This document provides an overview of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established by the United Nations in 2000. It describes the eight goals, which aim to eradicate poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality, reduce child and maternal mortality, improve health, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development. For each goal, the document outlines the targets and progress made, such as reducing the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 per day and increasing primary school enrollment globally. Although all targets were not fully achieved, significant gains were made across many of the goals.

1. MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (MDGS)
PRESENTED BY
SREEJITH.KM

2. INTRODUCTION
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight
international development goals that were established following the
Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000.
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8
goals that UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year
2015.
The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September
2000, commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease,
illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against
women. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration. Each MDG has
targets set for 2015 and indicators to monitor progress from 1990
levels. Several of these relate directly to health.

3. THE 8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
(MDGS)
1. Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education
3. Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Goal 4 Reduce child mortality
5. Goal 5 Improve maternal health
6. Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development

4. MDGS 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY
AND HUNGER
Recent gains in millennium development goal 1 have seen the number
of hungry people in the world decrease to fewer than 1 billion, though
the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations believes
that this number is still unacceptably high.

5. Under nutrition which includes fatal growth restriction, stunting,
wasting and deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc, along with suboptimal
breastfeeding; is the underlying cause of death in an estimated 45% of
all deaths among children under 5 years of age. The proportion of
underweight children in developing countries has declined from 28% to
17% between 1990 and 2013. This rate of progress is close to the rate
required to meet the MDG target, however improvements have been
unevenly distributed between and within different regions
poverty and hunger can reduce by investing in agriculture, creating
jobs, expanding social safety nets, expanding nutrition programs that
target children under 2 years of age, universalizing education,
promoting gender equality, protecting vulnerable countries during
crises

6. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL 1 HAS
THREE TARGETS
 To share equally the proportion of people whose daily income is less
than $1.25
 To achieve full and productive employment, as well as decent work
for all, including young people and women
 To share equally the proportion of individuals suffering from hunger
in the period between 1990 and 2015.

7. MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY
EDUCATION
 to ensure that children universally
 including both boys and girls
 will be able to complete a full course of primary education by 2015.

8. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN claims that nearly
57 million primary school age children are not able to attend school; 80
per cent of whom live in rural areas. This has made the urban-rural
knowledge and education divide today’s main obstacle to achieving
global primary education by 2015.
The fact that rural children are highly affected by hunger and
malnutrition has also seriously affected their learning ability. As such,
food security and primary education should be addressed at the same
time to give rural people the capacity to feed themselves and overcome
hunger, poverty, and illiteracy. Social protection brings together all
efforts for education and food security towards increased effectiveness.

9. SOME OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF MDG 2
INCLUDE:
 An increase in the primary school net enrolment in the developing
world from 83 per cent in 2000 to 91 per cent in 2015.
 Nearly 50 per cent decrease in the number of out-of-school children
or primary school age globally, from 100 million in 2000 to around
57 million in 2015
 Remarkable improvement in primary education in Sub-Saharan
Africa since the establishment of the MDGs. The net enrolment rate
increased from 8 per cent in the period between 1990 and 2000 to 20
per cent in the period between 2000 and 2015.
 Global increase in the literacy rate among youth aged 15 – 24 from
83 per cent in 1990 to 91 per cent in 2015. At the same time, the gap
between men and women has reduced.

10. MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND
EMPOWER WOMEN
To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by
2005, and in all levels of education by 2015.

11. It is important to promote the total and equitable participation of both
men and women in efforts aimed at improving poverty reduction, food
security, and sustainability of rural development. Without gender
equality and the economic and social improvement for rural women,
food security cannot be achieved.

12. Significant progress has been made towards girls’ and women’s
equality in education, employment, and political representation since
1990, though there are still many gaps in areas not targeted in the
MDGs.
For the universal realization of gender equality, it may be necessary to
address certain areas like:
 Violence against girls and women
 Men’s and women’s unequal opportunities in the labour market
 Gender-based discrimination in law and practice
 The unequal division of unpaid care and domestic work
 Women’s limited control over property and assets, and
 Women’s unequal representation in public and private decision
making
 Gender perspectives should be fully integrated into post-2015
agenda goals.

