Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
Labour induction
Induction of labour
Guidelines on induction of labour
Guidelines on labour induction
induction of labour is not risk free
prostaglandins for induction of labour
Bishop score
Cervical ripening techniques
mechanical and pharmacological induction of labour
Post dates induction
options for cervical ripening
oral vs. vaginal misoprostol
advantages diadvantages and techniques for induction of labour
gynecology & obstetrics
Labour induction methods
review of guidelines for labour induction
Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
Labour induction
Induction of labour
Guidelines on induction of labour
Guidelines on labour induction
induction of labour is not risk free
prostaglandins for induction of labour
Bishop score
Cervical ripening techniques
mechanical and pharmacological induction of labour
Post dates induction
options for cervical ripening
oral vs. vaginal misoprostol
advantages diadvantages and techniques for induction of labour
gynecology & obstetrics
Labour induction methods
review of guidelines for labour induction
Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
INTRAUTERINE DEATH CME ON INDUCTION OF LABOUR ON 8TH NOVEMBER 2016, Dr sharda...Lifecare Centre
HOW TO DEFINE
IUD or STILL BORN
fetal death after period of viability ( 28 weeks )
24 weeks in USA
24WEEKS OR >500 Gms by WHO
ACOG refers to IUFD as the demise occurring at or later than 20weeks.
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Induction of labour is artificially stimulating the onset of labour, prior to the spontaneous onset. This is one of the commonest interventions in obstetrics. 65% of women will give birth without further interventions when induced. However, 15% will have instrument deliveries and 20% will end up with caesarean sections.
One fifth of women will not deliver by 41 weeks of gestation. These women need induction of labour to reduce caesarean section rates. Early induction of labour is needed for certain maternal and fetal indications. However, unnecessary inductions will lead to undesired complications and added health costs. 70% of women do not like induction of labour.
Induction of labour can be prevented by accurate dating and membrane sweeping starting from 39 weeks. There are pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of induction. Usage depends on presence or absence of a scarred uterus, Bishop’s score, parity, obstetrician’s, and patient’s preferences. There are many complications of induction of labour out of which commonest being uterine hyperstimulation. Induction of labour between 34-41 weeks of gestation can lead to increase caesarean section rates
5. RISK OF INDUCTION OF LABOUR
•Nulliparous with unfavorable cervix:
•2 fold increased risk of cesarean
delivery
•labor progression differs significantly
6. CERVICAL STATUS
• Bishop score: an attempt to quantify how likely the
cervix is to respond to induction efforts
7. Bishop Score
What’s most important in score?
• Dilatation >effacement>station
• Unfavorable: score <6
• Ripening agent indicated
• Favorable: score >8
• Can induce
• Probability of vaginal delivery with spontaneous labor equals
probability of vaginal delivery with IOL
8. Cervical Remodeling:
What has to happen to get labor to start?
• Proteins associated with contractions are expressed:
• actin-myosin interactions
• myometrial cells excited
• intercellular connectivity allowing synchronous contractions
• myofibrils transmit electrical activity to other myocytes
• prostaglandins released & depolarize neighboring cells
• leads to wave of activity, lasting 1 min
• refractory period follows
9. Cervical Remodeling:
What has to happen to get labor to start?
Fetal Membrane Activation
• Amnion produces:
• Inflammatory mediators- cytokines
• Prostaglandin E2
• COX-2
Prostaglandins mediate release of metalloproteases
• Weaken placental membranes
10. Cervical Remodeling:
What has to happen to get labor to start?
Cervical Softening:
Inflammatory infiltrate moves into cervix
1. Release metalloproteases
degrade collagen – change cervical structure
2. Breakdown of junction between fetal membranes
occurs
fetal fibronectin (adhesive protein) present in vaginal
fluids
11. “Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical
ripening and induction of labor”
• Oxytocin is less effective than prostaglandin to help bring on labor but
is as effective when used alone in women with ruptured membranes
• Oxytocin is the most common drug used to induce labor and has been
used either alone or with rupturing the membranes.
• A review of trials found that using PGE2, inserted either via the vagina
or cervix, rather than oxytocin was probably more effective.
• However, oxytocin alone compared to PGE2 used either way, in women
with ruptured membranes, showed that all three methods are probably
equally effective. More research is needed.
12. “Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and
induction of labor”
• The role of sexual intercourse as a method for
induction of labor is uncertain.
• Human sperm contains a high amount of
prostaglandin, a hormone-like substance which ripens
the cervix and helps labor to start.
• nipple stimulation - >oxytocin
• lower uterine segment stimulated contractions occur
w. orgasm
13. “Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and
induction of labor”
• Breast stimulation appears beneficial in relation to the number of
women not in labor after 72 hours, and reduced postpartum
hemorrhage rates.
• Breast stimulation causes the womb to contract, though the
mechanism remains unclear.
• It may increase levels of the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates
contractions. It is a non-medical method allowing the woman greater
control over the process of attempting to induce labor.
