The document discusses autonomous shipping and unmanned vessels from both a practical and regulatory perspective. It begins with an overview of the drivers for innovation in shipping including safety, cost reduction, and corporate social responsibility. Speakers then discuss the definitions and applications of autonomous shipping, highlighting the need for improved data collection and integration. Challenges include addressing safety, responsibilities, and developing business models to support remote operations. The way forward involves further studies on regulatory frameworks and pilot testing of partial autonomous implementations.

1. Masterclass – May 28, 2015
Maritime Innovation
Unmanned vessels: vice or virtue for shipping?

2. • Master Class as high-end
content for young
professionals in the port
industrial complex and
maritime cluster
• Snap-shots of Master
courses in program
• Practical perspective
from business experts
• Master Class as high-end
content for young
professionals in the port
industrial complex and
maritime cluster
• Snap-shots of Master
courses in program
• Practical perspective
from business experts
Theory
(Master)
Practice
From senior
business
experts
Welcome / introduction
Drink
“The Master Shipping and Transport program is like an
MBA, but completely maritime driven”
Master Class offered to you by:

3. Platform for knowledge exchange between
education, business community and
association of young port professionals
Master Class offered to you by:

4. Maritime Innovation: Unmanned vessels
Speaker Subject
17.20 Jan S. Bakker Setting the scene for shipping
innovation
17.30 Marnix Krikke
Director Innovation & Human
Capital at Netherlands Maritime
Technology Association
Autonomous shipping, hype or
trend?
17.50 Rui Lima,
Researcher / engineer INDYMO
Collecting better data using
dynamic monitoring - underwater
drone (ROV)
18.15 -
18.30
Break Entresol
18.30 Harmen Hoek, partner-owner
Hoek Advocatuur
Unmanned ships, another major
overhaul for maritime law?
18.50 Maurice Jansen Panel discussion
19.15 Closing

5. JAN BAKKER
DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR NETHERLANDS MARITIME UNIVERSITY
STC-NMU
Setting the scene for shipping
innovation

6. Drivers for innovation in ships
• Need (safety, economy, special purpose)
• Finances (cost cutting)
• Corporate Social Responsibility (which may
be green polishing of the company,
image).

7. Need - Safety
• Sea keeping of high speed vessels: Axe
Bow

8. Need – Special Purpose
• Pioneering Spirit

9. Finances
• Large scale reduces costs per TEU per
nautical mile
• 10 years ago 1 TEU Shanghai Rotterdam
would cost 2000 USD, now 250 USD

10. Need - CSR
• Fuel costs reduction by special paints
• This ferry saves 12% on fuel only, which is
equal to 6% of the operational costs

11. Need - CSR
• Reduction of fuel consumption causes
reduction of CO2 emissions
• € 435,000 in tradeable emission rights
paid to two owners for 17 ships
FD 28-5-15

12. Finance vs Innovation
• Fuel price now 50% lower than one year
ago results in:
– Container vessels sailing faster (earning more
per day)
– Surplus in container vessels
– TEU per nautical mile price drops
– Less interest in fuel reducing activities (there
goes the green image)

13. Innovation Unmanned
• Need?
– Unsafe environments: unmanned fire fighting
vessels near possible exploding ships
Nu.nl 28-5-15

14. Innovation Unmanned
• High speed military vessels
Military.com 10-5-14

15. MARNIX KRIKKE
DIRECTOR INNOVATION & HUMAN CAPITAL AT NETHERLANDS MARITIME
TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION
NETHERLANDS MARITIME TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous shipping,
hype or trend?

16. Autonomous Shipping

17. Autonomous Shipping: a hype or a trend
• Need
• Scope and issues
• Way ahead
Google: When we started designing the
world’s first fully self-driving vehicle, our
goal was a vehicle that could shoulder the
entire burden of driving

18. Definitions
• Unmanned means that the system will do its tasks without physical
presence and interference of crew
• Remote controlled means that the system is controlled from a location
outside the physical system
• Autonomous means that a system has choices to make, free of outside
influence

19. The extremes
Manned and autonomous Unmanned and autonomous

20. The need

21. Market Pull or Technology Push
• Technology is developing fast
driven by road and air
– Sensors
– Communication
– Robotisation
• Market uptake gradual and selective
driven by economy and safety
– Lower crew costs – shift to shore
– Initial capital cost
– No crew – no human riscs
• Specific trade and sea area

22. Economical incentives ‐ example
Manning costs : ‐ 25% of operational cost
Shore facilities: + 5% of operational cost
Autonomous system investments: +10 %
Reduced building cost: ‐5%
Required return on investment: approx. 3 years

