Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
A project topic for First years Engineering students in Chemistry and environmental studies. It is suggested to perform the stated experiment separately and let me know if you have any problems! Hope it helps!
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
Here, my topic is based on the Determination of Oil and grease which is a rare topic and in it its all discussed in a very easiest concept so that all the users can improve their knowledge by this presentation.
Research: A new process to remove salt and organic compounds from frack waste...Marcellus Drilling News
A new process was developed by researchers at University of Colorado Boulder to treat frack wastewater using a "simpler" yet effective method. The research explaining the process is published as the cover story in the journal Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, January 2015 issue.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
A project topic for First years Engineering students in Chemistry and environmental studies. It is suggested to perform the stated experiment separately and let me know if you have any problems! Hope it helps!
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
Here, my topic is based on the Determination of Oil and grease which is a rare topic and in it its all discussed in a very easiest concept so that all the users can improve their knowledge by this presentation.
Research: A new process to remove salt and organic compounds from frack waste...Marcellus Drilling News
A new process was developed by researchers at University of Colorado Boulder to treat frack wastewater using a "simpler" yet effective method. The research explaining the process is published as the cover story in the journal Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, January 2015 issue.
Desalination: A Solution to the Global Water Crisis
Desalination is the process of removing salt and minerals from seawater to make it drinkable. For countries facing water scarcity, desalination offers a promising solution to provide clean water access for communities.
An Abundant Source
Seawater is an abundant resource, covering about 70% of the Earth's surface. Desalination taps into this vast supply and converts it into freshwater suitable for drinking and irrigation. Some arid regions of the world, like the Middle East, already rely heavily on desalination to meet their water needs.
Improving Technologies
Desalination technologies, like reverse osmosis, are becoming more efficient and affordable. Reverse osmosis uses membranes to filter out salt and contaminants. Improvements in membrane materials and energy recovery systems have cut costs and energy usage in half over the past 20 years. Some companies are also exploring renewable energy, like solar power, to run desalination plants in an environmentally sustainable way.
Ground water distillation by basin type solar still for different basin water...IJERA Editor
Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need. Without potable water or
drinking water (less than about 500 ppm of salt) human life is not possible. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a
fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason,
purification of water supplies is extremely important.
Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the saline ground water into pure
and potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar energy). Solar energy is an abundant, never
lasting, and available on site and pollution free energy.Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very
cheap option to convert saline ground Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills. The conventional
single basin and single slop Passive Solar Still can be used to purify water but the main problem is that the per
square meter distillate output is less. So it is need to modify the design of solar still for high output of solar
distillate
Solar still is easy to construct, can be done by local people from locally available materials, simple in
operation by unskilled Personnel, no hard maintenance requirements and almost no operation cost. Simplest
basin type models of solar still in earlier days, researchers have progressed a lot to increase its efficiency.
Suitable modification of solar still can produce high output using minimum areas of land and even in cloudy
days. Experimental study is done at Rewa M.P. on two different basin water depth solar stills. Low water depth
solar water still is produced more distillate than high water depth still by the experiment.
With the growing dynamism and competition in the world, energy has become one of the most valuable and desired resources. Besides that, it is already becoming an enormous concern for some countries due to the lack of non-renewable fuels and their astronomically high price. In general, almost all countries in the world suffer a negative impact from the price hike.
So, the world is looking forward to some renewable energy that can be effectively used against this growing demand of energy. Blue Energy is one of those renewable resources. The Blue energy is generated by the process of Reverse Electro-Dialysis. The method is inherently sustainable and clean. So, there are no prominent environmental harmful impacts.
Thermal power house chemistry at DVC BANJHEDIH, KODERMA, JHARKHAND by Yashwan...yashwant yadav
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
HOW MUCH THIS TRAINING WAS HELPFUL TO ME
The training at the DVC KTPS Banjhedih was very much helpful to me.
It is a matter of great pleasure and privilege for me to present this report of 20 days on the practical knowledge gained by me during practical training at KTPS Banjhedih, Koderma during session 11 oct 2017 to 30 oct 2017.
