This document summarizes research on inventing plastic microcapillary films (MCFs) conducted by Malcolm Mackley and others at the University of Cambridge. The researchers developed a novel process to continuously extrude plastic MCFs with controlled voidage levels below 10% using a single-screw extruder, die design, and gas injection. They characterized the MCF structures and capillary sizes. Further mechanical drawing of the MCFs after extrusion was shown to orient the structure while limiting drawability due to necking in the capillaries. This research advanced engineering of plastic MCFs with tailored properties.
This document summarizes a presentation given on criticality benchmarks for various annular core configurations of Japan's High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR). It describes the objectives of benchmarking the HTTR, including developing models to support validation of very high temperature reactor designs. It provides details on the HTTR design specifications, fuel loading patterns for different core configurations, and results of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. Calculated eigenvalues for different core designs were found to be within 1% of experimental values.
Effect of fuel injection timing on performance, combustion and emission chara...prjpublications
Ā
This document presents a study on the effect of varying fuel injection timing on the performance, combustion, and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with palm oil methyl ester (POME) biodiesel. A computer simulation model was used to analyze advancing and retarding the injection timing from the baseline of 23Ā° before top dead center (BTDC) by 2Ā° increments. The simulation model calculated heat release, pressure, temperature, efficiency, emissions and other parameters. The results showed that injection timings outside of the baseline timing of 23Ā° BTDC led to worse engine performance, combustion, and emissions.
This document proposes using TOPASĀ®5013 COC material to reduce the cost of optical lenses through injection molding. TOPASĀ®5013 has extremely high flowability, allowing the overall size of sprue runners and injection molding machines to be reduced. This provides advantages like halving material losses and improving productivity through shorter molding cycles and better part precision. Analysis found the runner size could be reduced 46% with TOPASĀ®5013 while maintaining filling pressure and dimensional precision of molded lenses. The document provides graphs and images comparing flow properties and molded parts between TOPASĀ®5013 and conventional COP materials.
The document discusses using cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) to enhance polyolefin films for retort applications. It describes test films made with COCs and other polymers like PP, LLDPE, and HDPE. The films were evaluated after retort processing to understand how COCs respond under retort conditions and identify the most promising structures. The results showed that COCs can increase moisture and oxygen barrier, add heat resistance, enhance stiffness, and improve the performance of polyolefin components in retort applications.
The document discusses ECN's work on torrefaction quality control based on logistic and end-user requirements. It includes:
- ECN's 20 years of experience in biomass co-firing R&D and pioneering role in adapting torrefaction to bioenergy since 2002.
- Results of ECN's lab-scale torrefaction tests on different types of wood and waste streams using various reactor types.
- Production of BO2 pellets from torrefied biomass using the Patrig pilot plant and analysis of performance and quality control.
- Need for further work on market acceptance, scale-up, and demonstration of torrefaction technology.
The classic way to increase rate in LLDPE blown films is to add 10-25% LDPE. It works, but it compromises toughness. Now there is a new option. Blend less than 5% of TOPAS COC to achieve high rates and bubble stability, with very little impact on properties.
Waste for recycling not for burning lt recoil pekko kohonenBusiness Finland
Ā
The document discusses L&T Recoil Oy's used oil re-refining plant that is being built in Hamina, Finland. The plant will have a capacity to process 60,000 tons of used oil per year and will produce 70% base oils, 13% fuels, 12% bitumens, and 5% water. The re-refining process removes all impurities and contaminants from used lubricant oils using hydro-finishing technology to produce Group II base oils meeting strict quality standards. The plant aims to give used oil a new life through environmentally-friendly re-refining rather than burning or wasting most collected oil.
This document summarizes a presentation given on criticality benchmarks for various annular core configurations of Japan's High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR). It describes the objectives of benchmarking the HTTR, including developing models to support validation of very high temperature reactor designs. It provides details on the HTTR design specifications, fuel loading patterns for different core configurations, and results of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. Calculated eigenvalues for different core designs were found to be within 1% of experimental values.
Effect of fuel injection timing on performance, combustion and emission chara...prjpublications
Ā
This document presents a study on the effect of varying fuel injection timing on the performance, combustion, and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with palm oil methyl ester (POME) biodiesel. A computer simulation model was used to analyze advancing and retarding the injection timing from the baseline of 23Ā° before top dead center (BTDC) by 2Ā° increments. The simulation model calculated heat release, pressure, temperature, efficiency, emissions and other parameters. The results showed that injection timings outside of the baseline timing of 23Ā° BTDC led to worse engine performance, combustion, and emissions.
