Summary of topic 2.5
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1. The document discusses ecosystem structure and function, including the three main biotic components - producers, consumers, and decomposers. 2. It describes energy flow through ecosystems via photosynthesis and respiration. Producers use photosynthesis to convert light energy from the Sun into chemical energy stored in glucose. Consumers and decomposers release this energy through cellular respiration. 3. As energy passes between trophic levels, about 90% is lost through respiration and waste at each level. This limits the amount of energy available to higher levels in the food chain.
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2.5.5 .7
Productivity refers to the production of biomass per unit time and area. Gross productivity is the total gain, while net productivity is the gain remaining after respiratory loss. Primary productivity is energy captured by producers like plants, defined as gross primary productivity minus respiration. Secondary productivity refers to biomass gained by consumers. Factors like sunlight, temperature, water, nutrients influence productivity, with the most productive ecosystems having optimal conditions for plant growth.
Primary productivity in a grassland ecosystem
The document discusses primary productivity in a grassland ecosystem. It defines primary productivity as the rate at which primary producers like plants assimilate solar energy. It describes factors that affect primary productivity such as temperature, water, light, and nutrients. It outlines an experiment to measure net primary productivity in different microhabitats (open vs shaded areas) of a grassland by placing quadrants and harvesting plant biomass over a 28 day period.
Primary and secondary production, landscape ecology and ecological modeling.
This document discusses primary production and energy flow in ecosystems. It defines primary production as the production of organic biomass by plants, algae, and other autotrophs through photosynthesis. Around 1-3% of solar energy is converted to chemical energy by primary producers. Primary production is divided into gross primary production and net primary production. Around 90% of energy is lost between trophic levels as it is transferred from primary producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers. Factors like temperature, moisture, soil nutrients influence primary production rates in terrestrial ecosystems. Primary production forms the base of the food chain and limits how much energy can be transferred to higher trophic levels due to losses at each level.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Sample calculations are provided to illustrate NPP and NSP values. Biomes are compared in terms of their mean NPP.
Productivity
This document discusses primary and secondary productivity. It defines productivity as the rate of production in a system. Primary productivity is the rate at which radiant energy is converted to organic substances through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis by producers. It is classified into gross, net, and net community productivity. Secondary productivity is the rate at which food energy is assimilated by consumers. It is lower than primary productivity and decreases with each trophic level as much energy is lost as heat. The key difference between primary and secondary productivity is that primary productivity is the rate of synthesis of organic matter by producers, while secondary productivity is the rate of synthesis by consumers through assimilation of food energy.
concept of ecosystem
This document discusses key concepts about ecosystems, including:
- An ecosystem consists of interacting organisms and their environment. It defines the basic types of ecosystems as aquatic, terrestrial, and marine.
- Ecosystems contain biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Biotic components are divided into producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Producers perform photosynthesis, consumers feed on producers or other consumers, and decomposers break down dead organic matter. Consumers are further divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
- Ecosystems have functions like productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling to maintain interactions between components.
2.2 communities and ecosystems notes
The document outlines concepts related to ecosystems and ecology covered in the IB Environmental Systems and Societies course. It discusses key topics like communities and ecosystems, energy and nutrient flows, photosynthesis and respiration, food chains and webs, and ecological pyramids. Various models are presented to illustrate feeding relationships and the transfer of energy between trophic levels in an ecosystem.
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2.5.5 .7
Productivity refers to the production of biomass per unit time and area. Gross productivity is the total gain, while net productivity is the gain remaining after respiratory loss. Primary productivity is energy captured by producers like plants, defined as gross primary productivity minus respiration. Secondary productivity refers to biomass gained by consumers. Factors like sunlight, temperature, water, nutrients influence productivity, with the most productive ecosystems having optimal conditions for plant growth.
Primary productivity in a grassland ecosystem
The document discusses primary productivity in a grassland ecosystem. It defines primary productivity as the rate at which primary producers like plants assimilate solar energy. It describes factors that affect primary productivity such as temperature, water, light, and nutrients. It outlines an experiment to measure net primary productivity in different microhabitats (open vs shaded areas) of a grassland by placing quadrants and harvesting plant biomass over a 28 day period.
Primary and secondary production, landscape ecology and ecological modeling.
