This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a collision avoidance and speed control system for school areas using GSM and RFID technologies. The system has two main objectives: 1) to avoid collisions and control vehicle speeds near schools, and 2) to keep records of student entry and exit times by sending messages to parents. It consists of two units - one at the school gate that reads student RFID tags and controls traffic signals, and one onboard passing vehicles that receives signals and controls speed using a motor. The system is intended to improve safety during peak traffic periods at schools and notify parents of students' movements.
Vlsics040307DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM ON FPGAVLSICS Design
As, the number of vehicles are increased day by day in rapid manner. It causes the problem of traffic
congestion, pollution (noise and air). To overcome this problem A FPGA based parking system has been
proposed. In this paper, parking system is implemented using Finite State Machine modelling. The system
has two main modules i.e. identification module and slot checking module. Identification module
identifies the visitor. Slot checking module checks the slot status. These modules are modelled in HDL
and implemented on FPGA. A prototype of parking system is designed with various interfaces like sensor
interfacing, stepper motor and LCD.
The main motive behind this technology is to reduce and secure the parking issues in metro cities. They
technology is designed to solve the daily problems of parking in many places like malls, multiplex, award
functions, auditorium etc. The aim and purpose is to scale down an efficient working model of a vehicle parking
system for accommodating vehicles within a limited area. The goal is to provide better security and reliability
with an advanced vehicle parking system. Architects and designers are finding various possible solutions to
reduce this people problem.
The main objective of this project is to avoid the congestion in the car parking area by implementing a parking management system. Normally at public places such as multiplex theaters, market areas, hospitals, function-halls, offices and shopping malls, one experiences the discomfort in looking out for a vacant parking slot, though it’s a paid facility with an attendant/ security guard. The parking management system is proposed to demonstrate hazel free parking for 32 cars, with 16 slots on each of the two floors. The proposed system uses 32 infrared transmitter-receiver pairs that remotely communicate the status of parking occupancy to the microcontroller system and displays the vacant slots on the display at the entrance of the parking so that the user gets to know the availability /unavailability of parking space prior to his/her entry into the parking place. In this system the users are guided to the vacant slot for parking using Bi-colored LEDs and the ultrasonic sensors enable the drivers to park the vehicle safely. The parking charges are automatically deducted from the user’s account using RFID technology. From security point of view a daily log-book of entry/exit along with the vehicle details is also registered in the computer’s memory.Implementation of concept of green communication and exception handling facility make the system concept unique and innovative.
IOT Based Smart Parking and Damage Detection Using RFIDMaheshMoses
The proposed Smart Parking framework comprises an IoT module that is utilized to screen and signalize the condition of accessibility of a single parking spot The damage detection of the car can be detected using a vibration sensor
Vlsics040307DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM ON FPGAVLSICS Design
As, the number of vehicles are increased day by day in rapid manner. It causes the problem of traffic
congestion, pollution (noise and air). To overcome this problem A FPGA based parking system has been
proposed. In this paper, parking system is implemented using Finite State Machine modelling. The system
has two main modules i.e. identification module and slot checking module. Identification module
identifies the visitor. Slot checking module checks the slot status. These modules are modelled in HDL
and implemented on FPGA. A prototype of parking system is designed with various interfaces like sensor
interfacing, stepper motor and LCD.
The main motive behind this technology is to reduce and secure the parking issues in metro cities. They
technology is designed to solve the daily problems of parking in many places like malls, multiplex, award
functions, auditorium etc. The aim and purpose is to scale down an efficient working model of a vehicle parking
system for accommodating vehicles within a limited area. The goal is to provide better security and reliability
with an advanced vehicle parking system. Architects and designers are finding various possible solutions to
reduce this people problem.
