2. INTRODUCTION
Family planning is the consideration of the number
of children a person wishes to have including the
choice to have no children and the age at which
they wish to have them. Things that may play a
role on family planning decisions include marital
situation, career or work consideration, financial
situation.
3. DEFINITION OF FAMILY
PLANNING
A way of thinking and living that is adopted
voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge,
attitudes and responsible decisions by
individuals and couples, in order to promote
the health and welfare of the family group
and thus contribute effectively to the social
development of a country”.
WHO
5. OBJECTIVES
To avoid unwanted births.
To bring about wanted births
To regulate the intervals between
pregnancies.
To control the time at which births
occur in relation to the ages of the
parent
To determine the number of children
in the family
6. SCOPE OF FAMILY PLANNING
Proper spacing and limitations of birth
Advise on sterility
Sex education
Education for parenthood
Screening for pathological conditions related
to reproductive system
Genetic counselling
7. Pre marital consultation
Carrying out pregnancy test
Preparation of couples for the arrival of their first child
Providing services for unmarried mothers
Marriage counselling
Teaching home economics
8. BENEFITS OF FAMILY
PLANNING
Benefits To Mother:
Reduce the health risk
Below 20years & Above 35 years at risk
of Complication during pregnancy
Reduce Physical strain of child
bearing.
Reduce number of maternal death
Reduce the risk of ovarian cysts.
9. BENEFITS OF CHILDREN:
Ensure better chance of survival at birth
Promote better childhood nutrition
Promote physical growth & development
BENEFITS FAMILY:
More resources for food, clothing, housing and
education.
10. METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
TEMPORARY PERMANENT
NATURAL CONTRACEPTION
BARRIER METHODS
INTRAUTERINE
CONTRACEPTION DEVICES
HORMONAL METHOD
FEMALE
TUBECTOMY
MALE
VASECTOMY
METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
12. BARRIER METHODS
The male condom
The female condom
Diaphragm
Vaginal sponge
Fem cap
Lea’s shield
Natural Methods
Natural family planning methods do not
interfere with person’s health on those do not have side
effects.
13. Abstinence
Abstinence is simply not having sexual
intercourse. Abstinent it means the couple decided
not to have sex.
Advantages
Abstinence prevents pregnancy (100% effective)
Has no side effect & health risk
Promotes co-operation between partner.
Prevent sexually transmitted disease HIV/AIDS.
No cost / No hormones.
14. Disadvantages
Difficult to abstain.
Commitment required by both people
Require willpower
Relationship conflicts might occur.
15. Withdrawl Method or Coitus
interrupts
Coitus interrupts involves the withdrawl of the
penis from the vagina just before the
ejaculations. This prevents the semen from
entering the women. Pregnancy not take place.
Merits
It involves no cost
It does not require any other device
With self control & discipline it can be family
effective.
16. Demerits
Require sufficient self control by man
Chance of pregnancy is more
Precoital secretion may contain sperm
Accidental chances of sperm
deposition into the vagina.
17.
18. LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
METHOD [LAM]
A temporary family planning method
based on the natural effect of breast
feeding on fertility.
CRITERIA FOR LAM METHOD
The mother monthly bleeding has not
come.
The baby is fully or nearly breast feed
and is fed often day and night.
The baby is less than six months.
19. MECHANISM OF ACTION
LAM stops ovulation because breast feeding
changes the rate of release of natural hormones
EFFECTIVENESS
When used correctly there is less than 1 pregnancy
per 100 women in the first six months of life.
WHEN TO START
Can begin immediately after birth.
20. ADVANTAGES
Safe, natural and no side effect and no cost.
Can be used immediately after birth.
Health benefits of mother and baby.
98% effective.
DISADVANTAGES
Duration of method limited.
Only useful for breast feeding women.
Breast feeding pattern may be difficult to
maintain.
21. Biological Method
Calendar method
Women’s has to make a record of her
periods for six months
Each month the number of days between
the starting of one period & the next one
is recorded for 6 months.
The largest and shortest interval (28 days)
is subtract 18 days and subtract 11 days
from longest interval (30 days).
The interval between these two values
will be the phase of ovulation.
22.
23. Example
From shortest interval subtract 18 days
28 – 18 = 10 days
From longest interval subtract 11 days
30 – 11 = 11 days
The phase of conception will be 10 – 19
days
The state period will be
I safe period - 1 to 19th day
II safe period - 20th to 30th day.