This document proposes using TOPASĀ®5013 COC material to reduce the cost of optical lenses through injection molding. TOPASĀ®5013 has extremely high flowability, allowing the overall size of sprue runners and injection molding machines to be reduced. This provides advantages like halving material losses and improving productivity through shorter molding cycles and better part precision. Analysis found the runner size could be reduced 46% with TOPASĀ®5013 while maintaining filling pressure and dimensional precision of molded lenses. The document provides graphs and images comparing flow properties and molded parts between TOPASĀ®5013 and conventional COP materials.
The document discusses using cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) to enhance polyolefin films for retort applications. It describes test films made with COCs and other polymers like PP, LLDPE, and HDPE. The films were evaluated after retort processing to understand how COCs respond under retort conditions and identify the most promising structures. The results showed that COCs can increase moisture and oxygen barrier, add heat resistance, enhance stiffness, and improve the performance of polyolefin components in retort applications.
The document discusses ECN's work on torrefaction quality control based on logistic and end-user requirements. It includes:
- ECN's 20 years of experience in biomass co-firing R&D and pioneering role in adapting torrefaction to bioenergy since 2002.
- Results of ECN's lab-scale torrefaction tests on different types of wood and waste streams using various reactor types.
- Production of BO2 pellets from torrefied biomass using the Patrig pilot plant and analysis of performance and quality control.
- Need for further work on market acceptance, scale-up, and demonstration of torrefaction technology.
The classic way to increase rate in LLDPE blown films is to add 10-25% LDPE. It works, but it compromises toughness. Now there is a new option. Blend less than 5% of TOPAS COC to achieve high rates and bubble stability, with very little impact on properties.
Waste for recycling not for burning lt recoil pekko kohonenBusiness Finland
Ā
The document discusses L&T Recoil Oy's used oil re-refining plant that is being built in Hamina, Finland. The plant will have a capacity to process 60,000 tons of used oil per year and will produce 70% base oils, 13% fuels, 12% bitumens, and 5% water. The re-refining process removes all impurities and contaminants from used lubricant oils using hydro-finishing technology to produce Group II base oils meeting strict quality standards. The plant aims to give used oil a new life through environmentally-friendly re-refining rather than burning or wasting most collected oil.
This document discusses using cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) to enhance thermoforming of polyolefin films. COCs improve properties like dimensional stability, transparency, and heat resistance compared to traditional polyolefins. Testing showed that incorporating COCs into polyolefin films via monolayer blends or discrete multilayer structures improved properties of thermoformed parts like reduced gauge variation, increased bottom thickness and corner thickness, and higher puncture resistance and energy absorption. The discrete multilayer structures provided better mechanical properties than equivalent monolayer blends, with benefits increasing with higher COC content.
This document summarizes research on blending cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) with polyethylene to improve heat sealing characteristics. COC was found to improve seal strength, increase the sealing temperature window, and enhance hot tack strength when blended with LDPE, LLDPE, and plastomers. The highest improvements were seen with LLDPE and plastomers. COC is more compatible with LLDPE and plastomers than LDPE. Blending high Tg COC at levels above 20% provided seal-through capability to polyethylenes. In conclusion, COC/polyethylene blends can enhance modulus and heat sealing performance for packaging films.
Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (...Scientific Review SR
Ā
The document discusses a study that compares the effects of adding two different phenolic resins - cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP) - to carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The addition of both resins increases hardness and modulus but decreases some mechanical properties like tensile strength and elongation at break. CN-m-PF provides better processability and mechanical properties than BMP at the same content. However, BMP can also enhance stiffness without processing issues and may be preferred due to its lower cost. The document reports results of various tests measuring properties like curing characteristics, hardness, tensile strength,
Learn how TOPAS COC can improve aroma barrier and product purity. TOPAS resin also delivers many other benefits - moisture protection, easy forming, high shrink, easy opening, superb twist, and more.
SanBlend is a range of refined ball clays engineered for optimum casting performance in sanitaryware manufacturing. They have enhanced rheological properties, greater casting stability and consistency compared to traditional clays. SanBlend clays require minimal processing, generate minimal waste, and can improve the performance of local clays. Testing showed that formulations using SanBlend had improved particle size distribution, rheology, density, and casting rate compared to local clay formulations, resulting in higher factory yields.
