IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Citrone Redox Presention Water Setc 2011 03GeneCitrone
Recycled results based on Marcellus Shale Frac flowback water.
• Presentation, speaker, Water Resource Panel, August 2011, ShaleTech, Shale Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING NANOPARTICLES MIXED...antjjournal
The present paper reports on an experiment to improve the productivity of solar still using nano-particles.Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish or impure water. In this solar energy is used to evaporate water then this vapour is condensed as pure water. This process removes salts and other impurities. Latest trend to improve the efficiency of the solar still is use of nano-particles like metal oxides. These particles increase surface area of absorption to solar radiation. In this work the Al2O3 nanoparticles
mixed black paint is used to enhance the productivity of solar still. The solar radiations are transmitted through the glass cover and captured by a black painted inner bottom surface of the solar still. Water absorbs the heat and is converted into vapour within the chamber of the solar still.Single slop solar
still is used from past decades but in this study effect of nano-particles on productivity of solar still is
analyzed. Experimental work is performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under climatic conditions
of Jaipur. The use of the nano-particles mixed with black paint increases the temperature of the solar still
basin. The productivity and efficiency of solar still at water depth 0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litre
and 38.65% respectively which are maximum values compared to water depths 0.02 m and 0.03 m. Results
of the study gives 38.09% increment in productivity and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency when
nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm mixed black paint used at water depth .01 m. To check the
significance of difference in productivity of solar still with and without nano-particle mixed black paint, a
paired t-Test is performed which is conforms that the productivity enhancement due to nano-particle mixed
black paint is significant at 95% confidence interval.
There are many types of solar still, including large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps (better known as moisture traps amongst survivalists). In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic or glass. The pure water vapor condenses on the cool inside surface and drips down, where it is collected and removed.
Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapor rises, condensing into water again as it cools and can then be collected. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure distilled water.
For those of you who know that an alkaline, PH balanced body fights everything from migraines, diabetes, weight issues, muscle and joint pain, acid reflux, lack of energy, foggy thinking, and many more illnesses, this is for you! Increases athletic abilities! Attaches to faucet or under sink.
www.myvollara.com/2sanchez
Citrone Redox Presention Water Setc 2011 03GeneCitrone
Recycled results based on Marcellus Shale Frac flowback water.
• Presentation, speaker, Water Resource Panel, August 2011, ShaleTech, Shale Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING NANOPARTICLES MIXED...antjjournal
The present paper reports on an experiment to improve the productivity of solar still using nano-particles.Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish or impure water. In this solar energy is used to evaporate water then this vapour is condensed as pure water. This process removes salts and other impurities. Latest trend to improve the efficiency of the solar still is use of nano-particles like metal oxides. These particles increase surface area of absorption to solar radiation. In this work the Al2O3 nanoparticles
mixed black paint is used to enhance the productivity of solar still. The solar radiations are transmitted through the glass cover and captured by a black painted inner bottom surface of the solar still. Water absorbs the heat and is converted into vapour within the chamber of the solar still.Single slop solar
still is used from past decades but in this study effect of nano-particles on productivity of solar still is
analyzed. Experimental work is performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under climatic conditions
of Jaipur. The use of the nano-particles mixed with black paint increases the temperature of the solar still
basin. The productivity and efficiency of solar still at water depth 0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litre
and 38.65% respectively which are maximum values compared to water depths 0.02 m and 0.03 m. Results
of the study gives 38.09% increment in productivity and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency when
nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm mixed black paint used at water depth .01 m. To check the
significance of difference in productivity of solar still with and without nano-particle mixed black paint, a
paired t-Test is performed which is conforms that the productivity enhancement due to nano-particle mixed
black paint is significant at 95% confidence interval.
There are many types of solar still, including large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps (better known as moisture traps amongst survivalists). In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic or glass. The pure water vapor condenses on the cool inside surface and drips down, where it is collected and removed.
Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapor rises, condensing into water again as it cools and can then be collected. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure distilled water.
For those of you who know that an alkaline, PH balanced body fights everything from migraines, diabetes, weight issues, muscle and joint pain, acid reflux, lack of energy, foggy thinking, and many more illnesses, this is for you! Increases athletic abilities! Attaches to faucet or under sink.
www.myvollara.com/2sanchez
The water and the energy are the two most essential things for the sustaining of life. Only less the 1% water is available for the society for direct use, out of which the maximum fraction has been polluted due to non-manageable industrial developments. A solar still is a device which can solve the problem of potable water without using the high grade energy .An overview has been given in this paper of introduction to solar still with a view to explain the principle and the mechanism of operation.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
purification of water using solar stillMohamed Ahmed
Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a “Solar Still”. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option. Solar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh water in order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.
