Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
Desalination is the process of removing salts and minerals from sea water to produce fresh water for drinking and irrigation. Currently 230 million people rely on desalination from the over 14,500 plants operating worldwide. However, desalination is an important future source of fresh water as population growth and climate change are reducing conventional fresh water supplies in many regions of the world. While desalination helps meet water demand, its high energy use and briny wastewater disposal require regulations and technologies to minimize environmental impacts.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Removing dissolved minerals from seawater through desalination could help address freshwater shortages but faces challenges. Over 15,000 desalination plants operate worldwide using methods like reverse osmosis or thermal distillation. However, desalination is energy intensive and produces toxic brine waste. New technologies aim to reduce energy usage and better handle brine, but challenges around cost and environmental impact remain.
A project topic for First years Engineering students in Chemistry and environmental studies. It is suggested to perform the stated experiment separately and let me know if you have any problems! Hope it helps!
The document discusses desalination as a solution to fresh water scarcity. It explains that most of Earth's water is undrinkable saltwater in oceans, and desalination uses technologies like thermal evaporation or reverse osmosis to remove salt from seawater, producing fresh water. Common desalination methods heat saltwater to evaporation or force it through membrane filters at high pressure. While desalination addresses the growing problem of water scarcity, the processes require a lot of energy and infrastructure, making desalination an expensive solution.
Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
This document provides information about various desalination technologies and their application in addressing global water scarcity issues. It discusses how desalination works using processes like reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash distillation, and multiple effect distillation. Specific examples of large desalination plants in Israel and India are also presented. While desalination is a potential solution to water issues, the document notes it requires substantial investment and has environmental impacts that need to be considered.
Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
Desalination is the process of removing salts and minerals from sea water to produce fresh water for drinking and irrigation. Currently 230 million people rely on desalination from the over 14,500 plants operating worldwide. However, desalination is an important future source of fresh water as population growth and climate change are reducing conventional fresh water supplies in many regions of the world. While desalination helps meet water demand, its high energy use and briny wastewater disposal require regulations and technologies to minimize environmental impacts.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Removing dissolved minerals from seawater through desalination could help address freshwater shortages but faces challenges. Over 15,000 desalination plants operate worldwide using methods like reverse osmosis or thermal distillation. However, desalination is energy intensive and produces toxic brine waste. New technologies aim to reduce energy usage and better handle brine, but challenges around cost and environmental impact remain.
A project topic for First years Engineering students in Chemistry and environmental studies. It is suggested to perform the stated experiment separately and let me know if you have any problems! Hope it helps!
The document discusses desalination as a solution to fresh water scarcity. It explains that most of Earth's water is undrinkable saltwater in oceans, and desalination uses technologies like thermal evaporation or reverse osmosis to remove salt from seawater, producing fresh water. Common desalination methods heat saltwater to evaporation or force it through membrane filters at high pressure. While desalination addresses the growing problem of water scarcity, the processes require a lot of energy and infrastructure, making desalination an expensive solution.
Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
This document provides information about various desalination technologies and their application in addressing global water scarcity issues. It discusses how desalination works using processes like reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash distillation, and multiple effect distillation. Specific examples of large desalination plants in Israel and India are also presented. While desalination is a potential solution to water issues, the document notes it requires substantial investment and has environmental impacts that need to be considered.
This document provides an overview of desalination including an introduction, various desalination methods, preferred technologies, and the state of reverse osmosis technology. It introduces desalination as a process to remove salt and minerals from water to make it suitable for consumption. The main methods discussed are thermal (MSF, MED, VC) and membrane based (RO, ED, EDR), with MSF and RO identified as preferred technologies. The document then goes into detail on the reverse osmosis process, including pre-treatment, post-treatment, cleaning processes, and energy recovery methods.
