Resilience refers to positive adaptation despite significant adversity or risk. It involves maintaining healthy functioning or recovering quickly after a traumatic event. The document discusses resilience from developmental and clinical perspectives. Key aspects of resilience include external adaptation to social expectations and internal adaptation of well-being. Protective factors within individuals, families, and communities can promote resilience in children and adults facing hardships. Successful aging is defined as maintaining high functioning without disease in older adulthood through engagement and adaptation.
developmental perspective of resilienceTaniya Thomas
The document discusses resilience from a developmental perspective across the lifespan. It describes four waves of resilience research including identifying individual resilience factors, embedding resilience in developmental systems, intervening to foster resilience, and examining multi-system levels. For each life stage - infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age - factors affecting resilience are discussed, such as parent-child relationships, social support systems, and adaptive coping strategies. Resilience is framed as positive adaptation despite challenges or threats at different stages of life.
1) Emotions consist of physiological responses, feelings, and behaviors that work together. They help mobilize energy for dealing with important situations.
2) The amygdala plays a key role in processing fear and other emotions. It detects emotionally arousing stimuli and coordinates behavioral and physiological responses.
3) Serotonin and prefrontal cortex activity help regulate aggression levels. Low serotonin is associated with more aggression.
Positive emotions like joy, love, interest and pride can lead to greater well-being according to the broaden-and-build model. This model suggests that positive emotions broaden thinking and build enduring physical, psychological and social resources over time. Some benefits of positive emotions include broadened thinking, stress reduction, resilience, and improved health and relationships. Cultivating positive emotions through activities, relationships and focusing beyond oneself can promote well-being and success. However, traumatic experiences can still negatively impact well-being despite positive emotions.
This document discusses various mind-body skills like mindfulness, relaxation, yoga, and resiliency training. It defines mindfulness as paying attention non-judgmentally in the present moment. Regular mindfulness practice cultivates concentration, sensory clarity, and equanimity. The document traces the origins and arrival of mindfulness in the West. It discusses how mindfulness improves mental health and benefits the brain, behavior, self-regulation, and nervous system. The concepts of flow and spirituality are also covered, relating them to concepts in positive psychology like meaning, purpose, forgiveness, and well-being.
Character strengths and virtues are essential elements of Positive psychology. Seligman has given 6 virtues and 24 character strengths which are further explained in the presentation.
Clinical assessment involves evaluating a patient's physical and mental condition to diagnose issues and plan treatment. It is a multi-step process that includes gathering information from tests, interviews, records, and examinations. The psychologist compiles a case history to understand the patient's life and determine diagnoses and treatment. Key steps are deciding what to assess, setting goals, selecting evaluation methods and standards, collecting data, making decisions, and communicating findings in a report. The goal is to use the assessment to make meaningful decisions that can impact patients' lives.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of positive experiences and traits that facilitate well-being and optimal functioning. It operates from a strengths-based model rather than focusing solely on pathology. The field aims to develop meaning, fulfillment, and positive emotions through examining engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement. Major figures in the field include Martin Seligman, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and Christopher Peterson. Evidence shows that positive interventions including gratitude journals, acts of kindness, and using signature strengths can increase well-being and decrease depressive symptoms. Critics argue it may ignore suffering, but proponents emphasize it embraces a full range of human emotions and experiences.
The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
developmental perspective of resilienceTaniya Thomas
The document discusses resilience from a developmental perspective across the lifespan. It describes four waves of resilience research including identifying individual resilience factors, embedding resilience in developmental systems, intervening to foster resilience, and examining multi-system levels. For each life stage - infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age - factors affecting resilience are discussed, such as parent-child relationships, social support systems, and adaptive coping strategies. Resilience is framed as positive adaptation despite challenges or threats at different stages of life.
1) Emotions consist of physiological responses, feelings, and behaviors that work together. They help mobilize energy for dealing with important situations.
2) The amygdala plays a key role in processing fear and other emotions. It detects emotionally arousing stimuli and coordinates behavioral and physiological responses.
3) Serotonin and prefrontal cortex activity help regulate aggression levels. Low serotonin is associated with more aggression.
Positive emotions like joy, love, interest and pride can lead to greater well-being according to the broaden-and-build model. This model suggests that positive emotions broaden thinking and build enduring physical, psychological and social resources over time. Some benefits of positive emotions include broadened thinking, stress reduction, resilience, and improved health and relationships. Cultivating positive emotions through activities, relationships and focusing beyond oneself can promote well-being and success. However, traumatic experiences can still negatively impact well-being despite positive emotions.
