The document discusses the composition and science behind mayonnaise, an oil-in-water emulsion primarily made from egg yolk, oil, and vinegar. It outlines the roles of various ingredients, including oil, egg yolk, vinegar, salt, sugar, and mustard, in influencing the quality and processing of mayonnaise. Additionally, it describes the manufacturing process and factors that can affect the mayonnaise's stability, potentially leading to a phase-inversion resulting in broken mayonnaise.

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Introduction:
Mayonnaise, informally called mayo is a cold sauce originating in French cuisine is an oil-in-
water (O/W) emulsion with a dispersed oil phase and a continuous water phase containing egg,
vinegar, salt, sugar, mustard and water. The oil-water interface is stabilized by egg yolk, which
acts as an emulsifier.
Science Behind Mayonnaise formation:
Emulsification: It is the process to force two immiscible liquids to combine in a suspension.
Substances like oil and water, which cannot dissolve in each other to form a uniform
homogenous solution but the problem is these two unlike substances won’t form an
emulsion on their own—so for that it needs help of an emulsifier.
So, now question arises that what is an emulsifier?
Emulsifiers are molecules with a fat-soluble part and a water-soluble part. The fat-loving part
sticks to the oil, and the water-soluble part sticks to the water, creating an effective barrier
around the droplets thus it is a component that coats the droplets, keeping them separate
from each other because when left the droplets will clump together, causing the emulsion to
separate. Egg Yolk containing lecithin is an example of an emulsifier.

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Based on fat content mayonnaise is of 2 types:
Ingredients Used for Processing:
Mayonnaise is a thick creamy emulsion of egg yolk, oil, vinegar, lemon juice and seasoning. It
works as a base for various sauces like thousand island, tartar sauce etc. Mayonnaise is often
used as spreads on sandwiches and burgers, as the creamy base in cold salads, as dip for French
fries and much more
However, mayonnaise from all over the world can have varying ingredients depending on the
country of origin. Differences can be seen in 4 choices like type of oil or emulsifier. The oil type
can be changed because of economic reasons while different spices can be used to reflect the
culture. The emulsifier used can vary between whole egg (common in USA), liquid egg yolk
(common in Europe) and spray dried egg yolk.
ROLE OF DIFFERENT INGRIDIENTS ON THE QUALITY AND PROCESSING OF
MAYONNAISE
1. Oil- It is the main ingredient in mayonnaise and therefore it has a large influence on the
quality of the final product. The amount of oil dispersed in the mayonnaise contributes
to the viscoelastic behaviour and stability of the product. The oil also impacts the
organoleptic properties by providing creaminess and flavour to the mayonnaise. It is
therefore important to use an oil with neutral taste, like rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, or
grapeseed oil.
Mayonnaise
High fat
Mayonnaise
(75-80% fat)
Low fat
Mayonnaise
(30-55% )

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2. Egg- In industries pasteurized liquid egg yolk or powdered egg yolk is generally used. Egg
yolk is more commonly used as compared to egg white because of its greater emulsifier
properties, while egg white also shows some emulsifying ability, but egg yolk is four
times more effective. LDL is often referred as the primary reason for the excellent
emulsifying properties.
3. Vinegar- Vinegar used in mayonnaise contributes to the flavour of the mayonnaise and it
also decreases the pH, helping in the microbiological safety and preservation.
4. Salt and sugar- Salt contributes to the flavour and to the stability of the mayonnaise Salt
helps to neutralize the charges of the proteins (from eggs) so they can adsorb more
efficiently to the droplet interface. Sugar also contributes to the flavour of the
mayonnaise and is added mainly to counteract the flavour of vinegar.
5. Mustard- Mustard contributes to the flavour and colour of mayonnaise. Most of the
flavour in mustard comes from the isothiocyanates.
General Processing:

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Note:
1. The first and the second operational speeds may have the same values, i.e. they may be
equal. The third operational speed is advantageously higher than the second operational speed
2. Mixing into the pre-emulsion denotes a state where the vegetable oil, water and egg
ingredient has formed an emulsion.
The diagram below represents manufacturing of Mayonnaise. Firstly, the egg is supplied into
the mixing tank and subsequently, water with sugar already dissolved in it is added.
Immediately, the agitator of the mixing tank is switched on and the oil is slowly added into the
tank where the pre-emulsion is to be prepared. Then vinegar with previously dissolved salt and
lemon juice is added. Once the pre-emulsion is completed, the pump and the mixer is switched
on to recirculate the product till the mayonnaise is obtained. When the mayonnaise is
prepared, it is transferred into the buffer tank and it is ready for packaging.
But sometimes, due to some factors like the stirring speed, temperature, egg content, egg type
and oil content causes changes in the quality of the mayonnaise and even lead to phase-
inversion (water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion forms instead of oil-in-water) producing broken
mayonnaise, which is characterized by a very low viscosity, close to the viscosity of oil.

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The diagram 1.1 below represents a good quality made mayonnaise while the Fig 1.2 shows a
broken mayonnaise.
Fig 1.1 Fig 1.2