The document discusses reverse osmosis based desalination, focusing on developments in reverse osmosis membrane technology. It begins with an overview of desalination techniques, highlighting the importance of reverse osmosis. It then describes the reverse osmosis process and membrane types that have been developed, including cellulose acetate, thin film composite, and thin film nanocomposite membranes. The use of nanoparticles is discussed as a way to enhance membrane properties and address challenges like fouling and chlorine resistance. Overall, the document outlines the history and current state of reverse osmosis membrane technology and its role in seawater desalination.
This document provides information about global fresh water resources and desalination. It notes that less than 3% of the world's water is fresh, with over 2.5% frozen in polar regions. The remaining 0.5% must meet all fresh water needs for humanity and ecosystems. It also discusses that fresh water is unevenly distributed globally and many developing nations lack access to clean water. The document then explains water treatment, purification, and desalination processes like reverse osmosis and thermal desalination as methods to produce fresh water from salt or brackish sources.
what is waste water? why waste water is treated? how waste water is treated? waste water treatment processes. what is reverse osmosis? how ro works? process of reverse osmosis. adventage & disadventage of reverse osmosis.
Desalination of Sea Water using Membrane technologyChandni Sinha
The document discusses various desalination methods for obtaining fresh water from seawater. It begins by introducing the importance of desalination given increasing fresh water scarcity. There are two main types of desalination processes: thermal and membrane. Thermal processes involve boiling saline water to produce distilled water, while membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes to separate fresh water from salt water. The document then goes into detail about various thermal and membrane desalination methods, including multi-stage flash distillation, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. It also discusses factors involved in membrane development and selection.
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.It is most important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean water. This means that the water must be free of germs and chemicals and be clear (not cloudy).
The document discusses various water purification techniques, including desalination methods like reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and distillation. It describes how reverse osmosis works using a semipermeable membrane to filter out solutes under pressure. Historical water purification methods are also discussed, such as techniques described in ancient Sanskrit documents like boiling, heating, or filtering water through sand and gravel. The benefits of reverse osmosis purification are provided, which completely removes contaminants and requires no energy. Additional water treatment methods covered include distillation, heating/boiling, filtration, chlorination, and ozonation.
This document provides an overview of municipal and domestic wastewater treatment processes. It discusses the key microbial processes involved, including biodegradation, bioconversion, and removal/separation processes. Common treatment steps like primary settling, biological treatment, clarification and disinfection are outlined. Specific examples of wastewater treatment plants and processes, such as activated sludge reactors and anaerobic digestion, are also described. The document raises questions around optimizing microbial functions in wastewater treatment and recovering resources from wastewater.
Industries use water that obtained from the water treatment system for a variety
of purposes, such as:
- For manufacturing goods.
- For heating.
- For cooling.
- As carrier of raw material.
- As carrier of waste matter.
- As a solvent.
● The resulting water is then classified as a wastewater.
If a waste stream is found to be hazardous due to corrosivity, neutralization is the primary treatment used. It is used as a pretreatment system before a variety of biological, chemical, and physical treatment processes.
It is the process of adjusting the pH of water through the addition of an acid or a base, depending on the target pH and process requirements. Some processes such as boiler operations and drinking water standards need neutral water at a pH of 7.
Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, allowing pure water to pass through while retaining dissolved salts and other contaminants. It is a highly effective purification process that can remove pollutants from tap water to produce pure water. A basic reverse osmosis system consists of a cold water line, pre-filter, reverse osmosis membrane, post-filter, automatic shut-off valve, check valve, flow restrictor, storage tank, and faucet. Reverse osmosis systems are commonly used to purify water for industrial, medical, and bottled water applications.
This document provides information about reverse osmosis (RO) technology. It defines RO as a water purification process that uses semi-permeable membranes to remove molecules and ions from water by applying pressure. RO can be used to purify drinking water, treat wastewater, and produce deionized water. It is effective at removing pesticides, salt, microorganisms, suspended solids, and other contaminants. RO has advantages such as low energy requirements, compact size, easy maintenance and modular design allowing for expansion. However, it does not remove hardness, gases or some beneficial minerals and the waste concentrate requires disposal.