To avoid coitus/use contraceptive during
those days (10-19 days)
24. MERITS
No cost
No side effect
No health hazard
DEMERITS
Difficult to calculate safe period.
Compulsory abstinence from unsafe period.
Not applicable when the periods are irregular
25. TEMPERATURE METHOD
The methods helps the women to know when they
are ovulating simply by checking the temperature
every morning.
The women has to take temperature every morning
after waking from at least five hours of undisturbed
rest & before getting out of bed.
Same thermometer is used daily at the same time
A record temperature is kept and three successive
higher average temperature are identified which
show that ovulation has occurred.
The increase in temperature is about half degree
Celsius because of the influence of the hormone
progesterone.
26. MUCUS AND CERVICAL
CHANGES METHOD
The mucus and cervical changes occur
during the course of every month because
of fluctuation levels of female hormone
oestrogen. the mucus is thin, transport,
watery and yellowish before a few days of
ovulation
The mucus is thicker , wet and thread like
and gives the most felling on the date of
ovulation.
27.
28.
29. BARRIER METHODS
MALE CONDOM
Condom is sheath or Covering
It is made up of thin latex rubber that fit
over man's erect penis.
Mechanism of Action
Work as a barrier that keeps Sperm out of
the vagina & unable to travel into the
uterus & fallopian tubes thus prevention
Pregnancy
30.
31. Advantages
It is safe & has no hormonal side effect.
It prevents STDS,HIV/AIDS.
Cheap & easily available
Disadvantages
May accidently break or slip of during coitus
Inadequate sexual pressure
Allergic reaction
Effectiveness
Correct & consistent use 3/100 (pregnant) women.
32. How to use a male condom
Check the package for expiry date
Open package carefully
Use a water based lubricate if needed
Put condom on before begin to have coitus.
Place the unrolled on the head of the erect penis
With one hand squeeze the air out the tip of the
condom and with other hand unroll the condom to the
base of the penis.
After ejaculation, before the penis becomes limp,
withdrawl the penis holding the rim of the condom to
base of the penis.
Dispose of used condoms in trash, not toilet.
33. FEMALE CONDOM
Female condom is a strong , loose-fitting
polyurethane sheath that is 17 centimeters long
(6.5 inches) with a flexible ring at each and that
fits inside a women’s vagina
Mechanism of action
works as a barrier that keeps sperm out of
the vagina
protect against sexually transmitted
infections, including HIV
34.
35. Effectiveness
Use correctly every act of sex 5 pregnancies per
100 women.
Advantages
Protects against STD including HIV
Can get it without prescription
Can be inserted up to eight hours before having
intercourse
Allergic to latex.
36. Disadvantages
Outside the ring can slide inside the vagina during
intercourse.
Must be removed right after coitus before stand up
to prevent semen leakage.
More expensive / harder to find in stores
High motivation
Difficult to use.
37. How to use female condom
Open the packet carefully and gently pull your
condom.
Squeeze the inner ring of the closed end of the
condom between your fingers.
Find a comfy position so that can insert the
condom into the vagina with finger.
Put the condom in as for basic as possible. The
outer ring should remain outside your vagina.
During sex ensure that condom in correct position.
After sex immediately remove the condom &
dispose.
38. DIAPHRAGM
The diaphragm is used by women in her vagina to
form a barrier Infront of the cervix.
It covers the cervix ‘s block the sperm.
It can be used in place up to six hours before
coitus & can stay there for 24 hours .
Merits
A diaphragm along with spermicidal is very
effective
Failure rate is low.
There is no risk or any kind of contraindication.
39.
40. Demerits
It requires the assistance of doctor and any other
health personal (to measure the size)
It requires time to place it in vagina.
Needs high motivation.
Allergic reaction to rubber
Urinary Tract infections.
41. How to use the diaphragm
Press the rim together and push the diaphragm into
the vagina as far as it goes
Touch the diaphragm to make sure it covers the
cervix.
After sex
Leave the diaphragm in place for at least 6 hours
but no more than 24 hours.
To remove gently slide finger under the rim and
pull the diaphragm down and out.
42. FEM CAP
Fem cap is a hat shaped silicon rubber cap.
