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Reducing the Impacts of Poultry
Litter on Water Quality by
Developing Alternative Markets
for Poultry Litter Biochar
Louis M. McDonald
Andy Burgess, Jeff Skousen, James
Anderson, Joshua Cook
West Virginia University
The Chesapeake Bay
• Environmental
Liability
Poultry
Litter
• Economic Asset
• Ecological Asset
Poultry
Litter
Biochar
Mine land reclamation
Programmatic Goals
Eutrophication
400-500 mt litter/year700,000 birds/year
3.6 mt
biochar/year
Pyrolysis Unit =
10.9 mt/day
5 million BTUs
Task Objectives
1. Chemical & Physical Characterization
• Nutrient and salt concentration
• Particle size distribution
• Batch consistency
2. Biological Response
• Germination and growth
3. Field Trial
• Miscanthus and switchgrass
• Rapid decrease in EC
• pH was constant ~6.9
Salt Concentrations
DOC losses were larger
than DIC losses
Dissolved Carbon
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
<230 >230 >60 >10 >5
PercentMass
Sieve Size
M-Type
W-Type
α <0.0001; R2 = 0.96
*
*
Sieve Size Distribution
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
<230 >230 >60 >10 >5
Concentration(ppm)
Sieve Size
M-Type
W-Type
α <0.0001; R2 = 0.90
**
*
Potassium by Sieve Size
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
<230 >230 >60 >10 >5
Concentration(ppm)
Sieve Size
M-Type
W-Type
α <0.0001; R2 = 0.97
*
*
Calcium by Sieve Size
a a
a
b
a
ab
a
a
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Soil Fertilizer Unt bio lo Unt bio hi 24 lo 24 hi 48 lo 48 hi
%Germinated
Treatment
Lettuce Germination
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
soil fert unt lo 24 lo 48 lo
PercentGerminated
Treatment
a
a
aaa
Lettuce Germination
A
B
B
B
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Soil 48 trt 24 trt unt
PercentofWorms
Treatment
Trt4 Trt 1
Trt 3 Trt 2
48 hr Topsoil
Biochar24 hr
Worm Experiments
Greenhouse Production
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 2 4 6 8 10
NumberofLeaves
Time (weeks)
Commercial
Biochar
Control
Greenhouse Production
Surface Mine Reclamation
Surface Mine Reclamation
Surface Mine Reclamation
Whatever his accomplishments, this
sophistication, his artistic
pretension, man owes his very
existence to a 6-inch layer of topsoil –
and the fact that it rains.

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