Thermal modelling of solar still and different desalinationShantam Warkad
Thermal modelling of solar still can be done manually using a model or can be don on comparative basis using different software and compilers like ANSYS, C, MATLAB and different desalination
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water.
physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards.
It is not possible to tell whether water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination
Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all the possible contaminants that may be present in water.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The water and the energy are the two most essential things for the sustaining of life. Only less the 1% water is available for the society for direct use, out of which the maximum fraction has been polluted due to non-manageable industrial developments. A solar still is a device which can solve the problem of potable water without using the high grade energy .An overview has been given in this paper of introduction to solar still with a view to explain the principle and the mechanism of operation.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
purification of water using solar stillMohamed Ahmed
Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a “Solar Still”. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option. Solar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh water in order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.
Thermal modelling of solar still and different desalinationShantam Warkad
Thermal modelling of solar still can be done manually using a model or can be don on comparative basis using different software and compilers like ANSYS, C, MATLAB and different desalination
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water.
physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards.
It is not possible to tell whether water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination
Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all the possible contaminants that may be present in water.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Con motivo de la Festividad del Día de Andalucía, los niños y niñas de Guadalinfo Torrox, han buscado información y han elaborado la siguiente presentación.
PRODUCTION OF POTABLE WATER FROM SEA WATER BY SOLAR ENERGY KuldeepGadhia
This project aims of developing an apparatus which will provide pure drinking water without the need of electric current and expensive filtration apparatus. Solar energy is the energy used in this apparatus. The effectiveness of solar collection is increased by the integration of Fresnel lens. Unconventional desalination systems are costlier and require high maintenance cost. So this situation forced society to depend on conventional technologies. Thus we have built a system to answer the demands of the society. The main aim is to develop an apparatus to provide drinking water for the society with increased feasibility and also at reduced cost with zero carbon emissions.
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" Pedal Powered Water Purification By Reverse Osmosis"
The Earth is covered in over 75% water, yet one of the world’s greatest issues is a lack drinking water. “Nearly one billion people do not have access to clean drinking water”. That is about one eighth of all the people living on earth right now. Every year, almost four million people die from water-related diseases and 98% of those occur in the developing world. Humans can live for weeks without food, but only a few days without water. Many people in developing countries barely have access to any water source at all and for those that do, the water is completely filthy and disease-ridden.
Clearly, access to potable water around the world is an exceedingly urgent issue in which action should be taken immediately. In response to such a need, this idea is proposed to produce clean drinking water by reverse osmosis filtration by means of human power. There are several means to purify water; however, because of its incredible thoroughness, a reverse osmosis system has been preferentially selected for this design
1. S.S.Phuse, R.S.Shelke/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2014-2018
Water Purification System For Remote Areas Using
Photovoltaics
S.S.Phuse a R.S.Shelkeb
a*
Student, IV Semester M.Tech (Heat Power Engineering)
b
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department,
G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur-440016, India
Abstract
Water purification is the process of Accomplish this objective impurities such as
removing undesirable chemicals ,biological sediments must be removed and bacteria must be
contaminants ,suspended solids and gases from killed along with other microorganisms. Additionally
contaminated water .Propose water purification the water must be stored in safe containers so that
system for remote areas focus on providing a any recontamination from bacterial growth must be
pure drinking water at low cost with high restricted. From the literature it is found that an
reliability to the rural families. It involves the average person must consume 4 liters of water to
research, design and manufacture of water survive.
purification system using renewable energy . It Also according to UN World Water
consist of a combination of solar pasteurization, Development Report in 2009, it has been estimated
reverse osmosis (RO) and ultraviolet (UV) lamp that two billion people are affected by water
sterilizer system with power supplied by shortages in over forty countries, and 1.1 billion do
photovoltaic (PV) modules. It is an effective not have sufficient drinking water. There is a great
method to deactivate bacteria ,viruses and and urgent need to supply environmentally sound
protozoan in contaminated water .This method technology for the provision of drinking water for
can be made portable ,cost effective ,user rural areas.
compliant and energy efficient enough to meet the
drinking water needs .Experimentation is carried The objectives of this work are :-
out for testing six different water samples. Water a) To provide water purification system working on
samples selected are tap water, well water, river renewable energy and reduce the use of fossil energy.
water, lake water, muddy water and colour water. b) To provide pure drinking water at low cost to the
All the water samples are analyzed and tested in a rural areas.
laboratory for different parameters and found c) To make the system energy efficient.
within the standard range .This paper will be d) To make the system portable and user friendly.