The main objective of this project is to avoid the congestion in the car parking area by implementing a parking management system. Normally at public places such as multiplex theaters, market areas, hospitals, function-halls, offices and shopping malls, one experiences the discomfort in looking out for a vacant parking slot, though it’s a paid facility with an attendant/ security guard. The parking management system is proposed to demonstrate hazel free parking for 32 cars, with 16 slots on each of the two floors. The proposed system uses 32 infrared transmitter-receiver pairs that remotely communicate the status of parking occupancy to the microcontroller system and displays the vacant slots on the display at the entrance of the parking so that the user gets to know the availability /unavailability of parking space prior to his/her entry into the parking place. In this system the users are guided to the vacant slot for parking using Bi-colored LEDs and the ultrasonic sensors enable the drivers to park the vehicle safely. The parking charges are automatically deducted from the user’s account using RFID technology. From security point of view a daily log-book of entry/exit along with the vehicle details is also registered in the computer’s memory.Implementation of concept of green communication and exception handling facility make the system concept unique and innovative.
IOT Based Smart Parking and Damage Detection Using RFIDMaheshMoses
The proposed Smart Parking framework comprises an IoT module that is utilized to screen and signalize the condition of accessibility of a single parking spot The damage detection of the car can be detected using a vibration sensor
With increasing vehicle size in the luxury segment and crunching parking space, traffic congestion is increasingly becoming an alarming concern in almost all major cities around the world. Burning about a million barrels of the world’s oil every day, and considering cities are turning urban without a well-planned, convenience-driven retreat from the cars, these problems will only worsen.
Smart Parking systems is one of the latest disruptive technologies that help address this problem by generating real time contextual information about the available parking spaces particular geographical area to accommodate vehicles low-cost sensors, mobility-enabled automated payment systems, real-time data collection, Smart Parking systems is designed to aid drivers to precisely find a spot.
What’s more, Smart Parking also minimizes emissions from vehicle in urban centers when deployed as a system by decreasing the dependency of people; unnecessarily circling the blocks trying to identify parking space. Apart from this green cause, by employing a host of technologies such as M2M telematics, Smart Parking helps resolve one of the biggest problems when driving around in urban areas – which is illegal parking and identifying free parking space.
Smart Parking Concept - An Internet of Things SolutionrapidBizApps
Universal access to computational power and bandwidth has allowed people and governments to accept and adopt new technologies that make life easier for everybody. A surge in the availability of low cost connected devices has paved the way for powerful technological advances towards the goal of building smart cities. This eBook presents the concept of smart parking that empowers communities to harness connectivity to manage traffic and optimize parking space that scales alongside demand.
Company: rapidBizApps
Website: www.rapidbizapps.com
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Smart Parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and process is real-time to place vehicles at available positions .It involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and mobile-phone-enabled automated payment systems that allow people to reserve parking in advance or very accurately predict where they will likely find a spot.
Nowadays the congestion of traffic level increases with the increasing population rapidly. With respect to
the amount of population country, the utilization of personal vehicles also increased. Most of the folks choose personal
vehicles than public transportation. Enter his/her details to the application, and enter the location where he/she wants to
reach time-consuming to find parking space in most metropolitan areas, commercial areas, especially during the rush
hours. It is often costly in almost every big city in all over the world to find a proper and secure parking space. The
proposed project is a smart parking system that delivers information to people finding a parking space online booking. It
reduce unnecessary time consuming for searching the problem of parking space in parking areas. Hence, the website is
provided by this project-based system where users can view various parking areas and choose the space from obtainable
slots. Keywords:
With increasing vehicle size in the luxury segment and crunching parking space, traffic congestion is increasingly becoming an alarming concern in almost all major cities around the world. Burning about a million barrels of the world’s oil every day, and considering cities are turning urban without a well-planned, convenience-driven retreat from the cars, these problems will only worsen.
Smart Parking systems is one of the latest disruptive technologies that help address this problem by generating real time contextual information about the available parking spaces particular geographical area to accommodate vehicles low-cost sensors, mobility-enabled automated payment systems, real-time data collection, Smart Parking systems is designed to aid drivers to precisely find a spot.