Desalination is a process that removes salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to produce fresh water that is suitable for human consumption and irrigation. It involves various techniques such as reverse osmosis, thermal desalination, and electrodialysis. While desalination helps address water scarcity issues and is an important source of freshwater for over 300 million people worldwide, it also has disadvantages like high energy usage, production of toxic byproducts, and costliness. The largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia while India's largest plant is in Minjur, Tamil Nadu.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
New Techniques of wastewater ManagementPrashant Ojha
Wastewater treatment broadly describes water treatment preparing water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use for return to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues. Wastewater treatment is distinguished from water treatment by focus on disposal rather than use. Water reclamation implies avoidance of disposal by use of wastewater as a raw water supply. Treatment means removing impurities from water being treated; and some methods of treatment are applicable to both water and wastewater. Production of waste brine, however, may discourage wastewater treatment removing dissolved inorganic solids from water by methods like ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and distillation.
Electrocoagulation (EC), is a rapidly growing area of wastewater treatment, less well known as radio frequency diathermy or short wave electrolysis, is a technique used for wash water treatment, wastewater treatment, industrial processed water, and medical treatment. Electricity-based electrocoagulation technology removes contaminants that are generally more difficult to remove by filtration or chemical treatment systems, such as emulsified oil, total petroleum hydrocarbons, refractory organics, suspended solids, and heavy metals. There are many brands of electrocoagulation devices available and they can range in complexity from a simple anode and cathode to much more complex devices with control over electrode potentials, passivation, anode consumption, cell REDOX potentials as well as the introduction of ultrasonic sound, ultraviolet light and a range of gases and reactants to achieve so-called Advanced Oxidation Processes for refractory or recalcitrant organic substances.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
The document discusses water and wastewater treatment processes. It defines primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages. Primary treatment removes 60% of solids and 35% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) through screens, grit removal, and settling. Secondary treatment removes 90% of BOD and solids using activated sludge or oxidation ponds. Tertiary treatment removes nutrients and dissolved solids. The activated sludge process uses microorganisms to break down organic matter and is modeled using mass balances.
This document provides an overview of common effluent treatment plants (CETP) and industrial wastewater treatment processes. It discusses various sources of industrial wastewater and treatments for removing solids, oils, biodegradable organics, and other contaminants like acids, alkalis, and toxins. Key treatment methods include neutralization, precipitation, filtration, activated sludge processes, and trickling filters. The document focuses on best practices for removing different types of pollutants from wastewater produced by various industries.
A DoGo map is a lightweight tool that provides an overview of the information architecture (IA) of a website or system. By blending a site map with a flowchart, a DoGo map creates an efficient way for the team to maintain a high-level understanding of how the system fits together.
This document discusses collaboration components for R&D including information assets, people, systems for data management and content management, data models, search capabilities, and multi-step processes. It addresses the challenges of enabling connections between people and systems, sharing content and data, and securing information. Finally, it proposes services and platforms to support content management, search and sharing, computing, and an overall collaboration platform with connectivity to both internal and external partners.
This document provides an overview of desalination including an introduction, various desalination methods, preferred technologies, and the state of reverse osmosis technology. It introduces desalination as a process to remove salt and minerals from water to make it suitable for consumption. The main methods discussed are thermal (MSF, MED, VC) and membrane based (RO, ED, EDR), with MSF and RO identified as preferred technologies. The document then goes into detail on the reverse osmosis process, including pre-treatment, post-treatment, cleaning processes, and energy recovery methods.
The document discusses reverse osmosis based desalination, focusing on developments in reverse osmosis membrane technology. It begins with an overview of desalination techniques, highlighting the importance of reverse osmosis. It then describes the reverse osmosis process and membrane types that have been developed, including cellulose acetate, thin film composite, and thin film nanocomposite membranes. The use of nanoparticles is discussed as a way to enhance membrane properties and address challenges like fouling and chlorine resistance. Overall, the document outlines the history and current state of reverse osmosis membrane technology and its role in seawater desalination.