The document provides information for diesel technicians about biodiesel, including its production process, properties, standards, and benefits. It summarizes that biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification that combines vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerin. Biodiesel can be blended with petrodiesel in any amount, has similar fuel properties as petrodiesel but with improved lubricity and lower emissions. Industry standards like ASTM D6751 and the voluntary BQ-9000 program help ensure biodiesel quality.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of a diesel engine using biodiesel produced from waste frying oil. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of used frying oil collected from local restaurants and hotels. The engine was tested using biodiesel blends of B20, B60 and neat biodiesel B100. Results showed brake thermal efficiency and power were slightly reduced for biodiesel compared to diesel, while brake specific fuel consumption was higher due to the lower heating value of biodiesel. However, no operational issues were observed with the biodiesel blends.
This presentation was given in Cardiff at the European Society of Rheology Conference in 2009. The presentation is about research in "extreme" areas of rheology and includes work on measuring the viscoelasticity of low viscosity fluids and the limiting extensional viscosity of high viscosity fluids.
This presentation was given in 2010 at a British Society of Rheology meeting on Biorheology held at Nottingham University.
The presentation describes the rheology of certain dysphagia formulations and then introduces "The Cambridge Throat". A mechanical device for following the way fluids are drawn into the throat by a model tongue and then how the fluid flows down the back of the throat.
This document summarizes experimental work validating numerical simulations of precise polymer melt processing using the Cambridge Multipass Rheometer (MPR). [1] The MPR was used to perform slit flow and cross-slot flow experiments on polymer melts like polystyrene. [2] Both the Pom-Pom and Rolie-Poly constitutive models were able to simulate the rheology and match experimental pressure drop and flow patterns when appropriate relaxation spectra and nonlinear parameters were used. [3] The validation demonstrates the ability of numerical simulation to accurately model complex viscoelastic flows.
This presentation was given at CEMEF (Mines ParisTech) Sophia Antipolis in 2005. The presentation is concerned with microstructure mechanisms that can explain certain shear thinning behaviour of certain complex fluids.
This document discusses plastics and polyethylene (PE) specifically. It notes that while plastics are fantastic due to their diverse uses, low production costs, and material properties, they also have environmental downsides when not disposed of properly. PE has a wide range of microstructures that give it varying properties and uses. It is one of the world's largest commodities, with over 80 million tonnes produced annually for a huge diversity of applications. However, plastic waste in the environment is a current issue that requires better recycling and disposal practices.
This presentation is for my last Cambridge Rheology course lecture. The presentation links course work with research that had been carried out in the Department. The presentation has been modified a little to aid web clarity.
Web- Liquid Crytals and Liquid Crystal Polymers-2015malcolmmackley
Ā
The document discusses liquid crystals (LCs) and liquid crystal polymers (LCPs). LCs are formed from small, semi-rigid rod-like molecules that have liquid-like properties but local molecular ordering, giving them useful optical properties. LCPs, discovered in the 1970s, are made from semi-rigid polymer chains and similarly have local anisotropy and birefringence. The document focuses on "disclination" line defects that occur in both LCs and LCPs, influencing their overall orientation. Micrographs show various disclination textures in thermotropic LCPs under different conditions. While LCPs have locally ordered structures, controlling the disclination defect texture across the whole
This presentation gives a summary of how Polyethylene (PE). can crystallise from solution and the melt. The crystallisation of PE is both remarkable and very beautiful. The way PE crystallises is very important in relation to the properties of PE plastic bags, extrusions and high modulus PE fibres.
Flow, Crystallisation and Continuous Processingmalcolmmackley
Ā
This presentation reviews the way flow can effect crystallisation. The presentation also reviews different ways continuous processing can be achieved. Continuous crystallisation is of relevance to a number of technologies including pharmaceutical manufacture.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It examines the flow behavior of complex fluids that do not follow Newton's or Hooke's laws. Rheology seeks to establish relationships between applied forces and induced geometrical effects in fluids, and between rheological properties and molecular structure. It is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates physics, chemistry, and continuum mechanics. Rheological experiments investigate properties like viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelastic effects in non-Newtonian fluids such as foods, personal care products, and biofluids.