What’s more, Smart Parking also minimizes emissions from vehicle in urban centers when deployed as a system by decreasing the dependency of people; unnecessarily circling the blocks trying to identify parking space. Apart from this green cause, by employing a host of technologies such as M2M telematics, Smart Parking helps resolve one of the biggest problems when driving around in urban areas – which is illegal parking and identifying free parking space.
Smart Parking Concept - An Internet of Things SolutionrapidBizApps
Universal access to computational power and bandwidth has allowed people and governments to accept and adopt new technologies that make life easier for everybody. A surge in the availability of low cost connected devices has paved the way for powerful technological advances towards the goal of building smart cities. This eBook presents the concept of smart parking that empowers communities to harness connectivity to manage traffic and optimize parking space that scales alongside demand.
Company: rapidBizApps
Website: www.rapidbizapps.com
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Smart Parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and process is real-time to place vehicles at available positions .It involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and mobile-phone-enabled automated payment systems that allow people to reserve parking in advance or very accurately predict where they will likely find a spot.
Nowadays the congestion of traffic level increases with the increasing population rapidly. With respect to
the amount of population country, the utilization of personal vehicles also increased. Most of the folks choose personal
vehicles than public transportation. Enter his/her details to the application, and enter the location where he/she wants to
reach time-consuming to find parking space in most metropolitan areas, commercial areas, especially during the rush
hours. It is often costly in almost every big city in all over the world to find a proper and secure parking space. The
proposed project is a smart parking system that delivers information to people finding a parking space online booking. It
reduce unnecessary time consuming for searching the problem of parking space in parking areas. Hence, the website is
provided by this project-based system where users can view various parking areas and choose the space from obtainable
slots. Keywords:
In the year of 2010, Brazil reached the level of the eighth world's largest economy and, as a country of 190 millions of inhabitants, is the most populous nation in Latin America, concentrating more than half of the internet users of the region. At the same time only China has worst statistics in the aspect of the people’s access to Information and Communications Technology, within the ten largest economies. The Brazilian State has been promoting, since the publication of the Green Book in 2000, several programs like Proinfo and Computers for All, with the aim of offering better conditions for its people. Among those efforts, there is the most recent and expensive government initiative: the One Computer per Student Project (PROUCA) which is an adaptation of the international project One Laptop per Child (OLPC) for the socioeconomic conditions in Brazil. We describe in this work the design of the OLPC and PROUCA, and from such proposals and objectives, we compare them to similar initiatives implemented in other countries. Furthermore, we present a brief overview of the application of the PROUCA’s pre-pilot program in five schools, and we show in some detail what we observed during a visit to one of those schools, when we had a chance to interview several stakeholders in the educational area that commented about problems they faced, results achieved and expectations for the future.
Wireless Reporting System for Accident Detection at Higher SpeedsIJERA Editor
Speed is one of the basic reasons for vehicle accident. Many lives could have been saved if emergency service
could get accident information and reach in time. Nowadays, GPS has become an integral part of a vehicle
system. This paper proposes to utilize the capability of a GPS receiver to monitor speed of a vehicle and detect
accident basing on monitored speed and send accident location to an Alert Service Center. The GPS will
monitor speed of a vehicle and compare with the previous speed in every second through a Microcontroller
Unit. Whenever the speed will be below the specified speed, it will assume that an accident has occurred. The
system will then send the accident location acquired from the GPS along with the time and the speed by utilizing
the GSM network. This will help to reach the rescue service in time and save the valuable human life.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper talks about the role connectivity plays in automotive industry, and the influence of 5G on enabling the next generation of "In Car Experiences"
Online Accessable Traffic Control System for Urban Areas Using Embedded Syste...IJSRD
During recent years traffic congestion is become a serious problem in almost all cities. Due to the high density of traffic, pedestrians find it difficult to cross the road. Even though several advanced strategic plans are introduced to regulate the traffic but due to lack of provision for on- road pedestrian crossing, rate of accidents become very high. One such provision is given is elevated path for pedestrian to cross the road, but the elderly person finds it difficult to use that. Hence an idea is proposed to help the elderly people by giving provision for on- road pedestrian crossing in high density traffic areas like near schools, hospitals, markets, etc. which reduces the accidents rate also. To implement this, here an additional time delay is introduced in the traffic signal for pedestrian crossing in addition to vehicle crossing in all possible direction. Additionally, provision is given to track the vehicle which violates the traffic rules and to clear the traffic for emergency vehicles. All the above said three parameters can be simulated by using PROTEUS software.
