Mau va bach huyet (anh) 2
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The document discusses the components of blood including leukocytes, platelets, plasma, and formed elements. It also covers topics like hemopoiesis, megakaryoblasts, an overview of coagulation, different types of white blood cells, and control of erythrocyte production. The second half of the document focuses on immunity, distinguishing between innate and acquired immunity, and outlining cell-mediated immunity, antibody-mediated immunity, and an overview of the immune response.
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Mau va bach huyet (anh) 2
- 21. Leukocytes or White Blood Cells
- 22. Platelets
- 29. Plasma
- 30. Formed Elements granular agranular
- 37. Blood
- 38. Neutrophil
- 39. Eosinophils
- 41. Control of Erythrocyte Production Figure 10.5
- 44. Antigens bacteria viruses ANTIGENS bacteria viruses SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY APC’s phagocytize Ag & activate T cells
- 45. Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
- 46. Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
- 47. Review of Immune Response
- 48. Fig. 14-11) Overview of Immunity
Editor's Notes
- Breakdown occurs in cells of spleen, liver or red bone marrow Cells are phagocytized by macrophages Globin and hemes are split apart Globins are broken down into AAs and reused in protein synthesis Heme has Fe3+ removed and it associates with transferrin, an iron storage molecule. In muscle and liver cells, and in macrophages of liver and spleen the iron attaches to an iron storage protein called ferritin When released from storage or followin absorption from GI tract, Fe3+ again is picked up by transferrin 1.Fe3+-transferrin complex is carried to red bone marrow where RBC precursors pick it through receptor mediated endocytosis for use in hemoglobin synthesis, which requires AAs, the Fe+ binding heme and vitamin B12 Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow produces RBCs and they are released into circulation After iron is removed from heme the non-iron portion of heme is converted ti biliverdin (green) and then to bilirubin (yellow-orange) Bilirubin enters blood and goes to the liver Bilirubin is released by liver cells into bile, which travesl through small and large intestine In large intestine bacteria convert bilirubin into urobilinogen Some is absorbed back into the blood and converted to urobilin and excreted in urine Most is eliminated in feces s a abrown pigment called stercobilin High levels of bilirubin - usually above 20 mg - can cause deafness, cerebral palsy, or brain damage in some babies. In rare cases, jaundice may indicate the presence of hepatitis. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants should be examined for jaundice within a few days after being born. Types of Jaundice There are several types of newborn jaundice. The following are the most common: Physiological (normal) jaundice : occurring in more than 50% of newborns, this jaundice is due to the immaturity of the baby's liver, which leads to a slow processing of bilirubin. It generally appears at 2 to 4 days of age and disappears by 1 to 2 weeks of age. Jaundice of prematurity : this occurs frequently in premature babies since they take longer to adjust to excreting bilirubin effectively. Breast milk jaundice : in 1% to 2% of breastfed babies, jaundice can be caused by substances produced in their mother's breast milk that can cause the bilirubin level to rise above 20 mg. These substances can prevent the excretion of bilirubin through the intestines. It starts at 4 to 7 days and normally lasts from 3 to 10 weeks. Blood group incompatibility (Rh or ABO problems) : if a baby has a different blood type than the mother, the mother might produce antibodies that destroy the infant's red blood cells. This creates a sudden buildup of bilirubin in the baby's blood. Incompatibility jaundice usually begins during the first day of life. Rh problems once caused the most severe form of jaundice, but now can be prevented with an injection of Rh immune globulin to the mother within 72 hours after delivery, which prevents her from forming antibodies that might endanger any subsequent babies.
- Movement out of the blood vessel is usually prompted by chemical signal. Adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells called selectins help WBC, which has integrins stick to the endothelial cells and slow them down and roll along the surface until they stick. Amoeboid motion is cytoplasmic streaming and the WBC follows a chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes. Use positive chemotaxis. Body speeds up development of WBC in response to infection.
- Platelets have granules that contain serotonin, Ca2+, ADP, PDGF and a variety of enzymes. The platelets are kept inactive by NO and prostacyclin secreted by endothelial cells lining the BV. The particles are produced by the megakaryocyte sending cytoplasmic extensions through the sinusoid wall into the blood stream. The extensions rupture producing fragments that quickly reseal around the cytoplasm.