This document discusses primary production and energy flow in ecosystems. It defines primary production as the production of organic biomass by plants, algae, and other autotrophs through photosynthesis. Around 1-3% of solar energy is converted to chemical energy by primary producers. Primary production is divided into gross primary production and net primary production. Around 90% of energy is lost between trophic levels as it is transferred from primary producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers. Factors like temperature, moisture, soil nutrients influence primary production rates in terrestrial ecosystems. Primary production forms the base of the food chain and limits how much energy can be transferred to higher trophic levels due to losses at each level.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Sample calculations are provided to illustrate NPP and NSP values. Biomes are compared in terms of their mean NPP.
Productivity
This document discusses primary and secondary productivity. It defines productivity as the rate of production in a system. Primary productivity is the rate at which radiant energy is converted to organic substances through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis by producers. It is classified into gross, net, and net community productivity. Secondary productivity is the rate at which food energy is assimilated by consumers. It is lower than primary productivity and decreases with each trophic level as much energy is lost as heat. The key difference between primary and secondary productivity is that primary productivity is the rate of synthesis of organic matter by producers, while secondary productivity is the rate of synthesis by consumers through assimilation of food energy.
concept of ecosystem
This document discusses key concepts about ecosystems, including:
- An ecosystem consists of interacting organisms and their environment. It defines the basic types of ecosystems as aquatic, terrestrial, and marine.
- Ecosystems contain biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Biotic components are divided into producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Producers perform photosynthesis, consumers feed on producers or other consumers, and decomposers break down dead organic matter. Consumers are further divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
- Ecosystems have functions like productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling to maintain interactions between components.
2.2 communities and ecosystems notes
The document outlines concepts related to ecosystems and ecology covered in the IB Environmental Systems and Societies course. It discusses key topics like communities and ecosystems, energy and nutrient flows, photosynthesis and respiration, food chains and webs, and ecological pyramids. Various models are presented to illustrate feeding relationships and the transfer of energy between trophic levels in an ecosystem.
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2.3 flows of energy and matter notes
The document discusses energy and matter flows within ecosystems. It explains that solar energy enters ecosystems and is lost through reflection and absorption as it passes through the atmosphere. Energy and matter are transferred and transformed as they move through ecosystems, linking different ecosystems together. Key terms discussed include gross primary productivity, net primary productivity, gross secondary productivity, net secondary productivity, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and human impacts on energy and matter flows.
Ecology
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1.5 humans and pollution notes
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4.2 energy flow notes
Most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. This chemical energy is then passed between organisms through food chains via feeding. At each trophic level, some energy is lost as heat. Energy losses limit the length and biomass of higher trophic levels in food chains. Pyramids of energy show the decrease in available energy at higher trophic levels due to these energy losses between levels.
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This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Maximum NPP values are listed for different biomes.
Ess topic 2.5 functions
This document defines key terms and concepts related to energy and material flow through ecosystems. It explains that:
1) Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and sugars (glucose) through a light-to-chemical energy transformation, while respiration uses sugars and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy through a chemical-to-heat transformation.
2) Energy from the sun is transformed through photosynthesis, storing energy in glucose that producers then use and transform further through respiration to power their life processes. This energy then passes to consumers as they eat producers or other organisms.
3) Productivity terms measure the rate of biomass growth or energy accumulation in ecosystems, with primary productivity referring
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2.3 flows of energy and matter notes
The document discusses energy and matter flows within ecosystems. It explains that solar energy enters ecosystems and is lost through reflection and absorption as it passes through the atmosphere. Energy and matter are transferred and transformed as they move through ecosystems, linking different ecosystems together. Key terms discussed include gross primary productivity, net primary productivity, gross secondary productivity, net secondary productivity, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and human impacts on energy and matter flows.
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Natural resources can be renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like wind and water are constantly regenerated by the environment while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels cannot be replaced within a reasonable time. Sustainability refers to using resources indefinitely through conservative use and planned regeneration to avoid depletion of important natural resources that power economic activities and satisfy human needs.
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4.2 energy flow notes
Most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. This chemical energy is then passed between organisms through food chains via feeding. At each trophic level, some energy is lost as heat. Energy losses limit the length and biomass of higher trophic levels in food chains. Pyramids of energy show the decrease in available energy at higher trophic levels due to these energy losses between levels.
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The document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems, including trophic relationships and energy flow. It discusses primary producers, consumers, food chains, food webs, primary productivity, trophic efficiency, and nutrient cycles. It then covers the impacts of human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution, overpopulation, greenhouse effect, and overfishing. The document concludes by addressing the biodiversity crisis, major threats to biodiversity, endangered species conservation, and the goals of restoration ecology.