Accident Detection and Ambulance Triggered Traffic Management SystemsSachin Kumar Asokan
This was a project that I worked on during my undergraduate degree where the main goal was to understand how electrical engineering & technology can impact our daily lives in a resourceful and positive way. This model was picked for a honorable mention in the competition.
This is used to track the exact location of a vehicle using GPS tracking systems and give information about the position to concerned person through GSM via SMS.
Automatic Park and retrieve assissted systems for automobiles using smartphonetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Automatic Park and retrieve assissted systems for automobiles using smartphonetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
GSM BASED ANTI THEFT SYSTEM FOR VEHICLES
conclusion
In a situation where there is high level of theft, there is need for better security system.
It is much safer to have a System that monitors and communicates to the device owner.
This tends to utilize the availability of GSM network, mobile phone and electronics circuit to achieve an automated system which is programmed to work as a thinking device to accomplish this purpose.
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a wide area wireless communications system that uses digital radio transmission to provide voice, data, and multimedia communication services. A GSM system coordinates the communication between a mobile telephones (mobile stations), base stations (cell sites), and switching systems.
. The power supply provides the voltage and current required for effective performance of the system. This supply is tapped from the car battery and then regulated before being fed to the system.
i. If the system is active, it monitors both the car doors and boot to check if anyone is opened.
ii. Demobilizes the car by disconnecting the ignition line from the battery supply via the actuator .
iii. Sends text message to the car owner signifying where the attempt is made from, and finally
iv. Starts up an alarm for alert purpose.
GSM based Anti-theft system implemented on 8051 microcontroller. This is a very useful application of GSM (Group Special Mobile) and is very commonly used in vehicles. A GSM system consists of a modem. The modem acts as a modulator and demodulator for GSM signals. The relevant messages are also displayed on a computer screen.
Present technologies of locking and monitoring the
cargo do not provide effective solution for the situation. A little
corruption among the employees can easily deceive whole
security system. Since the cargo contains materials of high value
and in high quantity, these containers are more prone to the
pilferage and hence to protect the material we need a sound
technique which minimizes the loss due to involvement of the
corrupt employees. The technical work undertaken here aims at
providing a sound mechanism to prevent pilferage in the cargo
containers by implying an electronic lock and having series of
basic security check like swapping the RFID card provided to the
customer, biometric sensor and by entering the password which
is sent at the time of delivery to the customer. Therefore it
minimizes the human interference security of the cargo
containers.
This paper proposes a cost effective method of tracking cargo
mobility using GPS. The system gives current vehicle location
whenever needed with reliable accuracy. The system uses GSM
and GPS Technology, helping in efficient monitoring of the
desired vehicles. The paper also discusses the proposed GPS
based vehicle Tracking System using GSM technology in which
the coordinates are forwarded to Central monitoring system. The
position of the vehicle can be traced on Google / Local maps. The
paper gives functional, Technical description and Software
implementation for the GPS and GSM based Vehicle Tracking
System.
TRACKING AND CHECKING CARGO CONTAINERS PILFERAGE USING ELECTRONIC LOCK
Ej31898902
1. Kailash V. Karad, Girish A. Kulkarni / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.898-902
Gsm & Rfid Based Tx & Rx For Collision Avoidance & Speed
Control.
