP per Capita Growth Rate (% )
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year GDP per Capita
Source: NSO
Growth
The government does aim for a population growth rate of 1.9% by 2010.
However, this target is simply not feasible with the government’s current stance on the
population front. To achieve such a target, contraceptive use – now at 49% (any method)
– would have to increase by 0.48% yearly and would require a drastic shift in
contraceptive method mix from predominantly traditional to predominantly modern,
costing P1.25 billion per annum (Perez 2004). The amount is actually just a sliver of the
Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) or of the Priority Development Assistance Fund
(PDAF or pork barrel). But will our political leaders spare such precious tiny slice?
5
Extending the target year to 2015 (the Millennium Development Goals milestone), to achieve that poverty
incidence level would require an annual GDP per capita growth of at least 2%.
14. 12
Why the need for population policy?
The rationale for an active public policy on population essentially stems from three
considerations: (a) externalities, (b) imperfect information, and (c) poverty reduction.
First, externalities refer to costs imposed or benefits conferred on other people
outside private contracts and the market place. They are often associated with the
environmental effects of economic activities and of population, such as congestion,
environmental degradation and resource depletion (“the tragedy of the commons”). But in
developing countries like the Philippines which obligate the state to help the poor,
population growth also generates externalities of a fiscal character: the greater the
number of poor people, the higher the taxes that the non-poor must pay in order to
prevent the quality of education, health, infrastructure and basic services from
deteriorating. With weak tax administration, high population growth means that poverty
will be perpetuated. The children of today’s poor will tend to be the poorer and less
educated parents of the future, whose children in turn will be the less educated….etc, etc.
Moreover, the additional fiscal costs have deleterious effects on infrastructure and human
development.
Second, information about and access to family planning services are inadequate.
Low-income or less educated couples are often ill-informed about the health risks to both
mothers and children of many and closely-spaced births. And even those who are
sufficiently informed about the advantages of family planning may not know how to
operationalize the information they have or often do not have access to suitable services.
In which case, the government must provide the needed information and access.
Third, the large gap between wanted and actual fertility, the high unmet need for
contraception, and the low contraceptive use particularly among the poor constitute
cogent justifications for the government’s provision of effective family planning services.
Further, there is a compelling case for the provision of free services to the poor.
Population policy should be an integral component of a poverty reduction strategy.
From the above, the need for a coherent population policy is obvious. There is,
however, the deep-seated opposition to such a policy from some religious groups. The
Catholic Church’s official position allows natural family planning (NFP) as the only
method in the exercise of responsible parenthood. However, NFP as practiced has not
been an effective method for family planning and for slowing the country’s population
growth. For many poor and less educated couples, in particular, learning and adopting
NFP is too complicated and cumbersome and requires extraordinary discipline. A more
humane stance would tolerate the use of modern and more effective methods of family
planning, besides NFP, provided they do not result in abortion. “This moral position is
also pro-life, in the sense of pro-quality-life. Each life brought into this world deserves to
be raised in a dignified, human way that the parents are capable of, according to God’s
design, and not left to a ‘bahala-na’ attitude” (Tanseco 2004, p. 16).
15. 13
Perhaps it is time, therefore, that the Catholic Church hierarchy and other
religious groups listened to the people and took a more tolerant and humane position on
the need for a state-supported population policy backed by a responsive family planning
program. This type of mutual understanding has happened after all in other countries,
including many where Catholics predominate. A more tolerant stance on the part of the
Church would be in keeping with the Second Vatican Council’s teaching that the final
arbiter of moral decision is one’s informed and responsible conscience.
“The Catholic Church, as is well known, is opposed to contraception, but not to
family planning. The Second Vatican Council insists that parents-and parents alone-
should decide on the number of children whom they will bring into the world, and that
they should do so in view of the good of the family and of the society in which they live
("The Church in the Modern World" No. 50). It also recognizes the right and obligation
of individuals to follow their consciences. Thus, it should be possible for responsible
elements in the Church and the state, and other religious groups as well, to ignore the
extremists on both sides, to end the cold war that has been going on for too long, and to
work out a modus vivendi for the good of the Filipino people” (Carroll 2004, p. A15).
Why must population policy be national in scope?
The national government’s current approach of leaving the adoption of population policy
and implementation of family planning programs to local government units (LGUs) is ill-
advised and is doomed to fail. It represents poor governance, to begin with.
In the first place, local government leaders typically wait for signals or directives
from the national leadership in terms of policy objectives and instruments. In other
words, if national leaders don’t care, why should they? Even worse, controlling
population growth at the local level is incentive-incompatible with internal revenue
allotments, which increase with population size, as well as with politicians’ electoral
chances. Indeed, there are only a handful of LGU executives who take the population
issue seriously.