I attribute heartiest thanks to Dr. Sanjoy Kumar Sinha along with Chemist Mr. Arun Kumar Parmanik , Mr. Shashi Bhushan ,Mrs. Kumari Priti and Mr. Bhutnath Rajwar, Mr. Chandresh Kumar, Mr. Shushil Tuddu and greatly thanks to Dy. Manager (Chemist) Mr. Rasikan J. Bhengra. As well as workers of the chemical lab. The project has been prepared based on the vocational training undergone in a highly esteemed organization of Eastern region , a pioneer in Generation, Transmission & Distribution of power , one of the most technically advanced & largest thermal power station in Jharkhand, the KTPS Banjhedih under DVC.
Koderma Thermal Power Station providing me such opportunity to undergo training in the DVC, KTPS. I would also like to thank the senior chemists, highly experienced without whom such type of concept building in respect of thermal power station would not have been possible.
Thanks
Yashwant Yadav
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
This presentation provides a keen insight into the issues that arose during the construction of the Channel Tunnel (Chunnel), that forms a 50.5 km rail lifeline between France and UK.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Desalination for water supply
1.
2. Removing dissolved minerals from
seawater, brackish groundwater, or
treated wastewater
—appears at first glance to be the ideal
answer to freshwater shortages. What
could be more attractive than
harnessing the planet’s seemingly
inexhaustible 1.34 quadrillion (that’s 15
zeros) megaliters of seawater?
3. Ocean Average Salinity (gms./lit)
Atlantic 35.4
Indian 34.8
Pacific 34.5
Brackish Waters 0.5 to 3
4. Water for agriculture accounts to over 90% of water
use in India (Royal Academy of Engg 2012)
By 2030, 2/3rds of the world population will be
suffering from water shortages (HSBC Optimised
Global Water Index, 2008)
5.
6. Over15,000 desalination plants in
operation worldwide, producing upto
55.6 cu.m. water a day (0.5% of global
reqmt)
60% are located in the Middle East.
Total world capacity is approaching 30
million m3/day of potable water
The world's largest plant in Saudi Arabia
produces 128 Million Gallons a Day
(MGD) of desalted water.
11. Intrinsically, the feed stream contains ..
Dissolved solids
Silt
Algae
Bacteria
Various flora and fauna
TEPs (Transparent Exopolymer Particles)
**TEP : Conc. : 20-5000 particles/ ml
Size: 0.002 to 0. 2 mm
Exist as amorphous blobs, clouds and sheets
Hence, Pretreatment Method is generally a
customised form of Coagulation
12.
13.
14.
15. How it works
Separate saltwater and freshwater with a membrane that blocks salt
ions, and the freshwater rushes to the salty side by the natural process of
osmosis. Reverse osmosis (RO) uses hydraulic pressure to shove water
molecules in the opposite direction, with the membrane holding back the
salt.
Upside
Comparatively low energy cost.
Downside
Toxic brine; can’t completely filter potentially harmful substances like
boron, arsenic, lithium, and some pharmaceutical compounds. When
membranes become clogged, they must be scraped and bleached or they
stop working; cleaning, however, reduces the expensive membranes’
lifetime. Pretreating the water to remove the gunk slows the rate of fouling
but requires a lot of real estate.
Best for
Brackish groundwater, which contains on average only 3 to 5 grams of salt
per liter. RO is also increasingly being used to desalinate seawater, however.
Energy trade-off
The pressure needed to push water through the membrane is proportional to
the water’s salinity. Higher pressure means higher energy cost. On
average, RO demands at least 3.5 MWh/ML produced from brackish water
16. How it works
Capacitive deionization works without membranes. It filters impurities by
streaming the water between two charged electrodes. The electrodes
attract ions in the water, which stick to them, leaving freshwater. The
attached ions eventually clog the electrodes, but cleaning is easy:
Simply reverse the electrical polarity to flush the ions back out. Good
candidates for electrodes are advanced materials such as carbon
aerogel and mesoporous carbon.
Upside
Easy to clean; requires less power. The process could theoretically go on
forever without changing electrodes.
Downside
Works only for brackish water; in practice, electrodes can foul. Does not
mitigate toxic brine.
Best for
Brackish water.
Energy trade-off
Far less pressure means less energy.