13. ACHIEVEMENTS OF MDG 3
 An increase in the number of girls in school in 2015 compared to
2000. The developing world as a whole has achieved the goal of
eliminating gender disparity in all levels of education, including
primary, secondary, and tertiary.
 In Southern Asia, the number of girls enrolled in primary school was
74 for every 100 boys in 1990. By 2015, there were 103 girls
enrolled for every 100 boys.
 The proportion of women in vulnerable employment compared to
total female employment has reduced by 13 per cent in the period
between 1991 and 2015, compared to a 9 per cent decrease for men.
 Significant gains in women’s parliamentary representation in nearly
90 per cent of 174 countries for which data has been available in the
past two decades. At the very least, the average proportion of women
in parliament has increased by nearly 100 per cent during the last 20
years, yet this still translates to one woman for every five men.

14. MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
To reduce the under-five mortality rate
by two-thirds in the period between 1990
and 2015MDG4
Under nutrition is estimated to contribute
to more than 33 % of all deaths in
children under five. So, efforts to
improve household food security and
nutrition have increased the chances of
children growing to adulthood.
Improving complementary feeding for babies, or giving foods in addition
to breast milk, has led to significant reduction in the child mortality
caused by under nutrition.

15. ACHIEVEMENTS OF MDG 4
 A decrease in worldwide rate of mortality in children under-five by
over 50 %, reducing from 90 to 43 deaths per 1,000 live births
between 1990 and 2015.
 A global drop in the number of children under-five deaths from 12.7
million in 1990 to nearly 6 million in 2015, despite the population
growth in developing regions.
 Three-fold increase in the rate of reduction of under-five mortality
since the early 1990s.
 In sub-Saharan Africa, the annual rate of reduction of under-five
mortality was more than five times between 2005 and 2013
compared to between 1990 and 1995
 The measles vaccination helped prevent almost 15.6 million deaths
between 2000 and 2013, translating to a 67 % decline in the number
of cases of measles reported globally.
 Nearly 84 % of children across the globe received at least one dose
of measles containing vaccine in 2013 – a 73 % increase since 2000

16.  Reducing the mortality of children-under-five requires sound
strategies, adequate resources, and political will. The MDGs have
led to amazing, unprecedented gains in reducing child deaths,
through improved service delivery, effective and affordable
treatments, and political commitment.
 The achievement of MDG 4 by most developing countries shows
that it can be done. And with 11 children dying every minute around
the world before celebrating their fifth birthday, more needs to be
done to improve child survival rates.

17. MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
Hunger and malnutrition were observed to increase the incidence and fatality
rate of the conditions that contribute to nearly 80 per cent of maternal deaths.
In this regard, millennium development goal 5 has two targets:
 To reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75 per cent
 To achieve universal access to reproductive health

18. MDG 5: REDUCE MATERNAL MORTALITY BY 75
PER CENT & ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
Improving maternal health is critical to saving the lives of hundreds of
thousands of women who die due to complication from pregnancy and
childbirth each year. Over 90 per cent of these deaths could be prevented if
women in developing regions had access to sufficient diets, basic literacy
and health services, and safe water and sanitation facilities during
pregnancy and childbirth.

19. ACHIEVEMENTS OF MDG 5
 A 45 per cent reduction in the maternity mortality ratio worldwide
since 1990, though most of the reduction occurred since 2000
 A 64 per cent reduction in maternal mortality ratio in Southern Asia
between 1990 and 2013, and 49 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa
 A 12 per cent increase in the number of births assisted by skilled
health personnel globally in 2014 compared to 1990 – 59 per cent to
71 per cent.
 An increase in the proportion of pregnant women receiving four or
more antenatal visits in North Africa from 50 per cent in 1990 to 89
per cent in 2014.
 Increase in contraceptive prevalence among women 15 – 49 years
old – whether married or in some other union – from 55 to 64 per
cent between 1990 and 2015.