Kailash V. Karad*, Girish A. Kulkarni**
*(Master of Engg.,Department of E&C,North Maharashtra University, Bhusawal.)
** (Head & Prof.,Department of E&C, North Maharashtra University, Bhusawal.)
ABSTRACT
In today’s world, there is a continuous as a result driving of a vehicle is quite difficult on the
need for automatic appliances with the increase in roads. This system is specially developed for the
standard of living; there is a sense of urgency for school places where most of the parents uses their
developing circuits that would ease the complexity own vehicle for dropping their child at schools.
of life. Normally, this type of systems are useful in Dropping & picking time of children is peak time, at
case of emergency areas where traffic is main this time traffic is more ,during this time chances of
concern & little carelessness may cause accident & accident are more so to avoid this a system is
death may occur. Now a days problem of traffic is designed with the help of GSM & RFID which will
much serious specially in the areas of schools as monitor the traffic by controlling the speed with the
well as the places where crowd is more. help of DC motor very well and avoid the collision.
A collision avoidance control system for a
vehicle is provided which is designed to determine II. NECESSITY
a target collision avoidance deceleration required Now a days problem of traffic is much
for a system vehicle equipped with this system to citical specially in the areas of schools as well as the
bring a relative speed between the system vehicle places where crowd is more. In such cases, there is
and a target object into agreement with always requirement of collision free traffic with the
substantially zero without a physical collision with control of speed. Because of advancement in
the target object and to determine a possibility of technology, for every vehicle we have good driving
collision with the target object as a function of the speed & easily availability of vehicles adds the traffic
target collision avoidance deceleration. This as a result driving of a vehicle is quite difficult on the
system is specially designed with the help of GSM roads. This system is specially developed for the
& RFID for the school areas where chances of school places where most of the parents uses their
accidents are more. own vehicle for dropping their child at schools.
Keywords - Collision avoidance, GSM, , LPC 2148, Dropping & picking time of children is peak time, at
RFID, speed control, Zigbee . this time traffic is more ,during this time chances of
accident are more so to avoid this a system is
I. INTRODUCTION designed with the help of GSM & RFID which will
In today’s world, increasing traffic is a monitor the traffic by controlling the speed with the
major concern. The traffic police are inefficient to help of DC motor very well and avoid the collision.
handle the traffic conditions. Today many people
break the law by breaking the traffic rules. The traffic III. OBJECTIVES
rules are broken often at the signals. People start Actually, this system has two objectives.
moving ahead even though the signal is red and many i. Avoidance of collision & speed control.
culprits gat away since there is no police at the signal ii. Keeping the record of students by sending the
further such driving practice is an invitation for message to their parents at what time they are
serious accidents. Same are the problems faced by entered or leave the school gate.In order to
different schools. Accidents are major concern for the implement this system, GSM, RFID tag & RF
school authorities as children are not always cross the transreceiver is required where as the speed of
roads properly.To solve all the above problems we vehicle will be controlled by DC motor.
have come up with an innovative soln. of anti-signal
breaking system. Now a days problem of traffic is IV. LITERATURE SURVEY
much citical specially in the areas of schools as well
as the places where crowd is more. In such cases, A. COLLISION AVOIDANCE
there is always requirement of collision free traffic The present invention relates generally to a
with the control of speed. Because of advancement in collision avoidance control system which works to
technology, for every vehicle we have good driving initiate collision avoidance action when the danger of
speed & easily availability of vehicles adds the traffic possible collision with a target present ahead of a
898 | P a g e
2. Kailash V. Karad, Girish A. Kulkarni / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.898-902
vehicle is encountered. Automotive collision monitor greater than a maximum deceleration controllable by
systems are known which work to estimate stopping the travel control apparatus.