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Extensive support material can be found at www.sciencebitz.com
Additional review and revision material is available as an iTunesU course at
https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
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This document discusses human use of energy resources. It begins by explaining that all energy on Earth ultimately comes from the sun. Energy resources are classified as either renewable (e.g. solar, wind) or non-renewable (e.g. fossil fuels, nuclear). The document then evaluates factors like economics, environment, and social impacts that must be considered when assessing different energy options. It provides examples by discussing advantages and disadvantages of oil and solar power. Finally, it examines how availability, costs, technology, and politics influence a nation like France's choice of energy resources over time.
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Energy is the ability of matter to do work or cause changes due to motion, mass, or electric charge. It cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. Electricity can be generated from renewable sources like wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal that are replenished, or
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This document discusses the structure and energy flow within ecosystems. It describes the three main biotic components - producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers like plants perform photosynthesis to produce food, while consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. The document also discusses food webs, energy flow through ecosystems via photosynthesis and respiration, and how sunlight is the main source of energy but deep-sea vent communities use chemosynthesis. It notes the inefficiencies of energy transfer between trophic levels and how energy is eventually lost as heat.
4.2 energy flow
Energy flows through ecosystems from sunlight through photosynthesis by producers to consumers in a food chain. Only about 10-20% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, with the rest lost as heat through respiration. This loss of energy at each trophic level restricts food chain length and biomass of higher levels. Ecosystems rely on the continuous input of solar energy to replace energy lost as heat and sustain life processes.
Ecosystems 2 Energy Flows
The sun provides energy for life through photosynthesis in plants. Gross primary productivity is the total energy absorbed by plants, while net primary productivity is the usable energy after respiration. Plant productivity depends on environmental factors like light, heat, water and nutrients. Energy flows between trophic levels in food chains and webs, with losses at each level up the trophic pyramid. The document questions whether growing crops or grazing cattle is more efficient for feeding a population.
DP Bio Topic 4-2 Energy Flow
This document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining that sunlight is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems and is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis. Producers convert the light energy into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. This chemical energy then flows through food chains as consumers eat producers or other consumers, though around 10% of the energy is lost at each trophic level. The chemical energy in organisms is released as heat through respiration. Heat is then lost from ecosystems, and the energy losses at each trophic level restrict how long food chains can become and the biomass at higher levels.
Lecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystem
1. The document discusses ecological concepts such as energy flow in ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and ecological succession. It explains that solar energy is captured by producers like plants and flows through consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem.
2. Major biogeochemical cycles discussed include the water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. These cycles describe how essential elements move between living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem.
3. Ecological succession is the process of community change over time in an area. Primary succession occurs in new areas like from lava, while secondary succession follows a disturbance in an existing ecosystem, like after a fire. Succession progresses from simple to more complex communities.
ENERGY FLOW MODELS.pdf
The document discusses energy flow models in ecosystems. It describes several models including:
- Single channel models showing unidirectional energy flow from producers to consumers.
- Double channel (Y-shaped) models showing both grazing and detritus food chains.
- Universal models applying to any living component in an ecosystem.
It also defines various ecological efficiencies like assimilation, utilization, and transfer efficiencies that determine the amount of energy available at each trophic level. These efficiencies vary between species and depend on factors like digestibility, metabolism, and lifestyle.
ENERGY FLOW MODELS.pdf
The document discusses energy flow models in ecosystems. It describes several models including:
- Single channel models showing unidirectional energy flow from producers to consumers.
- Double channel (Y-shaped) models showing both grazing and detritus food chains.
- Universal models applying to any living component in an ecosystem.
It also defines various ecological efficiencies like assimilation, utilization, and transfer efficiencies that determine the amount of energy available at each trophic level. These efficiencies vary between species and depend on factors like metabolism and digestibility of food sources.
Ecosystem powerpoint 3
- Primary productivity refers to the production of organic compounds by primary producers like plants through photosynthesis. It is measured as the energy or biomass produced per unit area and time.
- Gross primary productivity is the total amount of organic compounds produced by primary producers before accounting for their respiration. Net primary productivity is the amount remaining after respiration.
- Secondary productivity refers to the production of new biomass by heterotrophs at the consumer trophic levels through consumption and digestion of primary producers and other organisms.