20. One of the most fundamental ways to reduce maternal morbidity and
mortality is ensuring that every birth occurs with the help of skilled
health personnel – midwife, nurse, or doctor. Progress in increasing the
proportion of births delivered with skilled attendance has been modest
over the MDG time frame, which is an indication of the lack of
universal access to care.
Significant progress has been made in reducing maternal deaths and
increasing global access to reproductive health, though the targets were
not achieved. Improvements can be made by addressing the large
inequities in maternal health, and strengthening individual country
capacity to tackle the problems.

21. MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND
OTHER MAJOR DISEASES
HIV, malaria, and other diseases directly and indirectly impact food and
nutrition security, rural development, and agricultural productivity. At the
same time, malnutrition and food and nutrition insecurity can increase
vulnerability to disease.

22.  To halt by 2015 and have started to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
 To achieve global access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for those who
need it by 2010
 To have ceased and started reversal of the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases by 2015
Millennium Development Goal 6 has
targets:

23. ACHIEVEMENTS OF MDG 6
 40 per cent reduction in new HIV infections from 3.5 million cases in 2000
to 2.1 million cases in 2013
 A massive increase in the number of people living with HIV receiving anti-
retroviral therapy (ART) globally, from 800,000 in 2003 to 13.6 million in
2014. ART have helped avoid over 7.6 million deaths from AIDS between
1995 and 2013.
 Averting over 6.2 million deaths associated with malaria between 2000 and
2015, mostly of children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. The
universal malaria incidence rate has also reduced by an estimated 37 per
cent, and the mortality rate by 58 per cent.
 The delivery of over 900 million insecticide-treated mosquito nets to
malaria-endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2004 and 2014.
 Tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment interventions conducted
between 2000 and 2013 saved an estimated 37 million lives. The TB
mortality rate reduced by 45 per cent between 1990 and 2013, while
prevalence rate fell by 41 per cent within the same time period.

24. In 2013, there were an estimated 35 million people living with HIV in
the world. This number is increasing as more people gain access to
antiretroviral therapy (ART). And while ART has averted 7.6 million
deaths worldwide, including 4.8 million in sub-Saharan Africa, this is
only 36 per cent of the 31.5 million people living with HIV in
developing regions.
And while 98 malaria-endemic nations have reversed malaria incidence
nationally in 2015 compared to 2000, malaria continues to pose a huge
public health challenge with an estimated 214 million cases and
472,000 deaths worldwide in 2015. 97 countries and territories across
the globe, or 3.3 billion people, are still at risk of malaria infection, so
more still needs to be done.
For patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2012, 86 percent were
successfully treated globally, hitting the target of 85 per cent set in
1991

25. MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
It is critical that the natural resources base and ecosystems are managed
sustainably to ensure that people’s food requirements and other social,
economic, and environmental needs are sufficiently met. Climate
change, conflicts over access to resources, and increased water scarcity
all pose a threat to not only environmental sustainability but also food
security.

26. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7 HAS 4
TARGETS
 To integrate the principles of sustainable development into every nation’s
policies and programmes, and also reverse the depletion of environmental
resources
 To reduce biodiversity loss and achieve a substantial reduction in the rate
of loss by 2010
 To halve the proportion of the universal population without sustainable
access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.
 To achieve substantial improvement in the lives of a minimum of 100
million slum dwellers by 2020.

27. ACHIEVEMENTS OF MDG 7
 The virtual elimination of ozone-depleting substances since 1990. Consequently, the
ozone layer is expected to recover by around the middle of the century
 Substantial increase in marine and terrestrial protected areas in many areas since
1990. In Caribbean and Latin America, coverage of terrestrial protected areas
increased from 8.8%in 1990 to 23.4% in 2014.
 The number of people using improved drinking water sources has increased from
76% in 1990 to 91 % in 2015.
 2.6 billion people have gained access to better drinking water since 1990. Of these,
1.9 billion have access to piped drinking water on premises, with 58 % of the global
population enjoying this level of service in 2015.
 147 nations in the world have fulfilled the drinking water target; 95 nations have
achieved the sanitation target; and 77 nations have met both.
 2.1 billion people in the universe have gained access to improved sanitation. At the
same time, the proportion of people practising open defecation has reduced by nearly
50%since 1990.
 A reduction in the proportion of urban population in developing nations living in
slums from 39.4 to 29.7 % in the period between 2000 and 2014.