This document provides information about global fresh water resources and desalination. It notes that less than 3% of the world's water is fresh, with over 2.5% frozen in polar regions. The remaining 0.5% must meet all fresh water needs for humanity and ecosystems. It also discusses that fresh water is unevenly distributed globally and many developing nations lack access to clean water. The document then explains water treatment, purification, and desalination processes like reverse osmosis and thermal desalination as methods to produce fresh water from salt or brackish sources.
what is waste water? why waste water is treated? how waste water is treated? waste water treatment processes. what is reverse osmosis? how ro works? process of reverse osmosis. adventage & disadventage of reverse osmosis.
Desalination of Sea Water using Membrane technologyChandni Sinha
The document discusses various desalination methods for obtaining fresh water from seawater. It begins by introducing the importance of desalination given increasing fresh water scarcity. There are two main types of desalination processes: thermal and membrane. Thermal processes involve boiling saline water to produce distilled water, while membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes to separate fresh water from salt water. The document then goes into detail about various thermal and membrane desalination methods, including multi-stage flash distillation, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. It also discusses factors involved in membrane development and selection.
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.It is most important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean water. This means that the water must be free of germs and chemicals and be clear (not cloudy).
The document discusses various water purification techniques, including desalination methods like reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and distillation. It describes how reverse osmosis works using a semipermeable membrane to filter out solutes under pressure. Historical water purification methods are also discussed, such as techniques described in ancient Sanskrit documents like boiling, heating, or filtering water through sand and gravel. The benefits of reverse osmosis purification are provided, which completely removes contaminants and requires no energy. Additional water treatment methods covered include distillation, heating/boiling, filtration, chlorination, and ozonation.
This document provides an overview of municipal and domestic wastewater treatment processes. It discusses the key microbial processes involved, including biodegradation, bioconversion, and removal/separation processes. Common treatment steps like primary settling, biological treatment, clarification and disinfection are outlined. Specific examples of wastewater treatment plants and processes, such as activated sludge reactors and anaerobic digestion, are also described. The document raises questions around optimizing microbial functions in wastewater treatment and recovering resources from wastewater.
Industries use water that obtained from the water treatment system for a variety
of purposes, such as:
- For manufacturing goods.
- For heating.
- For cooling.
- As carrier of raw material.
- As carrier of waste matter.
- As a solvent.
● The resulting water is then classified as a wastewater.
If a waste stream is found to be hazardous due to corrosivity, neutralization is the primary treatment used. It is used as a pretreatment system before a variety of biological, chemical, and physical treatment processes.
It is the process of adjusting the pH of water through the addition of an acid or a base, depending on the target pH and process requirements. Some processes such as boiler operations and drinking water standards need neutral water at a pH of 7.
Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, allowing pure water to pass through while retaining dissolved salts and other contaminants. It is a highly effective purification process that can remove pollutants from tap water to produce pure water. A basic reverse osmosis system consists of a cold water line, pre-filter, reverse osmosis membrane, post-filter, automatic shut-off valve, check valve, flow restrictor, storage tank, and faucet. Reverse osmosis systems are commonly used to purify water for industrial, medical, and bottled water applications.
This document provides information about reverse osmosis (RO) technology. It defines RO as a water purification process that uses semi-permeable membranes to remove molecules and ions from water by applying pressure. RO can be used to purify drinking water, treat wastewater, and produce deionized water. It is effective at removing pesticides, salt, microorganisms, suspended solids, and other contaminants. RO has advantages such as low energy requirements, compact size, easy maintenance and modular design allowing for expansion. However, it does not remove hardness, gases or some beneficial minerals and the waste concentrate requires disposal.