Second, there are negative spillovers involved, since LGU boundaries are not
closed and population is mobile across these boundaries. Thus, a town or province with
successful population management, good economic performance, and adequate
infrastructure and social services would find itself swamped with migrants from poorly
performing towns or provinces. This is a case where success breeds its own failure.
Hence, this is another disincentive for local population policy and programs.
Third, population policy cannot be local in scale or scope because varying fiscal
resources and technical capabilities among LGUs militate against its success and
consistent application.
For these reasons, the national government cannot simply shift this important
responsibility to LGUs. It must assume leadership in coming up with an unequivocal and
coherent national population policy, backed by adequately funded family planning
16. 14
programs that provide accurate information and enable easy access to all methods of
choice, especially for the poor. Then, it should enjoin all LGUs to implement effective
programs in the field.
What are the elements of an effective population policy?
The sources of future population growth and their respective contributions are: unwanted
fertility – 16%; desired family size – 19%; and population momentum – 65% (Herrin &
Costello 1996). This suggests that the key objectives and instruments of an effective
population policy are:
• First is to reduce unwanted fertility (or to meet unmet needs for contraception)
through a strong national family planning program, i.e., one that allows a
choice among both traditional (“natural”) and modern (“artificial”) methods of
contraception. Family planning services, comprising information and
contraceptive means, should be made readily available to low-income couples
who want such services. Lack of education and low incomes should not be
barriers to availing of quality family planning services.
• Second, raising the quality of basic education, reducing infant mortality,
fostering women’s empowerment, and increasing employment opportunities
for women are desirable goals in themselves. In time, as the empirical
evidence suggests, the effect of these changes should contribute to a smaller
desired family size and reinforce the downward trend in fertility and
population growth, resulting in a virtuous circle.
• Third, women’s empowerment and job opportunities are also likely to result in
later childbearing and wider birth spacing that slow population momentum.
Slowing population momentum, like the first and second objectives, also
requires fully responsive and effective family planning programs6.
These measures are mutually reinforcing and, if backed by appropriate policy
reforms in the economic and other social sectors, would bring about the best results.
Further specific measures to help improve the welfare of the poor include investments in
infrastructure and human capital that directly benefit the poor, and good agricultural
prices and other food productivity-enhancing programs that are likely to favor poor
households. And even if not much can be done about public investments in infrastructure
owing to the fiscal constraints, it would help to ease the demand pressure coming from
rapid population growth.
What about the prospect of a “demographic winter”?
The prospect of a so-called “demographic winter” – birth dearth, aging, etc. – while
occurring in varying degrees in highly advanced countries, is as distant as about 100
6
Note that birth spacing is about the only measure that President Arroyo favors; however, without an
effective family planning program, even that is meaningless lip service.
17. 15
years from today for the Philippines. Projections indicate that, if TFR continues to
decline by 0.2 children every five years, replacement fertility of 2.1 children per woman
would be reached only by 2040 (Concepcion 2004). However, the effects of population
momentum would persist for another 60 years before population ceases to grow, by
which time the Philippines’ total population would be 240 million. For example,
Thailand’s population, which has reached below-replacement fertility for some time,
continues to grow owing to population momentum.
Therefore, much of the talk of a demographic winter is greatly exaggerated and
can only be regarded as a plain and simple scare tactic to instill fear in people’s minds. It
appears to be peddled by people who are simply unaware of population dynamics or,
worse, who intend to mislead.
Conclusion
Rapid population growth is a critical national concern. It impedes economic growth,
worsens inequality, and exacerbates poverty.
A sound population policy must be part of good governance to promote faster
economic growth, lower inequality, and hasten poverty reduction. A national population
policy, at the core of which are well-funded family planning programs that provide
accurate information and access to all methods of contraception, is pro-poor, pro-women,
pro-people, and pro-life.
The responsibility for formulating, financing and implementing a population
policy cannot be left entirely to local governments because of spillover effects and
incentive incompatibilities. The national government must take the lead.
The country would benefit if Church and State were to arrive at an entente on this
critical issue – an understanding on the need for a sound national population policy – as
has long happened in other countries.
A “demographic winter” is not in the cards – not in the next 100 years, anyway.
Ultimately, the majority of Filipino women across all socioeconomic classes have
spoken: they want fewer children. And Filipinos in general have affirmed the importance
of addressing the population issue. Good governance requires that the government listen
to the people’s voice.