This document discusses the fundamentals of rheology and how rheological tests can help with polymer processing and development. It describes different types of rheometers including capillary, rotational, and extensional rheometers. Capillary rheology provides information about how materials behave when melted and correlates flow parameters to mechanical properties. Capillary rheology can determine optimal processing parameters and investigate issues. The document also discusses how rheological properties relate to molecular weight and processing techniques like extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding that can be simulated using a capillary rheometer.
This document discusses rheology methods for analyzing the mechanical properties of materials. It begins with an introduction to rheology, defining it as the study of flow and deformation of materials. Important variables in rheological analysis are then outlined, including shear stress, shear rate, strain, and viscosity. Three main methods of rheological measurement are described: melt index instruments, rotational rheometers, and capillary rheometers. Rotational rheometers measure viscosity using different plate and cylinder geometries under varying shear rates and temperatures. Capillary rheometers examine processing behavior by forcing material through a die. The document concludes that rheology is a useful characterization tool for understanding structure-property relationships in materials development.
This document discusses using cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) to enhance thermoforming of polyolefin films. COCs improve properties like dimensional stability, transparency, and heat resistance compared to traditional polyolefins. Testing showed that incorporating COCs into polyolefin films via monolayer blends or discrete multilayer structures improved properties of thermoformed parts like reduced gauge variation, increased bottom thickness and corner thickness, and higher puncture resistance and energy absorption. The discrete multilayer structures provided better mechanical properties than equivalent monolayer blends, with benefits increasing with higher COC content.
This document summarizes research on blending cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) with polyethylene to improve heat sealing characteristics. COC was found to improve seal strength, increase the sealing temperature window, and enhance hot tack strength when blended with LDPE, LLDPE, and plastomers. The highest improvements were seen with LLDPE and plastomers. COC is more compatible with LLDPE and plastomers than LDPE. Blending high Tg COC at levels above 20% provided seal-through capability to polyethylenes. In conclusion, COC/polyethylene blends can enhance modulus and heat sealing performance for packaging films.
Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (...Scientific Review SR
Ā
The document discusses a study that compares the effects of adding two different phenolic resins - cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP) - to carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The addition of both resins increases hardness and modulus but decreases some mechanical properties like tensile strength and elongation at break. CN-m-PF provides better processability and mechanical properties than BMP at the same content. However, BMP can also enhance stiffness without processing issues and may be preferred due to its lower cost. The document reports results of various tests measuring properties like curing characteristics, hardness, tensile strength,
Learn how TOPAS COC can improve aroma barrier and product purity. TOPAS resin also delivers many other benefits - moisture protection, easy forming, high shrink, easy opening, superb twist, and more.
SanBlend is a range of refined ball clays engineered for optimum casting performance in sanitaryware manufacturing. They have enhanced rheological properties, greater casting stability and consistency compared to traditional clays. SanBlend clays require minimal processing, generate minimal waste, and can improve the performance of local clays. Testing showed that formulations using SanBlend had improved particle size distribution, rheology, density, and casting rate compared to local clay formulations, resulting in higher factory yields.
The document provides information for diesel technicians about biodiesel, including its production process, properties, standards, and benefits. It summarizes that biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification that combines vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerin. Biodiesel can be blended with petrodiesel in any amount, has similar fuel properties as petrodiesel but with improved lubricity and lower emissions. Industry standards like ASTM D6751 and the voluntary BQ-9000 program help ensure biodiesel quality.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of a diesel engine using biodiesel produced from waste frying oil. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of used frying oil collected from local restaurants and hotels. The engine was tested using biodiesel blends of B20, B60 and neat biodiesel B100. Results showed brake thermal efficiency and power were slightly reduced for biodiesel compared to diesel, while brake specific fuel consumption was higher due to the lower heating value of biodiesel. However, no operational issues were observed with the biodiesel blends.
This presentation was given in Cardiff at the European Society of Rheology Conference in 2009. The presentation is about research in "extreme" areas of rheology and includes work on measuring the viscoelasticity of low viscosity fluids and the limiting extensional viscosity of high viscosity fluids.
This presentation was given in 2010 at a British Society of Rheology meeting on Biorheology held at Nottingham University.
The presentation describes the rheology of certain dysphagia formulations and then introduces "The Cambridge Throat". A mechanical device for following the way fluids are drawn into the throat by a model tongue and then how the fluid flows down the back of the throat.