Desalination is a process that removes salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to produce fresh water that is suitable for human consumption and irrigation. It involves various techniques such as reverse osmosis, thermal desalination, and electrodialysis. While desalination helps address water scarcity issues and is an important source of freshwater for over 300 million people worldwide, it also has disadvantages like high energy usage, production of toxic byproducts, and costliness. The largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia while India's largest plant is in Minjur, Tamil Nadu.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
New Techniques of wastewater ManagementPrashant Ojha
Wastewater treatment broadly describes water treatment preparing water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use for return to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues. Wastewater treatment is distinguished from water treatment by focus on disposal rather than use. Water reclamation implies avoidance of disposal by use of wastewater as a raw water supply. Treatment means removing impurities from water being treated; and some methods of treatment are applicable to both water and wastewater. Production of waste brine, however, may discourage wastewater treatment removing dissolved inorganic solids from water by methods like ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and distillation.
Electrocoagulation (EC), is a rapidly growing area of wastewater treatment, less well known as radio frequency diathermy or short wave electrolysis, is a technique used for wash water treatment, wastewater treatment, industrial processed water, and medical treatment. Electricity-based electrocoagulation technology removes contaminants that are generally more difficult to remove by filtration or chemical treatment systems, such as emulsified oil, total petroleum hydrocarbons, refractory organics, suspended solids, and heavy metals. There are many brands of electrocoagulation devices available and they can range in complexity from a simple anode and cathode to much more complex devices with control over electrode potentials, passivation, anode consumption, cell REDOX potentials as well as the introduction of ultrasonic sound, ultraviolet light and a range of gases and reactants to achieve so-called Advanced Oxidation Processes for refractory or recalcitrant organic substances.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
The document discusses water and wastewater treatment processes. It defines primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages. Primary treatment removes 60% of solids and 35% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) through screens, grit removal, and settling. Secondary treatment removes 90% of BOD and solids using activated sludge or oxidation ponds. Tertiary treatment removes nutrients and dissolved solids. The activated sludge process uses microorganisms to break down organic matter and is modeled using mass balances.
This document provides an overview of common effluent treatment plants (CETP) and industrial wastewater treatment processes. It discusses various sources of industrial wastewater and treatments for removing solids, oils, biodegradable organics, and other contaminants like acids, alkalis, and toxins. Key treatment methods include neutralization, precipitation, filtration, activated sludge processes, and trickling filters. The document focuses on best practices for removing different types of pollutants from wastewater produced by various industries.
A DoGo map is a lightweight tool that provides an overview of the information architecture (IA) of a website or system. By blending a site map with a flowchart, a DoGo map creates an efficient way for the team to maintain a high-level understanding of how the system fits together.
This document discusses collaboration components for R&D including information assets, people, systems for data management and content management, data models, search capabilities, and multi-step processes. It addresses the challenges of enabling connections between people and systems, sharing content and data, and securing information. Finally, it proposes services and platforms to support content management, search and sharing, computing, and an overall collaboration platform with connectivity to both internal and external partners.
Getting Things Done is about better managing your time. It's about getting more things done, but without the stress that comes with it. It's about organization and habits and psychology.
The presentation can be viewed here in French (bad quality, sorry)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RlKC6DorPE&t=3s
Some films that parody or pay homage to the James Bond franchise include:
- Austin Powers series (1997-2002) - Stars Mike Myers as Austin Powers, a spy from the 1960s who is defrosted in the 1990s. Directly parodies and references many James Bond film tropes and conventions.
- Johnny English (2003) - Stars Rowan Atkinson as the bumbling secret agent Johnny English. Features over-the-top action sequences and English's inability to complete basic spy tasks.
- Get Smart (2008) - Stars Steve Carell as bumbling spy Control agent Maxwell Smart. References James Bond gadgets and spy missions through a comedic lens.
- Spy (2015) -
This document discusses Oracle E-Business Suite 12.2 online patching. It describes the 12.2 architecture which uses a dual file system and edition-based redefinition to enable online patching with minimal downtime. The online patching cycle consists of 5 phases managed by the new patching tool "adop" and includes preparing the patch file system, applying changes, and performing a cutover to make the changes live with minimal downtime.