helpful for those who are working in the area of
2.EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP &
water purification system and their use in remote
areas. PROCEDURE
2.1 Experimental Set-up
Keywords: Reverse osmosis system, photovoltaic, Fig. 2.1 shows the schematic of experimental set
solar pasteurization. up.The experimental set-up consist of a solar
photovoltaic panel of 20 watt for 12 volt DC mini
1. Introduction solar system. The number of cells in this panel are 36
Water is the most common liquid on the and the maximum power output from the panel is 20
earth .Pure drinking water is necessary for human Watt and 17.3 volts . It consist of three filters i.e. first
survival .The water supply for drinking water is filter which is pre carbon filter . Pre carbon filter
either ground water or surface water.The water from absorbs and eliminate any chlorides and organic
each source contains sediments and other solids .Part chemicals from water. Second filter eliminates
of the treatment process requires removal of various foreign bodies that come from service water
sediments and other solids .Many different processes pipes such as bits of rust. The third filter is the
are used to obtain the finished product of clean reverse osmosis pump membrane filter , once the
drinking water. In remote villages in India, there is water passes through the RO pump it passes through
lack of developed infrastructure due to poor this membrane filter.
economic situations. These remote areas do not have
pure drinking water, electrical power,
communication, sanitation and hence these issues are
important. In small villages in India, water is drawn
from the nearby river or lake for drinking, cooking
and cleaning .It is necessary to provide pure
drinking water at low cost with high reliability. To
2014 | P a g e
2. S.S.Phuse, R.S.Shelke/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2014-2018
is 14.1 volts . The reverse current leakage is less than
10 mA.
The experimental set up has a Reverse
osmosis booster pump . The model number is HT-75
, normal flow rate through this pump is 1.0 lit/min
and the minimum voltage required for its operation
is 12 volts DC. The ultraviolet tube which is used for
this experiment is of 9 watt capacity . Sheet metal
tanks are installed in the experimental set up of 27
litres capacity.
Procedure
The set up is placed on a flat surface. Photovoltaic
panel along with the along with the set up can be
placed separately in the sunlight for battery charging
purpose. Water and electrical connections are
checked properly for any leakages .The water to be
purified should be filled in the top plastic tank .As the
water starts flowing from the pipe the purging of all
the three filters are done for avoiding air lock. Impure
water first passes through the pre carbon filter, this
filter effectively removes chlorine sediments and
volatile organic compounds from impure water. Once
the water comes out from the pre carbon filter it goes
inside the sediment filter where the hard water gets
soften into soft water. This sediment filter adsorbs the
mineral sediments which makes the hard water into
soft water and does not allow the minerals to get
deposited inside the reverse osmosis pump. The
water then passes through the reverse osmosis pump
where it gets pressurized to 12.5 bar and passes
through the reverse osmosis semi permeable
membrane where water soluble organics are removed
.The water then passes through the ultraviolet lamp
sterilizer where most of coli form ,viruses and
protozoa are destroyed .Total load on the system is
19 watts ,total watt hour rating is 57 watt hours.
Actual output of PV panel is 19 watt and power used
at the end is 15.40 watt .Energy produced by one 20
watt panel in a day is 61.6 watt- hour .Hence the
number of PV panels required for this experimental
set can be calculated as the energy produced by one
20 watt panel in a day divide by total watt hour rating
and it comes to 1.08 . Therefore one panel is required
Fig. 2.1Block Diagram of experimental set up. for charging a battery of 12 volts and 12.5 amps for
The solar charge controller consist of its operation for 3 hours.
voltage converter . It is used to regulate the power
going from the solar panel into the batteries .The
rated solar input is 4.5 Amps , the regulation voltage 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:-
2015 | P a g e
3. S.S.Phuse, R.S.Shelke/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2014-2018
Table 3.1 Observations for purification of Six water samples .
S.N. Parameter Requirement Tap Well River Muddy Lake Color
1. Coliform Count Less Than 10 5 8 7 7.5 7 7
2. Colour 5hazen Unit <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
3. Odour Agreeable Ok Ok Ok Ok Ok Ok
4. Taste Agreeable Ok Ok Ok Ok Ok Ok
5. Turbidity 5 Ntu 3.2 3 4 4 3.2 5
6. Ph Value 6.5 To 8.5 8.3 7 7.1 7.2 8.3 7.5
7. Total Hardness 300 130 150 210 180 150 230
8. Iron .3 Ppm 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.40
9. Chlorides 250ppm 30 30 60 40 30 60
10. Resi.Free.Cl 0.2 Ppm Nil Nil NIL NIL NIL NIL
11. TDS 500 Ppm 270 290 340 290 240 340
12. Calcium 75 Ppm 30 45 70 45 30 70
13. COPPER 0.05 PPM NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL
14. MANGANESE 0.1PPM NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL Nil
15. SULPHATE 200 PPM 15 45 110 45 15 110
16. NITRATE 45 PPM 20 30 35 30 25 35
17. ZINC 5 PPM NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL Nil
18. ALKALINITY 200 PPM 40 50 160 50 60 160
19. ALUMINIUM 0.03PPM NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL
20. BORON 1PPM NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL
Table 3.1 shows the different parameters and performance of pre carbon filters . Copper
required standard values of water for different six ,manganese ,zinc ,aluminum boron and chlorine are
samples . The testing and analysis of six different absent in water before and after purification .