23. Scope and Issues

24. Naval drones
“Seehund” minesweeping drone Robotic Swarms

25. Unmanned shipping – at sea and inland

26. Applications on system level
Reduced and adapted manning
Robot drill tower

27. Unmanned Shipping
External – navigation
& shipping
External – Wind &
waves
Internal ‐ machinery
Internal – Ship
condition
Data Integration
and analysis
Communication
& control
Monitoring, Communication & Control

28. “The ship as a transparant nervous system”
• Condition of ship, systems and environment has to be fully transparant
• Various complementary sensor systems to be available
• Flawless data exchange between systems needed
• Dataflows to be analysed and reduced
• Reliable ship ‐ shore communications
• Autonomous reconfiguration in case of failure
• Autonomous actions, override by remote control

29. Issues to be addressed
• Safety of Navigation
• Ship safety
• Responsibilities
• Reduction of investment costs
• Data analysis and reduction techniques
• Business model for shore support

30. The way ahead

31. A track with buoys
Studies on regulatory framework, training and education
Study on data handling
Study on shore support
Study on safety issues
Design & building
Prototyping
Pilot cases
Partial implementations
& testing

33. RUI LIMA
RESEARCHER / ENGINEER
INDYMO
Collecting better data using
dynamic monitoring -
underwater drone

34. If you want to know more about what is not in plain sight...
May 2015
Rui Pedroso de Lima

35. INDYMO
Collecting better data using dynamic monitoring  underwater drone (ROV)
Knowledge from Monitoring

36. Interaction between:
• Chemical parameters
• Physical characteristics
• Biological conditions
Water quality
INDYMO – Vision and Mission
Knowledge about the quality and quantity of water resources
is important:
• Health issues
• Tracking and elimination/prevention of polution sources
• Characterization of water bodies
• Identification of changes and trends in water quality
• Understanding of water systems
• Better management decisions and strategies
• Basis for policy making

37. INDYMO – Vision and Mission
OTD6 waterstand/zuurstof/temperatuur in Heeg
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datum
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waterpeil
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bem 651 temperatuur
bem 651 zuurstof
Variability
Water quality is complex and difficult to measure:
• Dynamic in time and depth
• Spatial and seasonal variability
• Multitude of water bodies

38. Water Quality Standards - WFD
INDYMO – Vision and Mission
European and national regulations require extensive monitoring
Water boards responsible for monitoring and maintaining good
water quality and ecological status of water bodies
Grab Samples are the most common
monitoring method:
• Single point in time
• Posterior testing/analysis in a laboratory
• Several points can be combined to reflect
the overall condition of a water body
• Time consuming and not cost-effective
Currently: static monitoring

39. Innovative Dynamic Monitoring
State of the art tecnologies
(underwater drones, sensors)
Improved knowledge of
water systems
Operation, maintenance and
ecological improvement
measures
Applied measures impact the
environment
Monitoring the effectiveness and
success of measures
Better informed
decisions:
Analysis of the current situation
(problems, opportunities,
needs, processes)
Why
INDYMO – Why dynamic data

40. Modern technology and smart data collection enables improved monitoring
of water quality, ecology and hydraulic structures.
Vision
Mission
INDYMO delivers better data and
analysis of water quality, ecology
and hydraulic structures using
state-of-the-art technologies
against a competitive price.
INDYMO – Vision and Mission
Drones (and other technologies)
at the service of water professionals!

41. INDYMO - Team
INDYMO Team
Floris Boogaard
Rui Lima
Rutger de Graaf
• Research background
• Strong technical skills
• Knowledge of water management
• Project manager at TAUW (nominated Eng. of the Year 2011)
• Lecturer at Hanze University of Applied Sciences
• Finishing PhD at TU Delft
• Director of Deltasync
• Lecturer at Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences
• PhD (cum laude) - Innovations in urban water management
• Editor of the Journal of Water and Climate Change (IWA)
• MSc in Civil Engineering (Hydraulics and Water Resources)
• Internships/research at Deltasync and water board (Portugal)
• Secretary of IAHR Young Professionals Network Portugal

42. INDYMO – Partners
• Strong link with education institutions
• Working with students: internships, part-time
• Stimulating technical innovation
INDYMO vs education vs social return
Partners
Max Tobé Mathijs Bol Viktor SchouteVlad Sazonov

43. INDYMO - Equipment
Underwater Drone
Water quality measurements
Ecological scans
Insight into the underwater world!
Equipment:
Diver Sensors (CTD)
HD Video cameras
Multi-parameter sensor
Diving light

44. INDYMO - Field Work

45. INDYMO - Outcomes
Data (graphs) – Water quality parameters
Multi-parameter sensor and diver measure:
•Dissolved Oxygen (Rugged)
•Nitrate (ISE)
•Ammonium (ISE)
•Conductivity
•Temperature
•Depth (Pressure)
INDYMO can measure:
•Long term data  Static measurements
•Short term data  Dynamic measurements (with drone)
4D dynamic data
(x,y,h,t)

46. INDYMO - Outcomes
Visuals - Underwater images
Insight into the aquatic environment.
The type of fish and aquatic organisms present and bio-diversity, are
indicators of the ecological state of water bodies.