Le Design Sprint est un subtil mélange de design thinking, lean startup et stratégie business. Mais cette approche n’est pas seulement bien pour améliorer un service ou produit. On peut peut utiliser cette méthodologie aussi pour mener à bien les projets sociaux et équitables : Let’s make the world a better place!
The Secret Weapon = evernote + email + getting things doneleadingedgevp
The document provides step-by-step instructions for setting up Evernote and organizing tasks using a technique called "The Secret Weapon" that combines Evernote and the Getting Things Done (GTD) method. It describes how to install Evernote, create notebooks and tags for different task attributes like time, context and projects. It also explains how to send emails to Evernote for organization and how to apply tags to sorted tasks.
As our profession grows and matures, it becomes more and more important for us to develop a sense of what it means to be a software professional. Analogies to existing professions are easily drawn. Precision and analytical problem solving are essential. So are we engineers? Creativity and willingness to try things we've never done are core to success. So are we artists? We are a new breed of professional that draws on but is unique from what has come before.
- Utah Code Camp on 11 November 2017
In the last 5 years Pluralsight has grown from one team of 4 engineers to over a dozen teams totaling more than 100 smart, professional software craftsmen. During this time, we have also acquired more than half a dozen companies and disassembled a single monolith into 40+ bounded contexts with hundreds of independent microservices. Come to this talk to learn how we integrated .NET, PHP, Python, NodeJS, Ruby, Elixer, and Scala into a single, functional product offering. Come to this talk to learn how we have embraced team autonomy to create an architecture that allowed us to deliver more than 60 new user experiences over the last year.
- Utah Code Camp on 11 November 2017
1. The document discusses the water treatment process at the Durgapur Municipal Corporation water treatment plant in Angadpur. It involves 7 stages: screening, prechlorination, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection.
2. Key steps include adding aluminum sulfate and polyelectrolyte to form flocs, sedimentation to remove flocs, sand filtration, and chlorination for disinfection. Additional steps are aeration, pH adjustment with lime, and post-chlorination before distribution.
3. The water treatment plant, pumping stations, and distribution network were installed in two phases to supply water to Durgapur town.
Water is the most important source of life on earth. Impure and polluted water have become a serious threat to human sustenance.Contaminated water is the major cause of serious diseases in both humans and animals.That is why it is very important to be cautious about the type of water you are drinking.
PRODUCTION OF POTABLE WATER FROM SEA WATER BY SOLAR ENERGY KuldeepGadhia
This project aims of developing an apparatus which will provide pure drinking water without the need of electric current and expensive filtration apparatus. Solar energy is the energy used in this apparatus. The effectiveness of solar collection is increased by the integration of Fresnel lens. Unconventional desalination systems are costlier and require high maintenance cost. So this situation forced society to depend on conventional technologies. Thus we have built a system to answer the demands of the society. The main aim is to develop an apparatus to provide drinking water for the society with increased feasibility and also at reduced cost with zero carbon emissions.
Engineering hydraulics fresh water obtaining pptxjaamici022
This document discusses four methods for obtaining fresh water from seawater: reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, and flash evaporation. It provides details on the processes for each method. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to push seawater through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving fresh water on one side and brine on the other. Electrodialysis uses electricity and specialized membranes to separate ionic substances. Ultrafiltration uses pressure to remove solids and pathogens. Flash evaporation involves heating water and then releasing it to a lower pressure environment, causing some water to instantly vaporize.
this ppt is about desalination of water through various techniques,describing the procedure of desalition and analysing wjhich meathod will be more useful
Desalination is a process that removes salt from seawater or brackish water to obtain fresh water. It has the potential to address increasing global freshwater demand but also has disadvantages. Over 21,000 desalination plants currently operate worldwide using methods like reverse osmosis or thermal distillation. Low Temperature Thermal Desalination is a promising new technique being developed in India that uses temperature differences in seawater to flash evaporate water with low energy use and minimal environmental impact compared to other methods. However, desalination also produces briny wastewater and uses significant energy, presenting challenges to widespread adoption.