Ecosystem
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Chapter6powerpoint 120910023303-phpapp02
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy through two stages: the light reactions and Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll and used to produce ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH fuel the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose. Deforestation reduces the number of plants available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, contributing to increased carbon dioxide levels and global climate change.
Photosynthesis Updated
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some microorganisms use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It occurs in two stages - the light reactions where solar energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the carbon reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds to make glucose. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and use two photosystems to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating a proton gradient used to make ATP. The carbon reactions occur in the chloroplast stroma and involve the Calvin cycle to reduce CO2 into glucose using the products of the light reactions.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some microorganisms use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It occurs in two stages - the light reactions where solar energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the carbon reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds to make glucose. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and use two photosystems to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating a proton gradient used to make ATP. The carbon reactions occur in the chloroplast stroma and involve the Calvin cycle to reduce CO2 into glucose using the products of the light reactions.
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Summary of topic 7.3
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, such as reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy sources, and reducing deforestation. Geoengineering techniques are also mentioned. Adaptation refers to accepting climate impacts and changing lifestyles accordingly, for example through flood prevention infrastructure, relocating communities threatened by rising seas, and altering agricultural practices as climates shift. The Kyoto Protocol established emissions targets among signatories to mitigate climate change.
Summary of topic 2.5
This document discusses various methods for measuring biotic factors and biodiversity in ecosystems, including:
- Species richness, which counts the number of different species. Biodiversity combines species richness with the relative abundance of individuals of each species.
- Population size can be estimated by throwing quadrats and extrapolating from the counts. Simpson's Diversity Index provides a single number measurement of biodiversity.
- Other metrics like abundance, density, frequency, and biomass provide additional information about populations and communities.
- For mobile species, mark-recapture methods like the Lincoln Index can estimate population size over time.
- Alternative approaches include chemical fogging to sample canopy insects, though ethics must be
Summary of topic 2.4
1. Biomes are determined by factors like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight which affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity. Different biomes like tropical rainforests, savannas, and tundra support characteristic plant life adapted to their climate.
2. Succession over time and zonation over environmental gradients cause changes in plant communities. Early successional "pioneer" species establish first, followed by later successional species that outcompete pioneers. Eventually a stable "climax" community develops.
3. Human impacts like deforestation and grazing can interrupt succession, maintaining early successional "plagioclimax" communities
Topic 4
This document contains topics and questions about water and aquatic food production systems. It includes definitions for terms like turnover time, hydrological flows, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and more. It also outlines how interception loss and evaporation rates vary and defines advection. There are sections about the relationship between human activities and their impacts on water systems, the role of salinity, temperature, and density in ocean circulation, and how access to fresh water varies globally and may be influenced by climate change. Diagrams are requested on the global water stores, hydrological cycle, and ocean circulation system.
Topic 7
This document outlines key topics related to climate change and energy production including definitions of terms like fossil fuels and renewable fuels. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources such as fossil fuels, fracking, renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, tidal, solar, wind, and biofuels. The document also covers global energy consumption patterns, factors influencing energy security and supply, and case studies on topics like the Arctic and energy conservation. Finally, it outlines climate change effects, evidence, and strategies for mitigation and adaptation.
Topic 8
This document provides an overview of key topics related to human systems and resource use, including:
1. Definitions of terms like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and natural increase.
2. Factors that influence population growth and birth rates, such as education, standard of living, and economic prosperity.
3. Models for population growth and carrying capacity, and how concepts like ecological footprints are measured.
4. Challenges of resource management and waste, including mismanagement of renewable and non-renewable resources and problems with landfills and electronic waste.
5. Strategies for more sustainable management of issues like population growth and solid domestic waste.
Topic 2
This document covers topics related to ecology, including niches, species, habitats, populations, communities, ecosystems, energy and matter cycles, succession, and human impacts. It defines key terms, outlines concepts, and asks questions about topics such as limiting factors, population growth curves, pyramids of numbers/biomass/productivity, photosynthesis, respiration, primary/secondary productivity, carbon/nitrogen/nutrient cycles, pioneer/climax communities, r- and K- selection, and pollutants. Methods for studying ecosystems such as measuring population size, biomass, and productivity are also outlined.
Topic 1
The document outlines key topics in environmental studies including:
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2. Environmental value systems including technocentric, ecocentric, and anthropocentric views and examples of societies with contrasting systems.