28. Many regions have increased their terrestrial protected areas significantly
since 1990, especially in Latin America where it rose from 8.8 to 23.4 %
between 1990 and 2014, and Western Asia where it more than quadrupled
from 3.7 to 14.4 % in the same period.
Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the world population using
improved drinking water source and using improved sanitation facility has
increased significantly, surpassing the MDG target in 2010.
The lives of slum dwellers have also improved considerably since 2000 to
2015, with more than 320 million people gaining access to improved water,
durable housing, improved sanitation, or less crowded housing conditions.
This means that the MDG7 target was surpassed.
Although MDG7 targets have been largely achieved, environmental
sustainability is still a core pillar of the post-2015 agenda, as healthy,
diverse, and well-managed ecosystems can play a critical role in improving
livelihoods and mitigating future environmental challenges.

29. MDG 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP
FOR DEVELOPMENT
Goal 8 aims to develop a global
partnership for development. The
targets most relevant to the mandate of
FAO relate to the special needs of least
developed countries (LCDs),
landlocked countries and small island
developing states; the trading and
financial system; and new information
and communication technology (ICT).

30. TARGETS
 To further develop an open, predictable, rule-based, non-
discriminatory trading and economic system
 To address the special needs of the least developed countries
 To address the special needs of small island developing States and
landlocked developing countries
 To deal exhaustively with the debt problems of developing nations
 To provide access to affordable essential drugs in the developing
world – in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies
 To avail benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications, in collaboration with the private sector

31.  The post-2015 development agenda is currently being prepared for
launch. But it is important that its scope and drive be matched by
sufficient funding and renewed efforts to mobilize innovation,
science, and technology for sustainable development.
 The role of ODA is still important for nations with limited capacity
to raise public resources internally. So, much attention should be
directed towards raising the capability of ODA to draw in other
financial flows by blending it with non-concessional public finance
and by leveraging private finance and investments. These market-
like tools may play a vital role in funding the post-2015
development agenda

32.  The trade landscape is also transforming, which will demand more
innovative ways to enhance market access and deal with non-tariff
barriers, especially as trade in services expands. It will also be
critical to strengthening the assimilation of developing nations into
the multilateral trade system, as measured by their trade
diversification and share in value-added.
 Finally, it is important that the widening digital divide is addressed,
especially with respect to internet use and quality of access. For
instance, only one-third of the population in developing nations uses
the internet compared to 82 % in the developed countries. It is only
then that the transformative capability of ICTs and the data
revolution can be harnessed to provide sustainable development for
all.

33. KEY FACTORS
 Globally, the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age fell
from 12.7 million in 1990 to 6.3 million in 2013.
 In developing countries, the percentage of underweight children
under 5 years old dropped from 28% in 1990 to 17% in 2013.
 Globally, new HIV infections declined by 38% between 2001 and
2013.
 Existing cases of tuberculosis are declining, along with deaths
among HIV-negative tuberculosis cases.
 In 2010, the world met the United Nations Millennium Development
Goals target on access to safe drinking-water, as measured by the
proxy indicator of access to improved drinking-water sources, but
more needs to be done to achieve the sanitation target.

34.  Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
 Achieve universal primary education
 Promote gender equality and empower
women
 Reduce child mortality
 Improve maternal health
 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
diseases
 Ensure environmental sustainability
 Develop a global partnership for
development

35. REFERENCES
 United Nations. Official list of MDG indicators. 2000. Available
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 https://www.mdgmonitor.org/millennium-development-goals/
 Michael p todaro, stephen c.smith. Economic development

36. THANKYOU