The document discusses various steps in water treatment processes at a water treatment plant. It describes (1) removing suspended solids through coagulation, flocculation, and filtration, (2) removing dissolved solids such as gases and minerals through deaeration, ion exchange, and other processes, and (3) using various chemicals and equipment like settling tanks, filters, and deaerators. It also provides details on concepts like coagulation, flocculation, filtration, ion exchange resins, and specific treatment methods.
This document provides information about the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement. It summarizes that the movement was started in 1985 against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River, including the Sardar Sarovar Dam, which would displace over 250,000 people. Led by activist Medha Patkar, the Narmada Bachao Andolan mobilized local people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists to peacefully protest the dams. The movement gained international support and pressured the World Bank to withdraw funding for the dam projects.
This document provides information about Narmada Bachao Andolan, a movement against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River in India. It discusses how the movement was started in 1985 to protest the Sardar Sarovar Dam and other projects that would displace over 250,000 people. Led by activist Medha Patkar, the movement mobilized local communities, farmers, environmentalists and others against the dams. It argues the dams will damage livelihoods and biodiversity while alternatives exist to provide water and energy. The movement has gained international support through peaceful protests, hunger strikes and media coverage, bringing attention to the issue.
The document discusses water treatment and hardness of water. It defines different types of hardness including temporary and permanent hardness caused by calcium, magnesium, and other ions. It describes the estimation of hardness using the EDTA method and different units used to measure hardness. It also discusses the water treatment process, including intake, screening, aeration, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and storage. Potable water specifications are outlined. The summary is:
Water hardness is classified as temporary or permanent depending on the ions causing it. Hardness can be estimated using the EDTA method and is measured in units like PPM or degrees. Water treatment plants intake, screen, aerate, sedimentate, filter, disinfect and store water
This document provides information about Narmada Bachao Andolan, a movement against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River in India. It discusses how the movement was started in 1985 to protest the Sardar Sarovar Dam and other projects that would displace over 250,000 people. Led by activist Medha Patkar, the movement mobilized local communities, farmers, environmentalists and others against the dams. It gained international support and used non-violent protests, hunger strikes and media coverage to pressure officials.
Desalination methods of purification of waterNalini Badola
Desalination removes minerals from saline water to produce fresh water. Common methods include vacuum distillation, which boils water at low pressure, and reverse osmosis using semipermeable membranes. Water treatment plants follow several steps: suspended solids removal, chlorination for disinfection, aeration, flocculation using aluminum sulfate and polymers, sedimentation, filtration, and additional chlorination before distribution. Desalination remains energy intensive but costs have decreased with membrane technology.
This document discusses the water treatment processes required at a power plant. It describes the primary uses of water as cooling water, service water, and high purity water. It then discusses the major water impurities and types of hardness. The document provides details on the system requirements and treatment processes for the different water systems, including sedimentation, softening, filtration, and demineralization using ion exchange. The key goal of treatment is to provide clean water suitable for uses like cooling and boiler feedwater.
purification of water using solar stillMohamed Ahmed
Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a “Solar Still”. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option. Solar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh water in order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
Ideally, drinking water should be clear, colorless, and well aerated, with no unpalatable taste or odor, and it should contain no suspended matter, harmful chemical substances, or pathogenic microorganisms.
Wastewater discharge from industries, agricultural pollution, municipal wastewater, and poor environmental sanitation are the main sources of water contamination
Chemical Process Industry (Production of Caustic Soda & Chlorine)Dharisinee Dharsh
This document summarizes the process of electrolysis of salt water to produce chlorine and caustic soda. It describes how salt water is purified and passed through an electrolytic cell where an electric current splits it into sodium, chlorine, and hydrogen gas/hydroxide. The specific reactions and production processes vary depending on whether mercury, diaphragm, or membrane cells are used, but all utilize electricity to drive the decomposition of brine into its constituent elements.