distances of a system-equipped vehicle and a target
preceding vehicle traveling ahead of the system- B. GSM
equipped vehicle and locations of the system- The GSM standard (Global System for
equipped vehicle and the target preceding vehicle Mobile Communications) for mobile telephony was
after the elapse of a preset time to determine the introduced in the mid-1980s and is the European
danger of possible collision with the target preceding initiative for creating a new cellular radio interface.
vehicle based on the stopping distances and the The GSM system uses a TDMA radio access system
locations. For instance, Japanese Patent First employed in 135 countries, operating in 200 KHz
Publication No. 08-132996 teaches such estimation channels with eight users per channel. It is the most
of the stopping distances. Japanese Patent First widely deployed digital network in the world today,
Publication No. 05-181529 (corresponding to U.S. used by 10.5 million people in more than 200
Pat. No. 5,473,538) teaches such estimation of countries.
locations of the system-equipped vehicle and the GSM Bandwidth Allocation
target preceding vehicle.It is, however, impossible for GSM can operate four distinct frequency bands:
the above systems to determine the degree of GSM 450: GSM 450 supports very large cells in the
deceleration to be produced in an automatic braking 450 MHz band. It was designed for countries with a
device of the system vehicle to avoid collision with low user density such as in Africa. It may also
the preceding vehicle based on the determination of replace the original 1981 NMT 450 (Nordic Mobile
the danger of possible collision. The systems, thus, Telephone) analog networks used in the 450 MHz
need to perform an additional operation to determine band. NMT is a first generation wireless technology.
a control variable to decelerate the system-equipped [5]
vehicle [1]. GSM 900: When speaking of GSM, the original
Japanese Patent First Publication No. 11- GSM system was called GSM 900 because the
066495 teaches a collision avoidance control system original frequency band was represented by 900
which uses an intervehicle distance between the MHz. To provide additional capacity and to enable
system-equipped vehicle and the target preceding higher subscriber densities, two other systems were
vehicle, a relative speed between the system- added afterward.
equipped vehicle and the target preceding vehicle, a GSM 1800: GSM 1800 (or DCS 1800) is an adapted
minimum distance to be reserved between the version of GSM 900 operating in the 1800 MHz
system-equipped vehicle and the target preceding frequency range. Any GSM system operating in a
vehicle, acceleration of the target preceding vehicle, higher frequency band requires a large number of
and a preset deceleration of the system-equipped base stations than for an original GSM system. The
vehicle to derive a quadratic function in terms of availability of a wider band of spectrum and a
conditions required to avoid accidental collision with reduction in cell size will enable GSM 1800 to handle
the target preceding vehicle and determines the more subscribers than GSM900. The smaller cells, in
possibility of the collision using a parabola, as fact, give improved indoor coverage and low power
represented by the quadratic function. Specifically, requirements.
this system increases the preset deceleration of the GSM 1900 (or PCS 1900): PCS 1900 (Personal
system-equipped vehicle cyclically and determines Communications System) is a GSM 1800 variation
the possibility of the collision based on the designed for use on the North American Continent,
orientation of the parabola, an inclination of a straight which uses the 1900 MHz band. Since 1993, phase 2
segment of the parabola, coordinates of the straight of the specifications has included both the GSM 900
segment of the parabola, and a predefined parabola and DCS 1800 (Digital Cellular System) in common
determining equation in each cycle to bring a target documents. The GSM 1900 system has been added to
deceleration used in deceleration control into the IS-136 D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile
agreement with a value of the preset deceleration Phone System) and IS-95 Code Division Multiple
when it is determined that there is almost no Access (CDMA) system, both operated at the 1900
possibility of the collision.[1,2] MHz band.