samples from different sources are carried out. Above Calcium ,nitrate is also within limits . Similar types
20 parameter are tested for all six samples in order to of results were obtained for other five samples. Based
confirm the water as the drinking water. on above observation for lake water, the following
Six water samples selected from different sources graphs are plotted to observe the performance of the
of water are tap, well ,river ,muddy ,lake and colour experimental test rig.
water .It is found that for lake water the coli form
count before purification was 10 and after
purification is 7 which gives satisfactory result of
ultraviolet tube operation. Colour, odur and taste of
purified water sample is satisfactory after purification
. Turbidity before was 8 and after purification was
3.2 which shows satisfactory functioning of sediment
filter . Ph value before was 9.6 and after was 7.3
which is well within the range . Total hardness count
before purification is 290 and after purification is 150
which gives desirable result .The total dissolved
solids before purification was 440 and after
purification is 240 which shows satisfactory
2016 | P a g e
4. S.S.Phuse, R.S.Shelke/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2014-2018
ph
Fig.3.1 Graph of coli form count vs exposure Temperature oC
time in sec
Fig. 3.1 shows the variation of coliform
Fig.3.3 Graph of PH vs ambient temperature
count with exposure time in seconds .From the graph
Fig. 3.3 shows the variation of Ph value
it is observed that as the exposure time for lake water
with temperature for lake water .From the graph, it is
increases as it is exposed to ultraviolet light the
observed that as the the ambient temperature goes on
coliform count goes on decreasing which is important
increasing the Ph value for lake water also increases
for good water purification.
which is good for water purification processes.
TDS
Temperature oC
Fig.3.2 Graph of Total hardness vs ambient Temperature oC
temperature
Fig. 3.2 shows the variation of total Fig.3.4 Graph of TDS vs ambient temperature
hardness count with temperature . From the graph it Fig. 3.4 shows the variation of total
is observed that as the the ambient temperature goes dissolved solids (TDS ) with the temperature .From
on increasing the total hardness count for lake water the graph it is observed that as the the ambient
goes on decreasing which is due to the pretreatment temperature goes on increasing the total dissolved
filters used for purification processes. solids goes on increasing for lake water which is
good for colour water purification processes.
4.CONCLUSION:-
Propose test rig is portable, cost effective,
user compliant and energy efficient enough to meet a
persons drinking water needs in rural areas. The
coupling of renewable energy and water purification
technologies are presented with reference to more
2017 | P a g e
5. S.S.Phuse, R.S.Shelke/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2014-2018
comprehensive studies and showed the significance methods,using middle frequency inverters” ,
of small-scale battery operated water purification in proceedings of the 34th international
system using ultraviolet sterilization and scientific symposium of the military
photovoltaic’s . The quality of the other components equipment and technologies research agency
and the control strategy adopted proves to be ,vol2 , pp 317-322 , 2003 .
effective. The reverse osmosis (RO) rig itself [9] Takeo.S.Saitoh, Hamdy H. El –Ghetany “
promises to be highly efficient, due to the Clark Exposure time as a disinfecting index in
pump. The Ultraviolet lamp (UV) sterilization is very asolar water disinfecting system” 7th
effective for stopping the bacterial growth. UV International Energy conference Energex
exposure is an efficacious method to deactivate ,vol 21 ,pp 133-154 , 1998.
pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoan [10] Cozy Ban ,Kazunao Sato,Makoto Hirayama
in drinking water. The hardware is not over- “Advance water purification system for Sun-
complicated and will be straightforward to use and Half micron devices” IEEE conference
maintain. The system requires no fuel and is non- paper from International symposium of
polluting. The predicted total cost of drinking water semiconductor manufacturing , vol7,pp 291-
is just Rs.90 per m3,which makes the system very 292 , 1995.
competitive with other small-scale brackish water
purification systems. This technology is suitable for
systems to obtain pure drinking water for rural areas .
References:
[1] James Hart ,Matthew Macdonald, Shaun,
Montminy John duffy. “ Hybrid purification
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