Salus populi suprema lex – the welfare of the people is the supreme law.
18. 16
REFERENCES
Antonio, Emilio T., et al. 2004. “’Too Many People’ Doesn’t Cause Poverty, Bad
Governance and Policies Do”. University of Asia and the Pacific, Pasig City.
Asian Development Bank. 2004. Key Indicators of Developing Member Countries.
Manila.
Carroll, John J., S.J. 2004. “Make Peace, Not War on the Population Front,” Philippine
Daily Inquirer (August 22), p. A15.
Concepcion, Mercedes B. 2004. “Fertility and Poverty Linkages: Evidence from the 2003
National Demographic and Health Survey,” Paper presented at the 2003 NDHS Data
Dissemination Forum, Dusit Hotel Nikko, Makati (8 November).
de Dios, Emmanuel S., et al. (UP Economics 11). 2004. “The Deepening Crisis: The Real
Score on Deficits and the Public Debt”, U.P. School of Economics Discussion Paper No.
0409 (August).
Food and Nutrition Research Institute. 1998. “Fifth National Nutrition Survey”. Makati.
Herrin, Alejandro N., and M. P. Costello. 1996. “Sources of Future Population Growth in
the Philippines and Implications for Public Policy,” (New York: Population Council).
Herrin, Alejandro N., and E. M. Pernia. 2003. “Population, Human Resources, and
Employment,” in A. Balisacan and H. Hill (eds.), The Philippine Economy: Development,
Policies, and Challenges. (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 283-310.
Manasan, Rosario G. 2004 “The Philippine’s Fiscal Position: Looking at the Complete
Picture”. Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). Makati.
Mapa, Dennis S., and A. M. Balisacan. 2004. “Quantifying the Impact of Population on
Economic Growth and Poverty: The Philippines in an Asian Context’. Paper presented at
the 9th Convention of the East Asian Economic Association, 13-14 November, Hong
Kong.
Medalla, Felipe M. 2004. “The Economic Impact of the Demographic Crisis: Its
Implications on Public Policy”. National Academy of Science and Technology, Manila.
National Statistics Office. 2004. National Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Manila.
Orbeta, Aniceto, Jr. 2004. “Population and Poverty at the Household Level: Revisiting
the Links with Evidence from Household Surveys”. PIDS. Makati.
19. 17
Perez, Aurora E. 2004. “Impact of Contraceptive Method Mix Scenarios on Achievement
of TFR Goals”. U. P. Population Institute. Quezon City.
Pernia, Ernesto M. 1987. “A Demographic Perspective on Developing Asia and Its
Relevance to the Bank”. Economics Office Report Series No. 40, Asian Development
Bank, Manila.
Pernia, Ernesto M., and M. G. Quibria. 1999. “Poverty in Developing Countries”, in P.
Cheshire and E. Mills (eds.), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 3.
(Amsterdam and New York: North Holland), pp. 1865-1934.
Pulse Asia. 2004 “February 2004 Ulat ng Bayan on Family Planning”. Quezon City.
Raymundo, Corazon M. 2004. “Philippine Population and Reproductive Health
Situation”. U.P. Population Institute.
Reyes, Celia M. 2002. “The Poverty Fight: Have We Made an Impact?” PIDS 25th
Anniversary Symposium Series on Perspective Papers. Makati.
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20. 18
APPENDIX
Studies Related to Population-Poverty Links
Studies Key Findings
Barro, Robert, and Xavier Sala-i- Showed no effect of population growth on
Martin.1998. Economic growth. New York: economic growth.
McGraw-Hill.
Bloom, David, D. Canning, and J. Sevilla. Concluded that the speed at which
2003. The Demographic Dividend: A New population grows reduces capital per
Perspective on the Economic worker and leads to lower living standards.
Consequences of Population Change (Sta.
Monica: Rand Corp.).
Bloom, David, D. Canning, and P. Malaney. Showed how demographic transition can
2000. “Population Dynamics and Economic have an impact on poverty via economic
Growth in Asia” in C. Chu and R. Lee (eds.) growth, concluding that the demographic
Population and Economic Changes in East structure of East Asia – slower population
Asia, a Supplement to Population and growth and higher ratio of working-age
Development Review, Vol. 26. group – was responsible for about a third of
the region’s increase in income per head.
Boserup, Ester. 1965. The Conditions for Concluded from her historical studies of
Agricultural Growth (Chicago: Adline). agricultural development in Africa that
population growth serves as a stimulus to
agricultural intensification and
technological improvement.
