The document discusses various contraceptive methods including natural family planning methods, barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like birth control pills, and surgical sterilization procedures. It also covers abortion, describing spontaneous and induced abortions as well as the different types of each. The main contraceptive and abortion methods are defined and their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
Labour induction
Induction of labour
Guidelines on induction of labour
Guidelines on labour induction
induction of labour is not risk free
prostaglandins for induction of labour
Bishop score
Cervical ripening techniques
mechanical and pharmacological induction of labour
Post dates induction
options for cervical ripening
oral vs. vaginal misoprostol
advantages diadvantages and techniques for induction of labour
gynecology & obstetrics
Labour induction methods
review of guidelines for labour induction
An update INDUCTION OF LABOR : WHO, WHEN, HOW ,WHERE & OUTCOME? DGFPublicAwareness
IOL..first mentioned HIPPOCRATES
The …NIPPLE STIMULATION OR MECHANICAL METHODS
NOW…
MOST USED
MOST EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS IN MODERN OBSTETRICS.
“EXACT KNOWLEDGE ON WHOM,WHEN,WHERE HOW HAS BEEN LACKING”
NO CONSENSUS BASED ON LARGE RCTs
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
Mifeprex tablets each contain 200 mg of mifepristone, a synthetic steroid with anti progestational effects. The tablets are light yellow in color, cylindrical and biconvex, and are intended for oral administration only. The tablets include the inactive ingredients colloidal silica anhydrous, corn starch, povidone, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate.
Labour induction
Induction of labour
Guidelines on induction of labour
Guidelines on labour induction
induction of labour is not risk free
prostaglandins for induction of labour
Bishop score
Cervical ripening techniques
mechanical and pharmacological induction of labour
Post dates induction
options for cervical ripening
oral vs. vaginal misoprostol
advantages diadvantages and techniques for induction of labour
gynecology & obstetrics
Labour induction methods
review of guidelines for labour induction
An update INDUCTION OF LABOR : WHO, WHEN, HOW ,WHERE & OUTCOME? DGFPublicAwareness
IOL..first mentioned HIPPOCRATES
The …NIPPLE STIMULATION OR MECHANICAL METHODS
NOW…
MOST USED
MOST EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS IN MODERN OBSTETRICS.
“EXACT KNOWLEDGE ON WHOM,WHEN,WHERE HOW HAS BEEN LACKING”
NO CONSENSUS BASED ON LARGE RCTs
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
Mifeprex tablets each contain 200 mg of mifepristone, a synthetic steroid with anti progestational effects. The tablets are light yellow in color, cylindrical and biconvex, and are intended for oral administration only. The tablets include the inactive ingredients colloidal silica anhydrous, corn starch, povidone, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate.
Endrocrine drugs /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Birth control methods.ppsm WITH POWERPLUGS effects download to see effects V7_JED
Review, update and validate content before using, CREDITS TO THE OWNERS OF THE INFOS, animations AND GRAPHICS USED "I DON'T OWN THEM". I accidentally deleted the slides that contains the references - but these are reliable. I uploaded this as a secondary material for MAPEH teachers its the responsibility of the user to update and check content for errors. TY
An in depth look at birth control, topics include: PPR services, body basics, the reproductive cycle and fertility, available birth control methods, healthy decision making, healthy relationships and unplanned pregnancy.
family planning content with recent advances ..family planning is for everyone ...content can be used for educational purposes ....by sharanjit kaur jhajj
The process of birth control takes into account actions , sexual practices, devices or medications that are followed for preventing intentionally or reducing the chances of childbirth or pregnancy.
National Family Planning methods - different types of methods temporary as well as permanent used to prevent pregnancy #Barrier methods #Oral pills #Mirena #Cu T #Female sterilization methods #Tubal Ligation #NSV
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
7. Contraceptive is a regimen of one or
more actions, devices, or medications
followed in order to deliberately
prevent or reduce the likelihood of a
woman becoming pregnant or giving
birth. Methods and intentions typically
termed birth control may be considered
a pivotal ingredient to family
planning.
