this slide is about history and manufacturing process of different types of materials. e.g leather, ceramics, plastic, linoleum, paper mache.

1. FD 134

2. INDEX
• Leather
• Ceramics
• Plastic
• Linoleum
• Paper mache

3. • The leather goods made of many
animals. e.g Sheep, Buffalos,
Cow, Goat ,crocodile etc.
• It’s a durable &flexible &
waterproof material created via
the tanning.
• It has multiple uses _ including
clothing(shoes, hats, jackets,
skirts, trousers and belts), book
binding leather wallpaper & as a
furniture covering.

4. FULL GRAIN TOP GRAIN
SPLIT CORRECTED GRAIN

5. • Prehistoric people wrapped animal
skins around their bodies for
warmth.
• Romans used leather for shoes and
tunics as well as breastplates
and shields.
• Ancient Hebrews are credited with
inventing the first tanninng
process using oak bark.they used
fish oil and hemlock and chest-
nut trees for tanning.

6. • In 19th C. first leather
processing machines were
developed and a new tanning
method was developed by using
chromium salts that cut the
processing time from weeks to a
few hours.

7. • TANNING MATERIALS
__Vegetable- extracts from the
bark & wood of trees.
__Mineral – in the main ,
trivalent chromium sulphate.
__Aldehydes- formaldehyde,
glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine
__Synthetic replacements.

9. • Prepping the hide
• Pull the flesh of the hide.
• Salt the skin.
• Soak the skin in water.
• Remove the hair from the skin.

10. • Give the skin a final lime
bath.
• Tanning the leather.
• Add any dyes to the container.
• Rinse the leather.
• Soften the leather.
• Apply a leather softening oil
smoke the hide.

12. INTRODUCTION
• Ceramics are classified as inorganic and non
metallic materials that are essential to our
daily life.
• CLAY – It’s a fine – grained, firm earthy
material, it is used to make ceramic art.

13. Types of Clay
• Earthenware – the most commonly found clay in
nature & is the raw material usually used to make
most of the pottery in the world.
• Stoneware – clays are named this because when
fired they have the characteristics of stone, which
is a hard, dense surfaced with grayish brown
color.
• Porcelain- the product of different techniques of
many early Chinese pottery workers. Its main
ingredient is kaolin, also know as china clay.

14. PORCELAIN
• Is a ceramic material made by heating
materials, generally including clay in the form
of kaollin, in a klin .

15. TYPES OF CERAMICS
Whitewares
Refractories
Glasses
Abrasives
Cements.

16. White wares
Made from components of clay , silica & feldspar
for which the composition is controlled.
• Crockery
• Floor & wall tiles
• Sanitary-ware
• Electrical porcelain
• Decorative ceramics

17. Refractories
• Iron & steel
• Glass
• Cements energy conversion
• Petroleum
• Chemical

18. Amorphous Ceramics: Glasses
• Flat glass (windows)
• Container glass (bottles)
• Pressed & blown glass (dinnerware)
• Glass fibres (home insulation)
• Advanced/specialty glass (optical fibres)

19. Abrasives
Is a material, often a mineral
used to shape or finish a
workpiece through rubbing.
• Natural (garnet, diamond
etc)
• Synthetic abrasives(silicon
carbide, diamond, fused
alumina etc.) are used for
grinding, cutting, polishing,
lapping or pressure blasting
of materials.

20. Industrial Use of Ceramics
• Metalized ceramics
• Wear resistant linear
• Ballistic Protection
• Grinding Equipment
• Coal Washery
• Power Generation

21. Cement
• It is a binder, a substance that sets & hardens
independently & can bind other materials.

23. Introduction
Plastic is a synthetic material, made from
organic polymers like polyethylene,
PVC, nylon etc. There are many types in
plastic.

24. Composition of plastic:
• Organic polymers Carbon oxygen
Sulphur Nitrogen
Organy polymers may include: CHALK, STARCH,
IVORY DUST, WOOD FLOOR, ZINC OXIDE.

25. Classification of plastic

27. Thermosetting Plastic

28. Thermo Plastics

29. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Blow moulding: Hot air is blown into a pre-
formed tube, a parison, formed by two part,
usually metal, mould. The tube can be
injection moulded allowing a thread for a lid
or some other detail to be formed. It can also
be extruded as a tube, pinched at one end,
and again expanded to fill the cavity of a two
part metal mould. Textures can be formed on
the mould walls.

30. BLOW MOULDING MACHINE

31. Casting
• Plastic in liquid form
is poured into an
open mould itself
often moulded from
plastic.

32. Compression moulding
• A measured amount of material is added to a
two part mould and subjected to heat and
pressure.

33. Extrusion
• Plastic pellets are fed into a heated cylinder
and driven forward by a turning screw which
compacts and melts them and forces the melt
through a die at the end, creating continuous
lengths of shapes with the desired profile. It is
a system much like that of a mincing machine
except for the addition of heat. Once the
plastic shape is formed it is cooled by air or
water.

34. EXTRUSION

35. Foaming
• There are a number of different processes but
they share the release of gas into the plastic so
that it fills with bubbles and foams within a two
part metal mould of the desired shape

36. Injection moulding
• Similar to extrusion except that the plastic is
injected into a metal mould often with
branching for multi-impression tools.

37. ADVANTAGES
• Plastics are light weighted, chemically
resistant, can easily be shaped, durable, easy
to colour, thermally insulating, energy saving.

38. DISADVANTAGES
Harmful for environment.
Plastic doesn’t destroy, it polluted soil and
water.

39. Plastic products:
• Nowadays Plastic is a daily useful
important things. We used plastic in
many way in our life.
• Some plastic products are contact lenses,
eye glasses, tooth brush, super market
bags, plastic bottles, shower curtains,
microwave safe appliances, CD etc.

40. Linoleum
Linoleum, also called Lino, is a floor
covering made from materials such as
solidified linseed oil, pine rosin,
ground cork dust, wood flour, and mineral
fillers such as calcium carbonate,

41. History
• Linoleum was invented by
Englishman Frederick Walton in 1855.
• Between the time of its invention in 1860 and
its being largely superseded by other hard
floor coverings in the 1950s,
• linoleum was considered to be an excellent,
inexpensive material for high-use areas.

42. Assignment
• First we take a linoleum sheet.
• Then we draw our design.
• After that we tress our design on linoleum
sheet.
• By some sharp tools we dig our design on that
sheet.

45. Learning outcome
• We learned about linoleum sheet.
• A new type of art.
• Developed our hand movement.

46. PAPER MACHE
• Paper-mache literally "chewed paper” is
a composite material consisting
of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes reinforced
with textiles, bound with an adhesive, such
as glue, starch, or wallpaper paste.

47. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Two main methods are used to prepare
papier-mache.
The first method makes use of paper strips
glued together with adhesive,
the other uses paper pulp obtained by soaking
or boiling paper to which glue is then added.

48. ASSIGNMENT
• We make tiles from paper mache.
• First we take a MDF board, than coat it with
fevicol,
• Than we tress our design on MDF.
• We make our form by paper mache, and form
it.
• We paste it by fevicol on MDF.

49. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• We learn about paper mache, a type of clay.
• We learn how to use it.
• It’s possibilities.
• Color used in paper mache.

50. DIFFICULTIES
• It’s little hard to give shape.
• If we kept it in open air, it became hard.
• When it came in contact of heat it develops
cracks.

52. THANK YOU