A collision avoidance control system The ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
comprising a travel control apparatus working to has allocated the GSM radio spectrum with the
determine a target acceleration as functions of a following bands:
distance to the target object and the relative speed GSM 900: Uplink: 890–915 MHz
and to decelerate or accelerate the system vehicle Downlink: 935–960 MHz
based on the target acceleration to control a travel GSM 1800: Uplink: 1710–1785 MHz
condition of the system vehicle, and wherein the Downlink: 1805–1880 MHz
deceleration control activating threshold value is set GSM 1900: Uplink: 1850–1910 MHz
Downlink: 1930–1990 MHz
899 | P a g e
3. Kailash V. Karad, Girish A. Kulkarni / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.898-902
In the above, uplink designates connection from the
mobile station to the base station and
downlink denotes connection from the base station to
the mobile station.
C. RFID
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a
technology for wireless information exchange over
short distances. Even though the technology itself
was invented about 50 years ago, recent development
in the field of low cost RFID devices began to finally Unit at the school gate
show its potential. The possibility of adding Figure 1. System Block Diagram
(minimal) computing capabilities to everyday’s 1. Unit at the school gate :
objects will support the development of ubiquitous Following are the different sections of this unit.
computing in the near future. Applying RFID
RFID Reader unit : This unit is interfaced to the
transponders to consumer goods will be common,
ARM and is situated at the gate of the school. All the
creating an ever present computing environment
spanning all parts of everyday’s life. Today RFID students have the RFID tag with them. As soon as the
student passes the front gate of the school the reader
commerce already constitutes a vital and ever
expanding market. Judging by evidence from recent at the gate reads the RFID tag and sends this
information to the PC.
years, RFID industry will continue its rapid growth.
In such a developing market security and privacy PC Unit : On board the PC we have a visual basic
become increasingly important. An appropriate software .The PC after receiving the RF id tag
definition for security is a composite of the attributes information from the student compares it with the
confidentiality, integrity and availability (also called database of the students stored in the PC. It then
CIA). In this context, confidentiality means the sends a SMS to the concerned parents that the
absence of unauthorized information disclosure. particular student has entered the school premises
Integrity describes the absence of improper (meaning with in time of entry. Similarly this unit will send a
unauthorized) system and underlying data alteration. SMS as soon as the student exits the school .In this
Availability in the security context is defined as way the parents get intimation during in time and out
continued readiness for authorized actions. Hence, a time of the respective student. Thus every parent will
system with appropriate security should maximize get a SMS that the student has reached the school in
the balance of the three attributes’ concurrent time. In case any parent doesn’t get the SMS in time
existence. Moreover, privacy is defined as a subset of they can enquire about the student to the school. The
confidentiality and integrity. In other words, SMS is sent using the dedicated mobile connected to
consumers have the right to be sure that their data is the school PC using the AT commands.
not disclosed [6].
RF Transreceiver unit : This unit senses if there are
V. SYSTEM DESIGN any vehicles in the close vicinity of the school. If any
Basically system is divided into two units. car approaches and there is no student at the gate then
1. Unit at the school gate the ARM turns the signal to yellow indicating
2. Unit on board the vehicle. passing vehicle to slow down. If this unit senses a
vehicle and also there is a student at the gate of the
school ready to cross the road the ARM will
immediately turn the signal to RED indicating to the
vehicle to STOP. Also an RF indication is given to
the passing vehicle about the status of the signal.
2. Unit on board the vehicle:
This unit also has an RF Transreceiver which sends
an indication to the unit of the school informing
about its presence. After this the Unit at the gate will
send the indication about the status of the signal via
the RF module which is received by the incoming
vehicle.If the signal is RED then ARM will stop the
vehicle using the DC motor speed control technique.
If the signal is yellow then the ARM will reduce the
speed to the safe limit automatically. After the
Unit on board the vehicle student has passed the Vehicle can go on its way.