BACK TO TOPICS
8.
9. Abstinence
Refraining from sex with a partner
Refraining from intercourse with a
partner
Celibacy: not engaging in solitary or
partnered sexual expression
Avoids risk of STDs
10. Cyclical charting (Natural family
planning)
Recording of monthly menstrual
events to aid in inducing or
preventing pregnancy
Avoidance of sexual intercourse
during fertile days.
Variety of techniques:
11. a. Calender method
•First unsafe day is 18 days less than
length of shortest cycle
•Last unsafe day is 11 days less than
length of longest cycle
•Unsafe days may range from 8 days
(day 10-17) to 12 Days (Day 8-20)
12.
13. b. Basal body temperature
•based on body temperature,
immediately upon rising
•not helpful for predicting date of
ovulation
14.
15. c. Cervical mucus method (Ovulation or Billings method)
•based on changes in cervical mucus secretion
•Spinnbarkbeit: special type of mucus that is clear,
slippery, and stretchable
•occurs a few days prior ovulation and peaks at ovulation
•intercourse must be avoided from a few days before to
several days after ovulation
d. Symptom-thermal method
•combines BBT and ovulation method
•Fertile period ends 3 days after elevated temp or 4 days
after peak mucus
17. Withdrawal
1. Typical failure rate is 19%
2. Advantage
•man assumes responsibility
3. Disadvantages
•difficult for men to predict
ejaculation
•pre-ejaculatory fluid can carry sperm
• BACK TO TOPICS
21. The cervical cap is a flexible rubber cup-
like device that is filled with spermicide and
self-inserted over the cervix prior to
intercourse. The device is left in place
several hours after intercourse. The cap is a
prescribed device fitted by a health care
professional and is more expensive than other
barrier methods such as condoms.
1. small, thimble-shaped soft rubber device
that fits over cervix; used with spermicide
22. 3.Advantages:
•Can be inserted many hours before sex play.
•Easy to carry around, comfortable.
•Does not alter the menstrual cycle.
•Does not affect future fertility.
•May help you better know your body.
4.Disadvantages:
•Does not protect against HIV/AIDS.
•Some women cannot be fitted.
•Can be difficult to insert or remove.
•Can be dislodged during intercourse.
•
25. The diaphragm is a flexible rubber
cup that is filled with spermicide and
self-inserted over the cervix prior to
intercourse. The device is left in place
several hours after intercourse. The
diaphragm is a prescribed device fitted
by a health care professonal and is more
expensive than other barrier methods
such as condoms.
1. dome-shaped rubber device worn over
cervix; proper use includes spermicide
26. 3. advantages:
•6 hrs before intercourse through 24 hrs after
•used with spermicide, it reduces risk of STDs
•no hormones involved
•reduces risk of pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID)
4. disadvantages:
•must be fitted by health professional
•must remain in place at least 6 hrs
29. The female condom, like the male
condom, is a barrier contraceptive made of
latex or polyurethane. The condom has a
ring on each end. The ring that is placed
inside the vagina fits over the cervix,
while the other ring, which is open, rests
outside of the vagina and covers the
vulva. The female condom is sold over-the-
counter.
1. can be inserted 8 hrs before intercourse
30. 3. advantages
•no side effects
•available
•moderate protection from STDs
4 disadvantages
•some loss of sensitivity
•requires motivation
•not as affect in preventing STDs as male
condom
33. The male condom is a barrier
contraceptive made of latex or
polyurethane. The condom must be
fitted over the erect penis. The condom
is sold over-the-counter and when
used properly is an inexpensive,
effective barrier to pregnancy and
sexually-transmitted disease.
1. contraceptive sheath worn over
erect penis
•
34. 2. advantages:
•availability
•protection of STD's
•usually, no side effects
•male responsibility
3. disadvantages
•requires motivation and consistency
•condom can slip off
•penis must be withdrawn immediately after
35.
