Mass spectrometry allows determination of molecular mass, molecular formula, and some structural features. It works by vaporizing and ionizing a sample using electron bombardment, which knocks an electron off each molecule to produce a molecular ion. The mass spectrometer then separates the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, which allows identification of the molecular ion peak corresponding to the molecular weight. Isotope peaks from elements like carbon can provide structural information. Fragmentation patterns are also used for structural analysis.

1. MASS SPECTROMETRY

2. Mass spectrometry allows us to determine the molecular mass and
the molecular formula of a compound, as well as certain structural
features of the compound.
MASS SPECTROMETRY - PRINCIPLE
• In mass spectrometry, a small sample of a compound is introduced
into an instrument called a mass spectrometer, where it is vaporized
and then ionized as a result of an electron’s being removed from
each molecule. Ionization can be accomplished in several ways.
• The most common method bombards the vaporized molecules with
a beam of high-energy electrons. The energy of the electron beam
can be varied, but a beam of about 70 electron volts (eV) is
commonly used.
• When the electron beam hits a molecule, it knocks out an electron,
producing a molecular ion, which is a radical cation—a species with
an unpaired electron and a positive charge.

4. Mass Spectrometer

5. Molecular ion peak: Molecular weight of the compound
Base Peak

7. MS of n-Pentane

8. MS of Isopentane

9. MS of n-Pentane MS of Isopentane

10. Isotope Peaks: [M+1]
[M+2]

11. Calculating the Relative Abundance of
Isotope Peaks

12. Calculating the Relative Abundance of
Isotope Peaks

13. Applications of Isotope Peaks
(i) To calculate the number of CARBON atoms
(ii) To calculate the number of halogens like Cl & Br
M+2 peak 3:1 Chlorine
M+2 peak 1:1 Bromine

16. Rules For Fragmentation in MS
MS of n-Pentane MS of Isopentane

17. Rules For Fragmentation in MS

18. Rules For Fragmentation in MS

19. Rules For Fragmentation in MS

20. Rules For Fragmentation in MS

21. Rules For Fragmentation in MS

22. Rules For Fragmentation in MS

24. Rules For Fragmentation in MS

25. McLafferty Rearrangement

26. McLafferty Rearrangement

27. Arene

28. MS of NAPHTHALENE C10H8

29. MS of CYCLOHEXANE C6H12

30. MS OF MYRCENE

31. Alkyl Halide

33. Intensities of isotopic peaks
(Relative to the Molecular ion peak)
for combinations of Bromine and Chlorine

35. MS Ethyl sec-butyl ether

37. MS of Isomers of Pentanol

38. MS of o-Ethylphenol

39. MS of Nonal

40. MS of p-Chlorobenzophenone

41. MS of Hexanoic acid

42. MS of METHYL OCTANOATE

43. Components Of A Mass Spectrometer
Ionisation Ion Detection
Ion Separation
Ion Source Mass Analyser Detector
Electron Ionisation (EI)
Chemical Ionisation (CI)
Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB)
Electrospray Ionisation (ESI)
Matrix-Assisted Laserdesorption/
Ionisation (MALDI)
Quadrupole
Magnetic Sector Field
Electric Sector Field
Time-Of-Flight (TOF)
Ion Trap
Electron Multiplier
Multichannel plate
Faraday Cup

44. IONIZATION TECHNIQUES
EI: Electron Impact
CI: Chemical Ionization
FAB: Fast Atom Bombardment
ESI-TOF: Electron Spray Ionization
MALDI-MALDI: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization

45. Chemical Ionization (CI)
The vapourized sample is introduced in to the mass
spectropeter with an excess of a ‘reagent’ gas (commonly) at
a pressure of about 1 torr.
The excess carrier gas is ionized by electron impact to the
primary ions CH4.+ and CH3
+. These react with the excess
methane to give secondary ions.

46. Field Desorption (FD)
Stable molecular ions are obtained from a sample of low
volatility, which is placed on the anode of a pair of electrodes,
between which there is an intense electric field.
Desorption occurs, and molecular and quasimolecular ions are
produced with insufficient internal energy for extensive
fragmentation.
Usually the major peak represents the [M+H]+ ion.
Synthetic polymers with molecular weights on the order of
10,000 Da have been analyzed, but there is a much lower
molecular weight limit for polar biopolymers.