3. Concepts in ecology including open/closed/isolated systems, equilibrium, resilience, diversity, and pollution.
4. Specific issues like acid rain, fossil fuel use, water demand, DDT, and approaches to pollution management.
Topic 5
1. The document discusses topics related to soil systems, terrestrial food production systems, and their impact on societies. It covers concepts like soil profiles, ecosystem services provided by soil, and factors that influence agricultural potential and limit plant growth.
2. The document also discusses topics like agribusiness, factors leading to unsustainable food production, and ways to increase sustainability. It outlines issues like decreasing land for agriculture, impacts of different farming methods, and soil conservation measures.
3. Additional topics covered include food waste, shifting cultivation practices, reasons for inequalities in global food supply, and the role of organic matter and animals in maintaining soil fertility.
Topic 6
This document outlines topics related to atmospheric systems and societies, including changes to atmospheric composition over time, the layers and composition of the atmosphere, greenhouse gases, the natural and enhanced greenhouse effect, how human activities alter the atmosphere, cloud formation, ozone formation and depletion, photochemical smog formation, acid deposition formation, and management of issues like ozone depletion, smog, and acid deposition. Diagrams and definitions are provided for many of the atmospheric concepts. International and national organization efforts to reduce ozone depleting substances are also discussed.
Topic 3
This document defines key terms related to biodiversity such as genetic diversity, species diversity, habitat diversity, and species richness and evenness. It also defines evolution, natural selection, speciation, and reproductive isolation. Additionally, it outlines the role of plate tectonics and isolation in forming new species, examples of mass extinctions, and the mechanism of natural selection. Finally, it discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction and loss, sustainable development versus conservation, and strategies for conserving biodiversity including habitat and species approaches.
Summary of topic 2.1
There are three types of ecological pyramids: number, biomass, and productivity. The pyramid of productivity is most useful as it represents the flow of biomass or energy over time rather than just a snapshot. Top predators are most at risk from toxic pollutants due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification. DDT and mercury pollution caused severe environmental and health impacts by biomagnifying up food chains. Population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism are examples of biotic factors that influence populations and communities.
Summary of topic 6.4
Acid rain is caused by NOx and SOx emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels which react with water vapor and oxygen in the air to form acids. These acids can fall to earth long distances from the source as wet or dry deposition, damaging lakes and forests. Lakes experience decreased biodiversity and fish mortality while forests show needle loss, inhibited growth, and increased soil acidity. Management strategies include reducing emissions through cleaner fuels and regulations, adding neutralizing agents to smokestacks, and remediating ecosystems. However, regulations are costly to implement and maintain, and international agreements are difficult to enforce.
Summary of topic 6.3
The document discusses photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone. It explains that (1) emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation produce pollutants like NOx and VOCs that react with sunlight to form ozone in the troposphere. (2) High temperatures and concentrations of these pollutants near the equator exacerbate ozone formation. (3) Photochemical smog results from a mixture of ozone, NOx and VOCs in cities without wind dispersing the pollutants. It causes eye, skin and respiratory irritation in humans and damage to plants. Management strategies aim to reduce vehicle use and encourage public transport to lessen emissions.
Summary of topic 6.2
The document discusses stratospheric ozone and its depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It explains that ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet light and protects life from its harmful effects. CFCs were used widely but break down ozone when they reach the stratosphere. This led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985. Increased UV radiation can cause skin cancer, eye damage and lower crop yields. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have phased out CFC use, reducing ozone depletion, though some developing nations still use CFCs and a black market exists.
Summary of topic 6.1
The document discusses the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon. The atmosphere is divided into layers based on altitude and temperature. The troposphere, located closest to the surface, is where weather occurs and contains the majority of the atmosphere's mass, water vapor, and dust. It is also where most human pollution accumulates and affects climate change through increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
Summary of topic 8.4
This document discusses human population carrying capacity and factors that influence it. It notes that while the concept of carrying capacity applies to other species, it is difficult to define for human populations due to variables like technology, resource use, and trade. The document also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food production. It introduces the concept of ecological footprint and compares footprints of different countries. Finally, it discusses environmental value systems and perspectives like ecocentrism, technocentrism, and anthropocentrism.
Topic 3.4 conservation of biodiversity
The document discusses arguments for conserving biodiversity, including that nature has inherent value, many natural products have economic value, and ecosystems provide free services to humans. It also covers case studies on how conserving genetic diversity in food stocks has helped crops, and the importance of conserving biodiversity to discover drugs. The document examines criteria for designing protected areas to effectively conserve species and biodiversity.