36.
37. Spermicides are chemical products inserted in
a woman's vagina before sex that inactivate or
kill sperm.
1. sperm=killing agents placed in vagina
2. various forms: foam, gel, suppositories
3. Most effective when used with another barrier
method
4. Typical failure rate=21%, PUFR=6%
38. 5. advantages:
•availability
•no hormones
•some protection from STDs
•no known side effects
6. disadvantages
•can irritate
•increased risk of yeast infections
•taste interferes with oral sex
41. The intrauterine device shown uses
copper as the active contraceptive, others
use progesterone in a plastic device. IUDs
are very effective at preventing pregnancy
(less than 2% chance per year for the
progesterone IUD, less than 1% chance per
year for the copper IUD). IUDs come with
increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and
perforation of the uterus and do not
protect against sexually transmitted
disease. IUDs are prescribed and placed by
42. 1. contraceptive device placed within
uterine
2. prevents passage of sperm to fallopian
tube
3. used to be thought that IUD's prevent
implantation of fertilized egg in uterus
4. Typical failure rate=0.8-2%,
PUFR=.1-1.5%, depending on brand
43. 5. advantages
•requires little attention
•low cost after initial purchase
•progestin- or progesterone-releasing IUD
decrease menstrual flow
6. disadvantages
•high initial cost
•no protection against STDs
•many possible problems: spontaneously expelled;
ecotopic pregnancy, uterine wall perforation,
BACK TO
TOPICS
46. Combination oral contraceptives (birth
control pills)
1. contraceptive hormones taken daily by
mouth
2. combination of low estrogen to inhibit
ovulation and progesterone to thicken mucus,
inhibit ovulation, and hamper implantation.
3. pills vary in whether hormone levels are
constant or change during cycle
47. 5. advantages:
•effective
•easy
•generally safe
•decreases menstrual cramps, shortens period
6. disadvantages
•must be taken daily
•cost
•effects from hormones
•can decrease milk production
•health problems for some women
•no protection from STDs
49. Progestin-only contraceptives
1. use a synthetic progesterone only
2. prevents ovulation, inhibits sperm movement, and thins
endometrium
3. Different kinds
a. Norplant: placed beneath skin of arm
•effective up to five years
•surgery can cause pain or problems
b. Depo-Provera: injected once every three months
c. Minipill: prevents ovulation
•must be taken every day
•can cause a lack of periods BACK TO TOPICS
54. Surgical sterilization which permanently
prevents the transport of the egg to the
uterus by means of sealing the fallopian
tubes is called tubal ligation, commonly
called "having one's tubes tied". This
operation can be performed laparoscopically
or in conjunction with a Cesarean section,
after the baby is delivered. Tubal ligation is
considered permanent but reversals can be
done in many cases.
1. Interrupts fallopian tubes by sealing
tubes
59. Vasectomy is a simple, painless procedure
that is very effective in preventing
pregnancy. Men usually have no side effects
from vasectomy, and no change in sexual
performance or function.
1. cut an tie the vas deferens
2. Sperm still present up to 8 weeks after
surbey
3. Typical failure rate= 0.15%; PUFR=0.1%
62. Delivery presentation describes the way
the fetus is positioned to come down the
birth canal for delivery. The presentation
is defined by fetal attitude, the presenting
part, and maternal and fetal landmarks.
63. Fetal station
This is the relationship between the
presenting part, whether that be the head,
shoulder, buttocks, or feet, and two parts of the
maternal pelvis called the ischial spines.