This document summarizes experimental work validating numerical simulations of precise polymer melt processing using the Cambridge Multipass Rheometer (MPR). [1] The MPR was used to perform slit flow and cross-slot flow experiments on polymer melts like polystyrene. [2] Both the Pom-Pom and Rolie-Poly constitutive models were able to simulate the rheology and match experimental pressure drop and flow patterns when appropriate relaxation spectra and nonlinear parameters were used. [3] The validation demonstrates the ability of numerical simulation to accurately model complex viscoelastic flows.
This presentation was given at CEMEF (Mines ParisTech) Sophia Antipolis in 2005. The presentation is concerned with microstructure mechanisms that can explain certain shear thinning behaviour of certain complex fluids.
This document discusses plastics and polyethylene (PE) specifically. It notes that while plastics are fantastic due to their diverse uses, low production costs, and material properties, they also have environmental downsides when not disposed of properly. PE has a wide range of microstructures that give it varying properties and uses. It is one of the world's largest commodities, with over 80 million tonnes produced annually for a huge diversity of applications. However, plastic waste in the environment is a current issue that requires better recycling and disposal practices.
This presentation is for my last Cambridge Rheology course lecture. The presentation links course work with research that had been carried out in the Department. The presentation has been modified a little to aid web clarity.
Web- Liquid Crytals and Liquid Crystal Polymers-2015malcolmmackley
Ā
The document discusses liquid crystals (LCs) and liquid crystal polymers (LCPs). LCs are formed from small, semi-rigid rod-like molecules that have liquid-like properties but local molecular ordering, giving them useful optical properties. LCPs, discovered in the 1970s, are made from semi-rigid polymer chains and similarly have local anisotropy and birefringence. The document focuses on "disclination" line defects that occur in both LCs and LCPs, influencing their overall orientation. Micrographs show various disclination textures in thermotropic LCPs under different conditions. While LCPs have locally ordered structures, controlling the disclination defect texture across the whole
This presentation gives a summary of how Polyethylene (PE). can crystallise from solution and the melt. The crystallisation of PE is both remarkable and very beautiful. The way PE crystallises is very important in relation to the properties of PE plastic bags, extrusions and high modulus PE fibres.
Flow, Crystallisation and Continuous Processingmalcolmmackley
Ā
This presentation reviews the way flow can effect crystallisation. The presentation also reviews different ways continuous processing can be achieved. Continuous crystallisation is of relevance to a number of technologies including pharmaceutical manufacture.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It examines the flow behavior of complex fluids that do not follow Newton's or Hooke's laws. Rheology seeks to establish relationships between applied forces and induced geometrical effects in fluids, and between rheological properties and molecular structure. It is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates physics, chemistry, and continuum mechanics. Rheological experiments investigate properties like viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelastic effects in non-Newtonian fluids such as foods, personal care products, and biofluids.
This document discusses the fundamentals of rheology and how rheological tests can help with polymer processing and development. It describes different types of rheometers including capillary, rotational, and extensional rheometers. Capillary rheology provides information about how materials behave when melted and correlates flow parameters to mechanical properties. Capillary rheology can determine optimal processing parameters and investigate issues. The document also discusses how rheological properties relate to molecular weight and processing techniques like extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding that can be simulated using a capillary rheometer.
This document discusses rheology methods for analyzing the mechanical properties of materials. It begins with an introduction to rheology, defining it as the study of flow and deformation of materials. Important variables in rheological analysis are then outlined, including shear stress, shear rate, strain, and viscosity. Three main methods of rheological measurement are described: melt index instruments, rotational rheometers, and capillary rheometers. Rotational rheometers measure viscosity using different plate and cylinder geometries under varying shear rates and temperatures. Capillary rheometers examine processing behavior by forcing material through a die. The document concludes that rheology is a useful characterization tool for understanding structure-property relationships in materials development.
This document discusses rheology, which is the science of flow and deformation of materials. It defines rheology and explains its importance in pharmaceutical applications. It describes different types of flows including Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatant flows. It also discusses thixotropic behavior, instrumentation used to study rheology including viscometers, and applications of rheology in areas like creams, lotions and suspensions.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It governs the flow of fluids in the body like blood, lymph, and mucus. From a rheological perspective, materials are solids, liquids, or gases depending on whether their shape and volume remain constant under forces. The flow properties of materials determine how easily substances like emulsions and ointments can be processed and used. Materials can exhibit Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow based on whether their viscosity changes with applied stress. Key non-Newtonian flows include plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant. Factors like polymer structure, hydration, pH, and temperature affect the rheological properties of pharmaceutical products.
