The document summarizes a colloquium presentation by Malcolm Mackley on visualization in the context of physics and engineering, covering historical developments in flow visualization techniques from the 1970s to the present. It highlights various contributors and notable technologies involved in visualizing fluids and materials, including carbon nanotubes and chocolate extrusion processing. The presentation acknowledges the influence of the Bristol Physics Department and its history in advancing the field.

1. Bristol 2008
Physics Department Colloquium
“Visualisation; seeing the physical picture ”
BY
MALCOLM MACKLEY.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
www.cheng.ac.uk/groups/polymer
mrm5@cam.ac.uk

2. Leonardo de Vinci 1513

3. David Hockney 1972

4. Sir Charles Frank Andrew Keller

5. Flow Visualisation
Light
source

6. The
Double
Jet
Charles Frank
Andrew Keller
& MRM
Bristol 1970

7. Science Technology Art
MRM1970

8. The Six Roll Mill Michael Berry &MRM
Bristol 1976

9. Science Technology Art

10. Berry and Mackley
Bristol 1976

11. Berry and Mackley 1976

12. Sussex University
“Visualising Water Waves”
Graham Knott &MRM
Sussex 1978

13. Oscillatory Flow Mixing (OFM). Wave Energy devices
Air turbine generates power
Graham Knott &MRM
Sussex 1978

14. Movie, Sussex-waves-Knott-(1978)
Graham Knott &MRM
Sussex 1978

15. Oscillatory Flow Mixing (OFM). Science
U tube
oscillator
Cambridge 1980

16. Oscillatory Flow Mixing, (OFM).
Paul Stonestreet 1990

17. Oscillatory Flow Mixing (OFM). Technology
Science Technology Art

18. Movie, Osc-Flow-Sim-Tony-Howes-(1980s)
Tony Howes 1990

19. Lab Scale OFR
Paul Stonestreet, Adam Harvey 1999

20. Reaction Progress
along Reactor
Net Flow
Net Flow In Out

21. NiTech Solutions 2007

22. Flexible chocolate
(1990s)
“A visual flow”
Science Technology Art

23. Extrusion processing
Polyethylene
Cold Melt
Extrusion Processing
∆H
50 100 150 200
0
Temperature C
Chocolate
Cold Melt
Extrusion Processing
∆H
10 20 30 40
0
Temperature C

24. Visualising Polymer Flow
Bristol 1970 – 76
Sussex 1976- 79
Cambridge 1979 - Present
Many contributors including
Recently, David Hassell and TimLord

25. The Cambridge MultiPass Rheometer (MPR)
Rheology flow mode Cross-slot flow mode

26. MPR4
Engineered by www.elandeng.co.uk

27. Movie MPR-Cross-Slot-David-Hassell-(2005)
David Hassell 2007

28. Visualising the Flow of Carbon Nanotudes
Anson Ma 2005 onwards

29. Optical Observation of
Untreated Multi-Walled CNT
The Linkam, Cambridge Shear System CSS

30. Ma-CNT-Helical-band-(2005)
Flow
0.03% CNT loading
Low viscosity epoxy
Local shear rate: 0.5s-1
Optical depth: 130 μm
500 μm
Anson Ma 2007

31. Gap Size Time = 0 s Time = 180 s Time = 600 s
55 μm
130 μm
180 μm

32. Helical Bands; schematic model

33. Parallel Plate Rheometer. UV cure Microstructure Studies
UV Light
Quartz Upper Plate
CNT in photo-curable acrylic or epoxy
Stainless Steel
Bottom Plate Ωr
γ (r ) =

h
Ω: rotation speed
r =0 r=R r: radial position
h: plate separation
r =0 r=R

34. A “Zoo” of CNT Microstructure
0 s-1 1 s-1 10 s-1 100 s-1 1000 s-1
I. Untreated
SWNT
II. Treated
SWNT
III. Untreated
MWNT
IV. Treated
MWNT
All at 0.05 wt% conc

35. Untreated Multi-Walled CNT
0 s-1 1 s-1 10 s-1 100 s-1 1000 s-1
Helical Bands!!
Dense aggregates
Dense aggregates

36. Treated Multi-Walled CNT
0 s-1 1 s-1 10 s-1 100 s-1 1000 s-1
Circumferential
alignment Aboriginal texture
Dense aggregates

37. Conclusion
I would like to thank the “Bristol Physics
Department” and in particular the 1970s
academic staff for inspiring me, and
indirectly my students.
Malcolm Mackley mrm5@cam.ac.uk