This document discusses wastewater management in industries. It outlines the objectives of understanding wastewater quality requirements, design, and disposal methods for different industries. It covers sources of water, water quality parameters, common water impurities, and pretreatment methods like softening, filtration, and ion exchange. The document also discusses the importance of water quality for food processing industries and methods to reduce waste volumes, like classifying wastes, conserving water, changing production processes, and reusing effluents.
A water softener removes calcium and magnesium from hard water through ion exchange, protecting washing machines and plumbing. It works by passing hard water through resin beads that remove the minerals, replacing them with sodium ions. The main components are the mineral tank where softening occurs, a control valve that regulates water flow and initiates regeneration, and a brine tank that holds salt to restore the resin. Installing a water softener improves appliance efficiency, reduces limescale, provides softer clothes, better tasting water, and increases plumbing system lifespan.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
3. Introduction
•Many regions in the world do not have easy access to fresh
drinking water
•Desalination process helps remove salts from sea water to
make it drinkable
•Pros: Brings drinking water to many dry regions
•Cons: Expensive
•In some parts of Middle East, a liter of water is more
expensive than a liter of gasoline
4. Why Desalination?
75% of the Earth’s surface
is covered by water.
97.5% of that water is oceans
Only 1% is available for drinking
80 countries suffered from water
scarcity by the mid-1990s
1.5 billion people lack ready access
to drinking water
Image source: Microsoft
clip art
5. What is
desalination?
•The process of removing salt from sea water.
•It extracts mineral components from saline water.
•The chemical process of changing seawater into potable or
freshwater is called desalination.
9. Reverse Osmosis
•Water pressure increased
•Pumped through permeable membranes
•Salts separated from water due to membranes
•Most Desalination plants utilize this technology
12. Multi Stage flash
•Steam is used to heat tubes of saline water
•Heated water flows into “stages” that are at lower pressure
•Water boils rapidly and “flashes” into steam
13. Multi Stage flash
Image source:
https://danangnugroho.com/wp-content/uploads/blogger/-
MKfu_21nRfs/Ur06DEKsihI/AAAAAAAAAjM/i0A-lRad2Iw/s1600/MED.png
14. Multi Stage flash (cont…)
•Generally, only a small amount
converts to steam since rapid
vaporization results in cooling of
water
•Thus water is flashed multiple
times in different stages at lower
pressures, requiring no extra
heat
•But, multi stage flashing reduces
thermal efficiency
•85% of world’s desalinated
water is generated through MSF
Image source:
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/drink
seawater.html
15. Electrodialysis
•It is used to transport salt ions from one solution through
ion exchange membranes to another solutions under the
influence of an applied electrical potential difference.
•The cell consists of dilute compartment formed by an anion
exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane
placed between two electrodes.
17. Vacuum freezing
•In physical chemistry , ice crystals are formed are made up
of essentially pure water when the temperature of saline
water is lowered to its freezing point and further heat is
removed.
•It is the nature of all the crystals that impurities are excluded
from the structures of the crystals as they grow.
•It requires the separation of ice crystals from the brine ,
cleaning of ice crystals to remove the adhering salts , and
then melting of the crystal to form pure water.
20. Systems and System
Diagram
• System: An object that receives inputs and transforms
them into outputs
System diagram: A block diagram that describes operation of
a system
Example: This plant uses two evaporators and
condensers along with a membrane filter to clean
saltwater (follow the arrows though the diagram)
21. Shoaiba Desalination Plant
•Largest desalination plant in the world
•Produces 450,000 m³/day
•Per year
• 150 million m³ of water is
desalinated
• Total cost is $1.06 billion
•To increase the thermal efficiency of this plant, the
maximum number of stages is set to 25 (MSF)
•Research in the field is resulting in more plants coming up in
Florida and California