This document summarizes an industrial seminar on rheology presented by Modh Sudipkumar. It discusses the importance of rheology in industrial processes and its effect on product cost, stability, and recalls. It outlines different types of viscometers and rheometers used in industry and their applications in evaluating stability of formulations like suspensions, emulsions, and ointments. Newer instruments like interfacial shear rheometers and stress rheometers are able to characterize more complex fluid behaviors at interfaces and under varying stresses. Rheology is presented as a rapid screening method to test stability by monitoring changes in storage and loss modulus.
This document provides an overview of rheology and its importance in pharmaceutical applications. It begins with definitions of rheology as the study of flow and deformation of matter under stress. The importance of rheology in formulation of various dosage forms like creams, emulsions, and suspensions is discussed. The document then covers key concepts in rheology including Newton's laws of viscosity, different types of fluid flow (Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant), and measurement of viscosity. Pharmaceutical examples are provided to illustrate different flow properties and their significance.
Werner Kuhn and Hans Kuhn were brilliant 1940s Swiss polymer scientists who developed theories on random coil statistics and entropy of polymer chains. Their work provided a foundation for understanding rubber elasticity. Andrew Keller, a 1950s-1970s Hungarian physical chemist, made important contributions to understanding polymer crystallization through his work on polyethylene single crystals. Pierre de Gennes, a prominent 20th century French physicist, applied his expertise in areas like superconductivity to develop the theory of polymer reptation. Piet Lemstra and Paul Smith were 1980s Dutch polymer scientists who successfully produced high modulus polyethylene through solution processing techniques.
Polyethylene polymer crystallisation results in beautiful crystalline microstructures. Polyethylene chains can form chain folded single crystals when crystallized from solution, or "shish kebab" fibrous crystals if shear is applied. When crystallized from the melt, polyethylene typically forms spherulite crystals made up of chain folded lamella that are 1-10 microns in diameter. The crystalline structures that form rival diamond in their beauty and molecular organization despite starting as flexible polymer chains.
This presentation gives a summary on the development of the Cambridge Trimaster which is an apparatus for studying the fast filament stretching, thinning and break up of low viscosity fluids. The apparatus is particularly relevant to ink jet fluids
1) In 1969, Prof. Albert Pennings discovered that Taylor vortices in Couette flow could induce elongated "shish kebab" crystal fibers of polyethylene from solution.
2) Also in 1969, Sir Charles Frank concluded that polyethylene could have a Young's modulus of 210 GPa if the chains were all aligned based on its similarity to diamond's unit cell structure.
3) In the 1970s, Frank and Mackley's experiments using opposed jets showed localized chain extension and "shish kebab" crystal formation, but with low overall modulus.
Ink jet rheology and processing-Monash 2009malcolmmackley
Ā
This presentation gives a summary of work carried out in the Chemical Engineering Department at Cambridge on the rheology and processing of ink jet fluids. The linear viscoelastic properties are captured using a PAV rheometer and the non linear extensional behaviour using a "Cambridge Trimaster".
This was my last Departmental seminar given in Chemical Engineering at Cambridge. It tells the story of apparatus and process invention. I have included pictures that influenced my career.
The Cambridge Multipass Rheometer (MPR) is capable of performing rheology measurements under varied temperature, pressure, flow, and time conditions. It has four models that can impose temperature from -10 to 210Ā°C, pressure from 1 to 200 bar, flow from 1 to 100,000 reciprocal seconds, and time from milliseconds to hours. The MPR uses enclosed volumes and interchangeable inserts to perform experiments in different flow modes like pressure variation, flow curves, and cross-slot flow. It has been used to study materials like polymers, foods, foams and other complex fluids.
Professor David Moldenhauer is a Fellow of Robinson College and Professor of Process Innovation at the University of Cambridge who has pioneered new methods for shaping chocolate through extrusion and other non-traditional forming techniques by applying his scientific understanding of chocolate's properties and microstructure to invent innovative processing methods.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
Ā
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
Ā
š Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
š Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
š» Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
š Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Ā
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
Ā
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
Ā
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energyās Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
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MCF Korea-2012
1. LG. Korea 2012
āInventing Plastic Microcapillary Filmsā
BY
MALCOLM MACKLEY.