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4. Kailash V. Karad, Girish A. Kulkarni / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.898-902
VI. SYSTEM COMPONENTS vehicles are coming for dropping or picking up their
ARM 7 children or students.With the help of designed
The LPC2131/32/34/36/38 microcontrollers system speed of vehicle is kept in tolerable range by
are based on a 16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with the indication of the signal so that traffic is neatly
real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that drived and ultimately vehicle collision is avoided
combine the microcontroller with 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 which is leading to zero chances of accidents. The
kB, 256 kB and 512 kB of embedded high-speed designed system is also intended for sendig a
flash memory. A128-bit wide memory interface and a message through a dedicated mobile to the students
unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code parents by keeping record of their entrance or leaving
execution at maximum clock rate. For critical code time of school which makes parents tension free
size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode those who are not able to dropped or picked up from
reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal school.This system is also usful for specially in case
performance penalty. of dummy students because the special RFID tag is
It is selected for the for following reasons: provided to each student so without verifying the
1. Two serial ports available RFID tag students are not able to enter in the school
2. Cheap, easily available campus.
3. Plenty guidance available In short this system is very useful for
4. High level of computing possible. controlling the speed of vehicle & ultimately
avoidance of collision with in-out information of the
TRANSMISSION MODULE student to their parents.
XBEE protocol is used for wireless
communication in between the ARM and the PC. 30 APPLICATION
mtrs range, 2.4 GHz frequency XBee. Module is Normally, this type of system is useful in
engineered to meet ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 standards case of emergency areas where traffic is main
and support the unique needs of low-cost, low-power concern & little carelessness may cause accident &
wireless sensor networks. The modules require death may occur. Specially, this is useful in following
minimal power and provide reliable delivery of applications.
critical data between devices. The modules operate 1. At school gates
within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are pin- 2. In hospital premises.
for-pin compatible with each other. 3. In mall premises.
RFID Tag ADVANTAGES
The basic feature of an RFID system is the 1. The system is easy to understand.
automatic identification of items. In its simplest 2. Avoids the collision of vehicle by controlling the
form, such identification can be binary, e.g., paid or speed.
not paid, useful for alerting. 3. Identification of student is easy as RFID is
Features provided to
1. Frequency Band - HF each student.
2. Common Frequency - 13.56 MHz. 4. Easy to set up the system.
3. Coupling - Inductive 5. Keeps the record of student’s entrance or leaving
4. Communication Range - 10 to 70 cm. time from school.
5. Data Rate - Low
6. Maturity - Established LIMITATIONS
7. Reader Cost - Medium 1. As dedicated mobile is used for sending message
to the students parents, frequent updates of mobile
VII. FUTURE SCOPE numbers are required.
Though, the system is well designed still it 2. System has the limitation of area covered in order
has limitation of distance or area coverage. This to detect the vehicle using RF transreceiver.
problem can be solved using the module of zigbee.
For wireless transmission zigbee is the best solution REFERENCES
that can replace existing RF transreceiver. In addition [1] B. Ulmer. 'VITA - An Autonomous Road
to this, signal indication i.e. RED & YELLOW Vehicle (ARV) for Collision Avoidance in
signals may be replace wirelessly instead of wired. Traffic'. In "Proc. of Int. Symp. on Intelligent
Vehicles", Detroit June 92.
VIII. CONCLUSION [2] Hyangjin Lee, Jeeyeon Kim, “Privacy threats
The designed system gives the complete and issues in mobile RFID ” Korea Information
solution over the problem of traffic specially in case Security Agency.
of school areas where parents vehicle or private
901 | P a g e
5. Kailash V. Karad, Girish A. Kulkarni / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.898-902
[3] Y. Bar-Shalom, X. Rong Li, T. Kirubarajan,
Estimation with Applications to Tracking and
Navigation. Wiley, 2001.
[4] F. Thomanek. et al.“Multiple Object Recognition
and Scene Interpretation forAutonomous Road
Vehicle Guidance”.
[5] John Scourias, “Overview of the Global System
for Mobile Communications”,May 19,1995.
[6] Marc Langheinrich, “A Survey of RFID Privacy
Approaches”.
[7] Bernhard Riedl,Gernot Glouch,”A Comparative
Literature Review on RFID security and
Privacy”.
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