47. Project - Impacts of Floating Urbanization

48. • Reduction of the area available for air water interactions,
• Blocking penetration of light
• Provide surfaces that organisms can use to attach themselves
• Changes currents and affects wind (between houses)
Not much literature available about this subject. Some monitoring but:
• Research methods ineffective (grab samples)
• Water under the structures not included.
Project - Impacts of Floating Urbanization
Floating Structures:

49. Project - Impacts of Floating Urbanization
Difficult to access the zone underneath the
structures!  How to collect data?
Divers: Expensive and unsafe (limited
space between the structure and the
ground)
Drone allowed to easily go under the
structures and collect data
Added value (drones)

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Static measurements (up to 3 days)
Dynamic measurements (drone)
Ecological overview (drone)
Modelling
Results
Project - Impacts of Floating Urbanization

51. Project conclusions and remarks
No significant influence on water quality (existing
small-scale projects)
Positive impact in aquatic life detected (building
with nature possibilities for the future)
Outcomes are of high interest for mega cities with
plans to implement floating urban developments
in a near future
Project - Impacts of Floating Urbanization
More info/videos at climatescan.nl

52. INDYMO – Successful Pilots
Ecological scan at Tiengementen
for Natuurmonumenten
Dissolved oxygen measurements in a
pond in Groningen to study the
efectiveness of a fountain for its aeration
Monitoring of fish migration in Halfweg
Drone at the Niewe Maas
(Rijkswaterstaat)

53. Study of the efectiveness of the large scale filter  Removal efficiency
Drone collected data in several points along the filter
Insight into the spatial variation of selected parameters.
Insight into high activity underwater eco-system
Current Project – Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems
Hoogeveen – Oude Diep
Drieland (Groningen)
Wetlands / Halophyte filters / Reed filter

54. • Monitoring water quality of WWTP effluent
• Dynamic monitoring for ecology (WFD)
• Efectiveness of WFD measures (e.g. Fish passages)
• Mapping salt intrusion
• Monitoring discharges of industries (high temperature discharges)
• Monitoring of illegal discharges (possible to identify from conductivity)
• Search for polution sources
INDYMO - Possible activities
Examples of possible studies/pilots
And... Maritime sector!

55. Maritime applications
Multiple opportunities in this sector
Possible new applications in port and
maritime/coastal areas.
• Inspection of infrastructure/ships
• Geophysical/sedimentation surveys
• Benthic surveys (scanning)
• Search for pollution sources
Our team is specialized in fresh water systems;
and we would need higher-end ROV
INDYMO - Possible activities

56. Examples – Deep Sea AUVs
Several examples of submerged drones
used for deep ocean exploration
These drones are usually autonomous and can
reach depths over 5000m

57. Examples – Shallow Water ROVs and AUVs
Not so many examples of water quality
monitoring in fresh water bodies
SUNY ESF - Remote controlled
Used only for research purposes
(bichemistry)
SHOAL (BMT Group) - Autonomous
Used to patrol port waters to identify
security threats, locate pollution sources,
and inspect the underwater infrastructure
Both remote-controlled and autonomous examples.

58. INDYMO is working closely with teams
in the RDM Campus (Aquabots
programme) to develop smart surface
and submersible water drones
Examples – Autonomous Surface Vehicles
Several research examples of successful
autonomous water surface drones

59. Examples – Aerial drones and water quality
Even aerial drones start to look towards the water
How are aerial drones related with water quality?

60. Research opportunities
Endless unexplored possibilities...
... for INDYMO to explore!
Underwater image enhancement (e.g. sonar)
Combination of airdrones , surface and submerged drones
Possibility to add other equipment allow several
other future applications
Use of new tecnologies simultaneously to collect
better data (e.g. Infrared thermography)

61. • Navigation system
• Real-time video and information from sensors
• Thether cable vs no cable
• Battery capacity (Autonomy)
• Additional equipment/sensors
Development and improvement of the drone
Current Project - Drone improvement

62. INDYMO is the Contractor/End-user
Competition-like program (teams)
Main task is to develop an autonomous ROV
Other requirements:
• Pre-defined route
• Ability to stay at the same position for a certain period
• Re-surface to transmit data and adjust position (GPS)
• Return to a specified position at a critical battery level
• Return to initial position after losing signal
• Ability to dodge objects
Challenges:
• Underwater wireless communications
• Underwater navigation
• Waves, currents
• How to collect samples (water, sediments)
Aquabots
Current Project - Drone improvement