With Acknowledgement to;
Dr Bart Hallmark
Dr Christian Hornung
Dora Medina
Sina Bonyadi and Hui Cheah
Nuno Reis
Frederik Scheiff, David Agar and Matthais Mendorf
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
mrm5@cam.ac.uk 1
6. Early experiments 2002
Gas injector
Convergent die
Edge of quartz window
Hopper
Flange
with filter
P2 T5 T6
Motor Screw
T7
T1 T2 T3 T4 P1
Gear pump
Heated Die
barrel
F Haul off
Nitrogen supply
Secondary Rotameter Hollow extrudate
Primary
pressure pressure Gas flow
regulator regulator control
PE
6
7. MCF Process Development
Gas entrainment
Convergent die
Edge of quartz window
Hopper
Flange
with filter
P2 T5 T6
Motor Screw
T7
T1 T2 T3 T4 P1
Gear pump
Heated Die
barrel
Haul off
Hollow extrudate
Hallmark et al. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid. Mech (2005)
7
8. Gas entrainment ā die and injector design
Polymer flow
Die land
MCF extrudate Melt drawing length, L
Brass ārollerā
Quench bath
Extrudate to haul off
8
11. The MCF process
Die exit Direction of flow
Polymer
melt Entrainment
Chill rollers
body
MCF
Array of 19 entrainment
nozzles
PLAN VIEW
Quenching length, L
Air inlet
Single screw extruder
MCF
extrusion
die
P2 T5 T6
Chilled rollers
MCF
T1 T2 T3 T4
Spooling
Gear pump
Guide rollers
11
Hallmark et al Adv. Eng. Mat., (2005).
14. Drawing Low Voidage MCF
D. I. Medina B. Hallmark T. D. Lord M. R. Mackley The development of voidage and capillary size within extruded plastic films. J
Mat Sci, in press
14
15. Mechanical Drawing of MCFs
(using stable Microsystems texture analyser)
Upper
Clamp
Upper Clamp
MCF
MCF
Fixed
lower
clamp Fixed
lower
clamp
Room
Temperature
Mechanical drawing process
- Increases orientation but
15
limits drawability
17. COLD DRAWN
Necking
120
Undrawn
material
100
Material
Hydraulic diameter (Ī¼m)
80 in neck
60
Post-neck
material
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Capillary number
MCF voidage ā 8.5 %
17
18. HOT DRAWN
25
Optic micrograph
of top view MCFs
20
Drawing
Hydraulic diameter (Ī¼m)
direction
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Capillary number
MCF voidage ā 9-11 %
18
19. Molecular orientation
Quenching X-Ray diffraction
Extrusion die
little orientation
Extruder Melt T=170 Ā°C
Chilled rolls
9 Ā°C
MCF
High orientation
Hot drawing
Solid
- Second stage
Hot draw-
Thermal camera image
V2
V1
Draw ratio Ī» = V1/V2
Hot roll
T = 60-120Ā°C 19
22. High Voidage MCFs
By rapid cooling and or injecting air under pressure into
capillaries during melt processing it is possible to produce Develop orientation
āHigh voidage MCFsā
Conventional extrusion line MCF High-
extrusion speed
die air
quench
P2 T5 T6
Chilled rollers
T1 T2 T3 T4
T Spooling
P P
Mass flow control valve
Compressed
air Guide rollers
Isolation Needle
valve valve
P Pressure sensor Manual valve
T Temperature sensor Control valve
22
24. X-Ray (200)
(110)
Orientation present
Air quench jet
Die exit
Solid MCF
Air entrainment
needle
Extrusion direction
Solidification
Interface zone Melt residence time << 1 s
Molten
Melt relaxation time < 1 s
MCF Chill rollers
Air quench jet
24
25. High-voidage MCF Air quench jet
Die exit Solid MCF
Air entrainment
needle
Extrusion direction
Solidification
interface
Molten
MCF
Chill rollers
Air quench jet
2D schematic
Asymmetry in temperature profile ļØ Asymmetry in
viscosity profile ļØ Asymmetry in the velocity profile
To << Ti
Ī·o >> Ī·i
Ī·o T o
A1, u1 A2, u2
Ī·i T i
Injector needle 25Symmetry plane
26. Ultra High Voidage MCF
D. I. Medina B. Hallmark T. D. Lord M. R. Mackley The development of voidage and capillary size within extruded plastic films.