Clark, Colin. 1969. “The Population Noted the lack of empirical support for the
Explosion Myth” Bulletin of the Institute of proposition that population growth impedes
Development Studies. economic growth, claiming that the
relationship between the growth of
Clark, Colin. 1970. “The Economics of population and that of per capita income
Population Growth and Control: A was positive.
Comment” Review of Social Economy, 28
(1).
Coale, Ansley, and J. Hoover. 1958. Using data spanning 50 years, found that
Population and Economic Development in rapid population growth has negative
Low Income Countries (Princeton: effects: capital shallowing, increase in
Princeton University Press). youth dependency, and investment
diversion.
21. 19
Studies Key Findings
Ram, Rati, and T. Schultz. 1979. “Life Pointed out that the longer life spans that
Span, Savings, and Productivity,” Economic accompany falling death rates and faster
Development and Cultural Change, 27 (3). population growth in the developing
countries increase the incentives for
investment in human capital and make
labor more productive.
Simon, Julian. 1981. The Ultimate Resource Noted that a larger population is likely to
(Princeton: Princeton University Press). contain more entrepreneurs and other
creators, who can make major contributions
Simon, Julian. 1986. Theory of Population to solving the problems of humanity,
and Economic Growth (Oxford: Basil calling human ingenuity the ultimate
Blackwell). source that can overcome any depletion of
other resources.
Alhburg, Dennis. 1996. “Population Growth
and Poverty” in D. Alhburg et al. (eds.), The
Impact of Population Growth on Well-Being
in Developing Countries. Springer-Verlag.
Lipton, Michael, and M. Ravallion. 1995.
“Poverty and Policy” in J. Behrman and T. Showed that bigger households have larger
N. Srinivasan (eds.) Handbook of household incomes but lower incomes per
Development Economics, Vol. 3. capita than smaller households, and that
poverty incidence tends to rise with family
Pernia, Ernesto M. 1982. “Micro-level size.
Implications of Population Growth,” in A.
N. Herrin, V. B. Paqueo, and E. M. Pernia,
Essays on the Economics of Fertility,
Population Growth, and Public Intervention
in a Developing Country, UPSE Discussion
Paper 8212.
Balisacan, Arsenio, D. Mapa, and C. Traced the path of the effects of population
Tubianosa. 2004. “The Population-Poverty growth to economic growth, and then to
Nexus: the Philippines in Comparative East poverty. Simulations were performed
Asian Context” Asia Pacific Policy Center. using the Balisacan-Pernia model and the
APSM model to show this path. Results
were significant showing that poverty is
strongly affected by population growth.
Bloom, David, and J. Williamson. 1998.
“Demographic Transition and Economic
Miracles in Emerging Asia,” World Bank
Economic Review, 12 (3).
22. 20
Studies Key Findings
Eastwood, Robert, and M. Lipton. 1999.
“Impact of Changes in Human Fertility on
Poverty” Journal of Development Studies,
36 (1).
Eastwood, Robert, and M. Lipton. 2001.
“Demographic Transition and Poverty: Showed, using cross-country data, that
Effects via Economic Growth, Distribution demographic changes affect substantially
and Conversion” in N. Birdsall and S. the growth in per capita incomes,
Sinding (eds.), Population Matters: accounting for one-third of the growth in
Demographic Change, Economic Growth fast growing East Asian countries and one-
and Poverty in the Developing World (New half for the slower growing Southeast
York: Oxford University Press). Asian countries.
Kelley, Allen, and R. Schmidt. 1995.
“Aggregate Population and Economic
Growth Correlations: The Rule of the
Components of Demographic Change,”
Demography, 32.
Kelley, Allen, and R. Schmidt. 2001.
“Economic and Demographic Change: A
Synthesis of Models, Findings and
Perspectives,” in N. Birdsall and S. Sinding
(eds.), Population Matters: Demographic
Change, Economic Growth and Poverty in
the Developing World (New York: Oxford
University Press).
de Dios, Emmanuel, et al. 1993. Poverty, Identified high population growth as one of
Growth and the Fiscal Crisis. PIDS and the reasons for poverty in the Philippines.
IDRC. Argued that high population growth
aggravates poverty as it disproportionately
affects the poor who tend to have larger
families.
Deolalikar, Anil, and E. M. Pernia. 1993. Showed the association between poverty
“Population Growth and Economic incidence and population growth for a
Development Revisited with Reference to cross section of developing countries.