Normally the ischial spines are the narrowest part
of the pelvis, and are a natural measuring point
for the delivery progress. If the presenting part
lies above the ischial spines, the station is
reported as a negative number from 0 to -3 where
each number is a centimeter. If the presenting
part lies below the ischial spines, the station is
reported as a positive number from 0 to 3 where
69. Fetal lie:
This is the relationship between
the head to tailbone axis of the fetus
and the head to tailbone axis of the
mother. If the two are parallel, then
the fetus is said to be in a longitudinal
lie. If the two are at 90-degree angles
to each other, the fetus is said to be in
a transverse lie. Nearly all (99.5%)
fetuses are in a longitudinal lie.
72. Fetal attitude:
The fetal attitude describes the
relationship of the fetus' body parts to
one another. The normal fetal attitude is
commonly referred to as the fetal position:
the head is tucked down to the chest, with
arms and legs drawn in towards the center
of the chest. Abnormal fetal attitudes may
include a head that is extended back or
other body parts extended or positioned
behind the back. Abnormal fetal attitudes
can increase the diameter of theBACK TO TOPICS
73.
74. Cephalic (head first) presentation is considered
normal, but a breech (feet or buttocks first) delivery can
be very difficult, even dangerous for the mother and the
77. If your baby is breech, his bottom is the part
of his body closest to the birth canal. No one is
sure what causes a breech presentation, but it
happens in 3% to 5% of single-baby deliveries.
There are three types of breech presentation:
complete, incomplete, and frank.
Complete breech is when both of the baby's
knees are bent and his feet and bottom are closest
to the birth canal.
Incomplete breech is when one of the baby's
knees is bent and his foot and bottom are closest
to the birth canal.
BACK TO TOPICS
78.
79. An abortion is the removal or expulsion
of an embryo or fetus from the uterus,
resulting in or caused by its death. This can
occur spontaneously as a miscarriage, or be
artificially induced by chemical, surgical or
other means.
Abortion (from the Latin word aboriri,
"to perish") may be briefly defined as "the loss
of a fetal life."
80. • Abortion
• Loss of pregnancy before viability of fetus;
may be
• spontaneous, therapeutic or elective (clients
may use
• term “miscarriage” for spontaneous
abortion.)
•
81. • Types:
• a. Threatened abortion
–cervix closed
–some bleeding and contractions
–fetus is not expelled
• b. Inevitable
–cervix open
–heavier bleeding and stronger contractions
–loss of fetus usually not avoidable
82. Incomplete
1. expulsion of fetus is incomplete
2. membranes or placenta retained
Complete
1. all products of conception expelled
Missed
1. fetus dies in uterus, but is not
expelled
83. • . Habitual
– three pregnancy in a row culminating in
• spontaneous abortion
– may indicate need for investigation into underlying
causes
84. • Assessment findings:
• Vaginal bleeding (observing carefully for
accurate
• determination of amount, saving all
perineal pads).
• Contractions; pelvic cramping, backache
• Lowered hemoglobin if blood loss significant
• Passage of fetus/tissue
•
85. • Nursing interventions:
• Save all tissue passed (Histopathology
examination).
• Keep client at rest and teach reason for bed
rest.
• Increased fluids PO or IV as ordered.
• Prepare client for surgical intervention (D &
C or suction evacuation) if needed
86. • Provide discharge teaching about limited activities
• and coitus after bleeding ceases.
• Observe reaction of mothers and others, provide
• emotional support and give opportunity to
express
• feelings of grief and loss.
• Administer Rhogam if mother is Rh negative.
•
87. Two Types of Abortion:
Spontaneous abortions
Is generally referred to as miscarriages, occur
when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural
causes before the 20th week of gestation
Induced abortion
A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in
many ways. The manner selected depends chiefly
upon the gestational age of the fetus, in addition
to the legality, regional availability, and doctor-
patient preference for specific procedures.
88. Types of Induced Abortion:
Surgical Abortion
In the first twelve weeks, suction-aspiration
or vacuum abortion is the most common method.
Medical Abortion
Effective in the first trimester of pregnancy,
medical (sometimes called chemical abortion)
Combined regimens include methotrexate or
mifepristone, followed by a prostaglandin (either
misoprostol or gemeprost)