J Mat Sci, in press
26
27. Mechanical drawing of High Voidage
MCFs
Capillary direction
Upper
Clamp
Upper Clamp
MCF
MCF
Fixed
lower
clamp Fixed
lower
clamp
Room
Temperature
It breaks
27
28. Mechanical drawing of MCFs
Transverse direction
Upper
Clamp
Upper Clamp
MCF
Fixed
lower
MCF clamp
Fixed
lower
clamp
28
29. HV-MCF is unfolded to form
the UHV-MCF
Go to MCF UHV movie
Dora Medina 29
38. MCF Development RTD
PE, EVOH and FEP
50
45 length = 20 m inlet
flow rate = 0.5 ml/min outlet
40
35
30
c [mg/l]
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t [min]
38
39. MCF Commercialisation
ļ 2 flat silicon heaters (200 W each)
ļ PID control - Temperature monitoring at top and bottom heater
plates
developed by
ļ Tmax = 150 Ā°C Lamina Dielectrics Ltd.
& Cambridge University
Reactor disk tray
Temperature control
Teflon coated
hot plates
Patrick Hestor Lamina Ltd 39
the precision location of each injector tip to within 10 microns.
The high accuracy of the features within a low-voidage MCF can be attributed to a carefully designed and precision fabricated die assembly . Outer voidage = 10 % Inner voidage = 9 %
The MCF sample was clamped in vertically to apply the load in the extrusion direction . The top clamp was set to advance at a certain speed and load was recorded by the software TA Texture Expert, running on a PC. The bottom clamp remained stationary; the initial distance between the clamps was 10 mm.
Error bars are plus and minus one standard deviation of the mean hydraulic diameter. In this graph we can see that the hydraulic diameters of the MCF edge capillaries are bigger than the ones in the centre. The clear trend shown here is that an increase in draw corresponds to a decrease in the hydraulic diameter of the film.
Error bars are plus and minus one standard deviation of the mean hydraulic diameter. In this graph we can see that the hydraulic diameters of the MCF edge capillaries are bigger than the ones in the centre. The clear trend shown here is that an increase in draw corresponds to a decrease in the hydraulic diameter of the film.
In order to reduce capillary size, continuous drawing i s currently performed to hot drawn the MCF as it is extruded. In order to carry out application research in other fields, for example optical diffraction gratings, it would be necessary to make MCFs with capillaries having mean hydraulic diameters of around 700 nanometers. The first set of rollers act to quench the extruded polymer. The next roller that the extrudate is in contact with is heated to just under the melting point of the polymer, around 114C for LLDPE, with the spool roller being set at a velocity higher than the first chill roll velocity. In this way the polymer can be hot drawn, thus achieving a reduction in the dimensions of the MCF and the capillaries within it.
It has been possible to create MCFs with capillary sizes of the order of 5 microns using a polyether urethane and if I can obtain a further reduction to below one micron, the film will create interesting and useful colour diffraction effects.
Subsequent second stage drawing of the high voidage MCF is influenced by the orientation within the material. Axial drawing is limited to brittle fracture but large deformation transverse drawing is possible through a series of successive neck drawing from each capillary.
The first generation of MCFs were termed ālow-voidageā MCF. These materials were characterised as having essentially uniform capillaries and voidage typically between 10 % and 15 % based on the ratio of total capillary area to total polymer cross sectional area. The low-voidage MCF product has capillary mean hydraulic diameters between 100 Ī¼m to 400 Ī¼m. It was made with a commercially available grade of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), manufactured by the Dow Chemical Company Inc. (Dowlex NG5056G). Alteration of process conditions can strongly influence the MCFās cross sectional geometry and the capillary mean hydraulic diameters.
The MCF sample was clamped in vertically to apply the load in the capillary direction In the case of high-voidage MCF the initial film had orientation and the mechanical deformation behaviour was highly anisotropic The material high-voidage MCF behaved in an essentially brittle manner along the extrusion direction
The MCF sample was clamped horizontally to be drawn in the transversal direction but by transverse drawing of the MCF a highly unusual ultra high-voidage microstructure was obtained
In this video you can see how the HV-MCF is unfolded to form the UHV-MCF
Front view and cross sectional view of the UHV-MCF.
The high accuracy of the features within a low-voidage MCF can be attributed to a carefully designed and precision fabricated die assembly . Outer voidage = 10 % Inner voidage = 9 %