More from Michael Smith (20)
Summary of topic 2.5
- 2. Ecosystem Structure • There are 3 main biotic components in any ecosystem: – Producers • Plants, algae and cyanobacteria • They are able to create food using sunlight energy • Also referred to as photoautorophs – Consumers • • • • Obtain energy through eating other organisms They do not possess chlorophyll and can’t photosynthesise Also referred to as heterotophs They may be herbivores or carnivores – Decomposers • • • • Bacteria and fungi 123 Obtain food though the breakdown of dead organic matter Create humic material and are important in recycling nutrients Some bacteria are chemoautotrophic decomposers (they use a similar process to photosynthesis which uses energy from oxidation reactions rather than sunlight)
- 3. Energy Flow • Energy flow through an ecosystem occurs by 2 processes: • Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
- 4. Energy Flow Photosynthesis Inputs Outputs Transformations Process Respiration Light Energy, H2O, CO2 Glucose, O2 Glucose, O2 Energy, H2O, CO2 Light Energy Chemical Energy Chemical Energy Kinetic Energy + Heat Chlorophyll traps light energy, this energy used to split water molecules, H from water combined with CO2 to produce glucose Oxidation reactions inside cells break down glucose to release energy
- 5. Energy Flow • About half of the Sun’s total radiation is visible light • Only visible light is useful for photosynthesis • Producers use very little of the visible light available to produce biomass (about 0.06% of the Sun’s total radiation is captured by producers) – The remainder is reflected, transmitted or is not the correct wavelength of light for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis itself is not an efficient process (typically 0.1 - 2.0% efficient)
- 6. Energy Flow • Producers make energy available to consumers in the form of stored chemical energy (glucose) • This energy is lost as it passes through each trophic level due to respiration and defaecation (typically 90% is lost between each level) • Eventually all of the initial available energy is lost by being converted into heat which radiates away from the Earth. The Sun re-radiates energy to the Earth (which is therefore an Open System)
- 7. Howard Odum • Ecologist who made the first full analysis of a whole ecosystem – Silver Spring, a stream in Florida • He measured all inputs and outputs in terms of organic matter and energy • He calculated productivity in kcal m-2 yr -1 • He represented his data as a productivity diagram and an ecosystem model • In his models he developed a symbol language similar to that used in electronics
- 11. The Water Cycle (The Hydrological Cycle)
- 12. Productivity • Primary Productivity (PP) – The gain in energy or biomass by producers per unit area per unit time • Secondary Productivity (SP) – The gain in energy or biomass by heterotrophs per unit area per unit time PP involves the conversion of solar energy – it is dependent on the amount of sunlight, temperature, CO2 etc. SP involves feeding or absorbtion – it is dependent on how much food is available and how efficiently it can be turned into biomass
- 13. Gross Productivity • Gross Primary Productivity (PP) – The total gain in energy or biomass by producers per unit area per unit time, not taking any losses due to respiration into account • Secondary Productivity (SP) – The gain in energy or biomass by heterotrophs per unit area per unit time, not taking any losses due to respiration and defaecation into account Losses are caused at each trophic level by respiration You could compare this idea to money flow - your GROSS income is the total amount of money you earn - your NET income is the amount of money you have after losses due to taxation etc.
- 14. Net Productivity • Net Primary Productivity (PP) – The total gain in energy or biomass by producers per unit area per unit time, taking losses due to respiration into account (R) • Net Secondary Productivity (SP) – The gain in energy or biomass by heterotrophs per unit area per unit time, taking losses due to respiration (R) and defaecation (F) into account The net productivity values are more useful as they give you information about how much energy or biomass is available from one trophic level to the next
- 15. Net Primary Productivity (103 kJ m-2 yr-1) Maximum Net PP in Some Biomes 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
- 17. Calculations NPP = GPP – R GPP (from photosynthesis) NPP R NSP = GSP – F – R R NSP F
- 18. Questions 1. Without referring to your notes, draw an outline of the carbon, nitrogen and water cycles 2. Why is not all of the energy assimilated by one trophic level available to the next one? 3. Without referring to your notes, write formulas for the calculation of NPP and NSP (defining each term)
- 19. Questions Biome Mean NPP (kg m-3 yr-1) Desert 0.003 Tundra 0.14 Temperate grassland 0.60 Savannah 0.90 Temperate forest 1.20 Tropical rainforest 2.20 1. Compare and contrast the NPP of each biome 2. Why is there a difference between the NPP of temperate grassland and savannah?