What’s next
This year, a test reactor will be unveiled in New Mexico, part of an
international project led by Campbell Applied Physics, in Rancho
Murieta, Calif., and several U.S. national laboratories.
17.
18. Adequate & Safe disposal of brine poses
a significant environmental challenge
Brine Salinity depends upon:
Salinity of feedwater
Desalination Method
Recovery rate of plant
Along with high salt levels, can contain
Mg, Pb, I as well as chemicals introduced
via urban & agril. runoff
19. Reduce volume of brine to be
discharged and minimize the adverse
chemicals found therein.
Usage of better artificial filters or even
natural filters, to reduce the amt. of
chemicals during the pre treatment
process
20. Coastal Methods:
-Discharge to oceans
-Confined Aquifers
Inland Methods:
-Deep well injection
-Evaporation Ponds
-Solar energy ponds
-Shallow Aquifer storage for future use
21. There’s no definitive ans. to this Qs. Since
the Cost comprises of a no. of factors:
-Labor
-Chemicals
-Peripherals
-Maintenance
-Electricity
-Capital/Amortisation
22. The plant has been constructed in the
New Jubail II Industrial Zone in the Saudi
Arabia, Kingdom’s Eastern Province.
Provides 8,00,000 cu.m. of freshwater for
cities in the Eastern Province,
Generates 2,750MW of electricity.
Freshwater produced by the $3.8 billion
desalination plant will be transported
23.
24. The Minjur desalination plant consists of 8,600 sea water
RO membranes, 248 pressure vessels, 23 pressure
exchangers, five high-pressure pumps, 16 pressure filter
vessels, electrical, automation and control systems, and a
1,200m of HDPE pipeline of 1,600mm diameter.
The CMWSSB has laid a 33km pipeline with a cost of
INR930m ($20m) to carry the treated fresh water from
Minjur to Red Hills. The project also includes infrastructure
for the collection of seawater. A 110kV/22kV sub-station
has been set up by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board for
uninterrupted power supply to the desalination plant.
A thorough environmental impact study was conducted in
the planning stage.
25. Chennai Water Desalination (CWDL) is
executing the project for the CMWSSB on a
design, build, own, operate and transfer
(DBOOT) basis.
In September 2005, the CMWSSB signed a
bulk water purchase agreement (BWPA)
with CWDL to purchase water from the
Minjur desalination plant at a cost of
INR48.66/m³ ($1.03/m³). It will be sold to
industries at a rate of INR60/m³ ($1.27/m³).
At the end of the 25-year agreement the
contract shall be renewed.
26. As promising as the process sounds, there’s still a
price to pay. As long as the cost of desalination
continues to depend on the cost of energy, these
technologies won’t help much of the energy-starved
developing world that needs them the most.
Also, there is the problem of the toxic sludge
generated as a by product.
Throwing the brine back into the ocean can kill fish
and smaller denizens of the food chain.
Several contenders might make history of these
concerns. New methods in the pipeline reduce
desalination’s energy demands in innovative and
intriguing ways. Further off are technologies that
could turn desalination’s Achilles’ heel into a source
of strength: In the future, desalination might just be
powered by the very waste it filters out.
27. http://www.fwr.org
Desalination, with a grain of salt- A California
perspective, Cooleym, Gleick, Woolf
Fundamentals of Water Desalination, Dessouky and Elsevier, 2002
Desalination: A National Perspective, National Research Council
Committee on Adv. Desalination Tech., USA 2008
http://www. Idadesal.org
http://www.desline.com
Editor's Notes
Pretreatment: usually some form of coagulation process to rid off impurities, TEPs(transparentexopolymer particles: formed frm dissolved polymers exuded by phytoplankton n bacteria)
Ultrafiltration can replace coagulants, effectively removing silt and org matter frmfeedwater.Balances pretreatment chemicals optimally.These filters are backwashed periodically with the same solutions used on RO Membranes. Backwash can be disposed off with waste brine or dewatered or disposed off on land.Subsurface intake wells, using natural sand as filter, reduce chemical usage during pretreatment by reducing biol. Organisms which cause bio fouling
conducted to establish the effect of the plant on the livelihoods of fishermen and other communities. Studies were also conducted on the impact of high saline discharge on the fisheries and turtle nesting before the construction of the plant