• The review found insufficient research to evaluate the safety of breast
stimulation in a high-risk population and until safety issues have been
fully evaluated.
14. “Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical
priming and induction of labor”
• More research is needed into the effects of castor oil to induce labor.
• Castor oil has been widely used as a traditional method of inducing
labor in midwifery practice. It can be taken by mouth or as an enema.
• The review of trials found there has not been enough research done to
show the effects of castor oil on ripening the cervix or inducing labor or
compare it to other methods of induction.
• The review found that all women who took castor oil by mouth felt
nauseous. More research is needed “
• Evening primrose oil: unclear whether ripens or induces labor (also
commonly used amongst midwives)
15. “Acupuncture for induction of labor”
• “There is insufficient evidence describing the efficacy of
acupuncture to induce labor.
• Acupuncture is the insertion of fine needles into specific
energy points of the body and has been used to help induce
labor and reduce labor pains.
• The review included three trials involving 212 women. The
evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of this
technique is limited, although small studies suggest women
receiving acupuncture compared to standard obstetric care
received fewer methods of induction.
16. Mechanical Options for Cervical Ripening
1. Foley: insert no 18 foley catheter w. 30 mL balloon
past internal os, inflate balloon and place traction
on catheter (tape to thigh)
• Outpatient or inpatient option
• dilation>effacement>station
2. Laminaria: hydrophilic seaweed that absorbs water
like sponge & slowly dilates cervix, doesn’t change
consistency or effacement
17. 3. Stripping membranes: commonly used &
thought to be helpful in inducing labor. Freeing
chorionic membrane from decidua of lower
uterine segment
• Increased PROM
18. “Amniotomy alone for induction of labor”
• There is not enough evidence about the effects of amniotomy alone
(deliberate rupture of the membranes) to induce labor.
• Amniotomy has been used as either the only method of inducing
labour if the membranes can be reached, or used with drugs such as
oxytocin or prostaglandin.
• Amniotomy may be preferred by women wanting a drug-free labor
and it is cheap.
• However, it can be uncomfortable and, if after amniotomy there is a
long time interval before the baby is born, there is a risk of infection.
There is also the risk of the cord coming out before the baby.
• This review of trials found that there is not enough evidence about
the effects of amniotomy alone for the induction of labor “
19. Amniotomy
• helpful if labor stalls
• less effective with oligohydramnios
Considerations before amniotomy:
• FHR tracing before & after amniotomy
• Fetal head well applied?
• Palpate for cord? Vasa previa?
• HIV?
• Clock starts ticking…. ABX prophylaxis
20. “Induction of labor for improving birth outcomes
for women at or beyond term”
• A policy of labor induction at 41 completed weeks or beyond was
associated with fewer (all-cause) perinatal deaths
• There was no evidence of a statistically significant difference in the risk
of caesarean section for women induced at 41 and 42 completed weeks
respectively.
• Women induced at 37 to 40 completed weeks were more likely to have
a caesarean section with expectant management than those in the
labor induction group
• A policy of labor induction after 41 completed weeks or later compared
to awaiting spontaneous labor either indefinitely or at least one week is
associated with fewer perinatal deaths. However, the absolute risk is
extremely small.
21. Cervical ripening, why?
Bishop score 6 or higher predicts
successful induction and vaginal
delivery, if not at >=6, then cervical
ripening indicated for achieving
dilation
22. Foley catheter:
• Foley catheter - balloon inflated past
cervical os
• Foley catheter has been used to ripen
cervix to inducible Bishop's scores,
• 97% effective in study of 88 patients
with minimal complication
23.
24. Vaginal misoprostol
• In doses above 25 mcg four-hourly was more effective than
conventional methods of labor induction,
• More uterine hyperstimulation.
• The studies reviewed were not large enough to exclude the
possibility of rare but serious adverse events,
• Rare uterine rupture has been reported anecdotally
following misoprostol induction, in women with uterine
scarring.
27. Labor Induction
Oxytocin: low & high dose regimens safe
• Preferred for IOL when cervix favorable
Low: less tachysystole w. concerning FHR
High: shorter labor, less chorioamnionitis, less C-section for
dystocia but more tachysystole/concerning FHR
• Numeric value not established for max pitocin dose
• Continuous monitoring necessary
29. Management of complications associated
with oxytocin
Uterine tachysystole & FHR with persistent decels, minimal-
absent variability, fetal tachycardia….
• Stop or decrease pitocin
• Change position: side lying or hands-knees
• Oxygen
• IVF bolus
• Terbutaline sc
30. Labor Induction
Nipple stimulation: release oxytocin
PROM at term:
• Expectant Management: higher rates of chorio & less need for
neonatal ABX treatment
• No difference in oxytocin vs PGE2: with IOL, no increase in c
section rates (ACOG)
• Misoprostol 25 mcg q 6 hrs x 2 doses vs pitocin: delivery time
shown to be the same (Wing 2006)