A spermicide is used to coat the inside of
this hat-shaped silicon rubber cap. Then she
inserts in to the back of her vagina. So it
covers the cervix & block the sperm. It can
be worn for up to 48 hours.
43.
44. Advantages
Easy to insert
Reusable
A small and easy to carry
Disadvantages
It’s not protect against STDs & HIV.
It must stay in place for six hours after last act of
coitus.
women or partner may feel the discomfort
If worn more then two days (48 hours) having the risk
of Toxic shock syndrome or unpleasant odour or
discharge.
45. LEA’S Shield
Lea’ s shield is an oval shaped mode up of silicon
rubber. A spermicide is used to coat the inside the
device. Then it is inserted into the back of the vagina.
So it covers the cervix. Where it block sperm. It can
worn to up to 48 hours.
It has to stay for eight hours after the last act of coitus.
It needs to be washed thorughly with soap and water.
it has an attached sharp which aids is removal.
46. Advantages
It is not an expensive
Hormonal free method.
It does not affect menstrual cycle
No side effects
It comes in one size fits every women
No need for health personal for fits.
It can be reused for up to six months.
47. Disadvantages
Not protect against STD & HIV
High failure rate
Infection – vagina & bladder
It should be replaced every six months
Some feel discomfort while using the shield
48.
49. VAGINAL SPONGE
Sponges are the barrier device to prevent
pregnancy
It is diffused with spermicide ( Nanoxynol-9)
The sponge is shaped in a way that it can be filled
on the cervix & has a loop on its outer surface
which can be pulled out the sponge after use
It should inserted before coitus.
It should remain be there for at least 6 hours after
coitus.
Sperms are trapped on in sponge and destroyed.
50. Advantages
Easy to use
It does not release any hormone.
Safer to use while breast feeding.
It doesn't affect menstrual cycle.
Easy to purchase without prescription
51. Disadvantages
It does not protect against STD & HIV.
Urinary tract infection
Vaginal irritation, burning & infection (vaginitis)
On rare occasion the sponge can lead to TSS (toxic
shock syndrome)
52. How to use vaginal sponge
A sponge can be inserted into the vagina up to 24
hours before coitus.
Push the sponge as far back into the vagina as
possible & place it over the cervix before insertion
dip it in a clean water & squeeze.
Leave the sponge in the vagina 6 to 8 hours after
having coitus.
Find the strap of the sponge in its position at least
6 hours after sex.
Find the strap of the sponge to remove the sponge
gently from the vagina.
53. SUMMARY
So far we have discussed about definition of
family planning , contraception , objectives,
scope, benefits to mother & children, types
of contraception, temporary methods of
contraception in natural & barrier methods
of family planning.
54. CONCLUSION
Through this seminar I have learned
about temporary method of family
planning in natural and barrier methods.
I thank my madam for giving this great
opportunity.
56. JOURNAL APPLICATION
Author : Kalimuthu & Karthikeyan (2019)
Method : Conducted cross sectional
descriptive study
Topic : Study of assess the awareness of
temporary contraceptive methods among 100
women within the reproductive age group in
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital.
57. Results :
The study shows 72% women aware of condoms, 92%
of women were aware about sterilization methods, 56% of
women were aware of this contraceptive method can be
obtained at government hospital and 7% of women were
not aware where to get these services, 48% of women got
information about contraception's from health personnel.
Conclusion :
The author concluded that the success of family
planning programs can only be achieved by increasing the
awareness of various contraceptives available. It necessary
that supplies of contraceptives are accessible , available and
affordable to the general public with ease. Awareness can
be improved by expanding health care facilities to
peripheral areas.
58. BIBLOGRAPHY
Bhaskar Nima (2019) midwifery and obstetrical
nursing 2nd edition, EMNESS medical publishers
Bangalore P No. 685-699
Dutta. D.C. (2004) Text book of obstetrics 6th
edition. New central book agency. Calcutta P.no
530-550
Jacob Annamma (2015) A comprehensive text book
of midwifery & gynecological nursing 4th edition,
Jaypee brother medical publishers (p) LTD, New
Delhi P.No. 267-280
59. Neelam Kumari (2011) A text book of midwifery and
gynecological nursing .s. Vikas company (Medical
publishers) India Jalendar city P.No. 768-171
Sandeep Kaur (2019) text book of midwifery and
Gynecological Nursing I edition. CBS publishers and
distributors PVT LTD. New Delhi P.No. 168-171