63. Physical specifications:
Weight 2.6kg
30cm long x 20cm wide x 15cm high
Nominal battery life 2-3 hours
Performance specifications:
Max depth 75m (246ft)
100m tether cable provided
Max forward speed 2 knots
Instrumentation:
HD Webcam (120 deg FOV) with audio
Red Scaling lasers (parallel, 10 cm separation)
Current and voltage sensors
Current Project - Drone improvement

64. Knowledge Sharing
Climatescan.nl
Global online tool for knowledge sharing about water
management.
Points of interest with content available for each
location (videos, pictures, documents).

65. Knowledge Sharing
Reports
• Project Reports (e.g. Valorius)
• MSc/BSc Thesis
• Student Internship Reports

66. Knowledge Sharing
Scientific Publications
International Conference Proceedings:
• Deltas in Times of Climate Change II
• Drones and Hydraulics (Houille Blanche Journal)
• IAHR World Congress
• Amsterdam International Water Week

67. Knowledge Sharing
Participation in events
Presentations in Conferences:
• Deltas in Times of Climate Change II
• IAHR World Congress
• Amsterdam International Water Week
Exhibition of the drone (stand) and demonstrations:
• Deltas in Times of Climate Change II (VP Delta)
• Waterbouwdag (VP Delta stand)
• Aquadock Event (RDM Campus)
• E-Forum (YES!Delft)

68. Knowledge Sharing
Press presence

69. INDYMO
Not only work...
Seize the nature and eco-life

70. Email:
info@indymo.nl
Phone:
+31.619160401
Contact us
More Info?
www.indymo.nl
https://twitter.com/INDYMO2015
Thank you for your atention

71. HARMEN HOEK
PARTNER / OWNER
HOEK ADVOCATUUR
Unmanned ships, another major
overhaul for maritime law?

72. Masterclass Maritime Innovation
Unmanned vessels: Vice or virtue for
the shipping industry
Harmen Hoek

73. Centre of Rights and Obligations in Maritime Law
Master ‐ throughout history
Ship ‐ modern times
Owner ‐ recent times

74. Actio in Rem/Actio in Personam
Article 3 sub 6 H‐VR
In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all
liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one
year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should
have been delivered

75. Contractual chain
Owner/bareboat charterer
|
Master
|
Service providers on behalf of the vessel

76. 8:10 DCC
In this Code, the ‘shipowner’ means the owner of a sea‐going vessel.

77. 8:260 DCC
1. The captain is empowered to perform those juridical acts which
are directly intended to put the vessel into operation or to keep it
in operation. In this sense, a juridical act includes the receipt of a
declaration.
2. The captain is empowered to issue bills of lading for things
received and accepted for carriage, and to issue tickets for
passengers to be carried by the vessel. He is also entitled to
contract abroad on behalf of ship‐owner and persons who have
title to the things on board of the vessel with regard to salvage or
to collect the special remuneration.

78. 8:261 DCC
1. The captain must protect the interests of the charteres and of
persons who have title to things on board, if possible also after
their unloading, and he must take the measures necessary for that
purpose.
2. If required for the performance, without delay, of juridical acts to
protect these interests, the captain is empowered to do so. In this
sense, a juridical act includes the receipt of a declaration.
3. To the extent possible, he must forthwith notify the parties
interested in the property involved of special occurences, and he
must act in consultation with them and according to their
instructions.

79. 8:262 DCC
1. Limitations in the legal power of the captain can only be invoked
against third persons if they have been made known to them.
2. The captain only binds himself when he exceeds the boundaries
of his power.

80. 8:1 DCC
1. In this Code, ‘vessels’ are all things, other than aircraft, which,
according to their construction, are destined to float and which
float or have done so.
2. By Regulation, things which are not vessels may be designated as
such for the purposes of the provisions of this Code; equally,
provisions of this Code may be declared inapplicable to things
which are vessels.
(…)

82. Any questions:
harmen.hoek@hoek‐advocatuur.com

83. Discussion

84. Statement for panel discussion
How should Dutch maritime community – business,
research and education institutes anticipate on the
arrival of unmanned ships?

85. @STCGroupNL
Netherlands
Maritime University
www.stc-nmu.eu
info@stc-nmu.eu
How to stay in contact?

86. Maurice Jansen
Bureau Innovation, Research &
Development
E. m.jansen@stc-r.nl /
T. +31 6 20283925
www.stc-group.nl
More updates on innovations

87. full speed ahead… with your career!