Asia,” Economics and Development Population growth was lagged to reduce
Resource Center, Asian Development Bank. the possibility of reverse causality, namely,
higher poverty incidence inducing faster
Pernia, E. M., and M. G. Quibria. 1999. population growth. The statistical
“Poverty in Developing Countries,” in relationship implies that a 1% increase in
Handbook of Regional and Urban population growth is associated with a
23. 21
Studies Key Findings
Economics, Vol. 3. Amsterdam and NY: subsequent rise in poverty incidence of
North Holland, pp. 1865-1934. about 0.83%.
Eastwood, R., and M. Lipton. 1999. “Impact Showed that high fertility not only retards
of Changes in Human Fertility on Poverty,” economic growth but also skews the
Journal of Development Studies, 36 (1). distribution of income against the poor.
Eastwood, Robert, and M. Lipton. 2001. Traced the different channels through
“Demographic Transition and Poverty: which demographic transition can
Effects via Economic Growth, Distribution negatively affect poverty. These channels
and Conversion” in N. Birdsall and S. are growth, distribution, and conversion.
Sinding (eds.), Population Matters:
Demographic Change, Economic Growth
and Poverty in the Developing World (New
York: Oxford University Press).
Gaiha, Raghav, and A. Deolalikar. 1993.
“Persistent, Expected and Innate Poverty:
Estimates for Semi-arid Rural South India,
1975-1984,” Cambridge Journal of Found that larger families are not only
Economics, 18. likely to be poor at any given point in time
but that they are also likely to experience
Penny, D. & M. Singarimbun. 1973. chronic poverty.
“Population and Poverty in Rural Java:
Some Economic Arithmetic from Sriharjo,”
Mimeograph 41 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
International Agricultural Development).
Herrin, Alejandro N. 1993. “Studies on Showed that the accumulation of household
Consequences of Population Change in assets is negatively affected by the number
Asia: Philippines” Asian Population Studies of young children 0-6 and 7-12 years old,
Series No. 121. New York: Economic and corroborating earlier findings (e.g., Mason
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 1992) that child bearing negatively affects
United Nations. the saving rate.
Orbeta, Aniceto Jr., et al. 1998. Simulations at the aggregate level using a
“Population-Development-Environment population and development planning
Modeling in the Philippines: A Review,” model showed that higher population
Journal of Philippine Development, 23 (2). growth lowers GNP per capita.
24. 22
Studies Key Findings
Orbeta, Aniceto Jr. 1992. “Population Showed that while rapid population growth
Growth, Human Capital Expenditures and raises human capital expenditures
Economic Growth: A Macroeconometric (aggregate expenditures on education and
Analysis,” The Philippine Review of health), the increases are insufficient to
Economics and Business, 29 (2). maintain per capita levels, implying
negative impacts on education and health.
Orbeta, A., and E. M. Pernia. 1999. Argued that with the slow growth of
“Population, Growth, and Economic employment opportunities in the face of
Development in the Philippines: What has rapid growth of the labor force, the
been the Experience and What Must be consequent high open unemployment rate,
Done?,” Discussion Paper Series No. 99-22. which did not spare even educated workers,
PIDS. and the continued flow of overseas contract
workers, real wages have been either
Orbeta, A. 2002. “Population and Poverty: stagnant or falling. Also showed that high
A Review of Links, Evidence and fertility negatively affects investments in
Implications for the Philippines,” Paper human capital – the main channel through
prepared for the 2002 Population National which poverty is transmitted
Congress, INNOTECH Building, Diliman, intergenerationally.
Q.C.
Orbeta, A. 2002. “Population and Poverty: Argued that the view that the poor
A Review of Links, Evidence and rationally prefer to have large family sizes
Implications for the Philippines” Paper is difficult to believe particularly in the
prepared for the 2002 Population National Philippine setting, given the data showing
Congress, INNOTECH Building, Diliman, that they have higher unwanted fertility,
Q.C. higher unmet need for family planning
services, and lower contraceptive
prevalence rates.
Reyes, Celia. 2002. “The Poverty Fight: Showed that rapid population growth
Have We Made an Impact?” PIDS 25th contributes to the increase in inequality,
Anniversary Symposium Series on and that getting out of poverty becomes
Perspective Papers. harder with larger family size.
Sachs, Jeffrey, S. Radelet, and J. Lee. 1997. Analyzed East Asia’s remarkable economic
“Economic Growth in Asia” in Emerging performance for the past three decades and
Asia: Changes and Challenges. (Manila: attributed it four factors: substantial
Asian Development Bank). potential for “catch-up”, favorable
geographic and structural characteristics,
favorable demographic changes following
World War II, and economic policies and
strategies conducive to sustained growth.