This document discusses various mind-body skills like mindfulness, relaxation, yoga, and resiliency training. It defines mindfulness as paying attention non-judgmentally in the present moment. Regular mindfulness practice cultivates concentration, sensory clarity, and equanimity. The document traces the origins and arrival of mindfulness in the West. It discusses how mindfulness improves mental health and benefits the brain, behavior, self-regulation, and nervous system. The concepts of flow and spirituality are also covered, relating them to concepts in positive psychology like meaning, purpose, forgiveness, and well-being.
Character strengths and virtues are essential elements of Positive psychology. Seligman has given 6 virtues and 24 character strengths which are further explained in the presentation.
Clinical assessment involves evaluating a patient's physical and mental condition to diagnose issues and plan treatment. It is a multi-step process that includes gathering information from tests, interviews, records, and examinations. The psychologist compiles a case history to understand the patient's life and determine diagnoses and treatment. Key steps are deciding what to assess, setting goals, selecting evaluation methods and standards, collecting data, making decisions, and communicating findings in a report. The goal is to use the assessment to make meaningful decisions that can impact patients' lives.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of positive experiences and traits that facilitate well-being and optimal functioning. It operates from a strengths-based model rather than focusing solely on pathology. The field aims to develop meaning, fulfillment, and positive emotions through examining engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement. Major figures in the field include Martin Seligman, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and Christopher Peterson. Evidence shows that positive interventions including gratitude journals, acts of kindness, and using signature strengths can increase well-being and decrease depressive symptoms. Critics argue it may ignore suffering, but proponents emphasize it embraces a full range of human emotions and experiences.
The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
This document discusses several theories of human aggression. It begins by describing five main theories that guide current aggression research: cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, and social interaction theory. It then introduces the general aggression model (GAM) as an integrative framework that combines elements of these different theories. The GAM proposes that cognition, affect, and arousal mediate the effects of situational and personal factors on aggression. The document argues that the GAM provides a useful way to organize existing knowledge about aggression and suggest directions for future research.
Positive psychology is a scientific study that focuses on human flourishing and optimal functioning. It aims to understand and build the positive qualities in individuals and institutions. The field emerged after World War II when psychology shifted its focus from understanding human potentials to healing mental illness. Some key aspects of positive psychology include positive prevention, which enhances traits like hope and optimism to buffer against psychopathology. Positive interventions are evidence-based activities designed to improve well-being, such as practicing gratitude, forgiveness, and savoring. Seligman's PERMA model outlines the five pillars of well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and achievement.
the ability to make good judgments based on what you have learned from your experience, or the knowledge and understanding that gives you this ability. Wisdom also means the quality of being a good judgment: I question the wisdom of separating a child from his brothers and sisters whatever the circumstances
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is a professor of psychology from India who specializes in positive psychology. He has published numerous research papers and books. The presentation discusses positive emotions, including their origins and types. Several theories of positive emotion are described, such as broaden-and-build theory and flow theory. Research shows that positive emotions can build resources, undo negative emotions, and predict longer life spans. Strategies for developing positive emotions include seeking social support, relaxation techniques, and rationalizing one's mood.
Historical Roots of Positive Psychology (1).pdfAQSA SHAHID
This document summarizes the historical roots and evolution of positive psychology. It discusses how positive psychology emerged from humanistic psychology as a response to early psychology's narrow focus on pathology. The document then outlines the four waves of psychology: (1) the disease model, (2) behaviorism, (3) humanistic psychology, and (4) positive psychology. It profiles the key founders and influential researchers in positive psychology, including Maslow, Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi, and Peterson. The document also discusses early Islamic philosophers' concepts of happiness, such as Ghazali's view of achieving happiness through self-knowledge and purification of desires.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
The WISC-IV is an individually administered intelligence test for children published in 2003 as an update to previous versions. It yields an overall intelligence score and index scores in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed based on 10 core subtests. The test was standardized on a stratified sample of 2,200 children aged 6 to 16. It addresses some limitations of previous versions through improved sample representation, updated materials, and a focus on the CHC model of intelligence while still incorporating a general intelligence factor. Comparisons to other tests like the SB5 show many similarities in approach but some differences in subtests and composite scores.
Counseling psychology can be defined as addressing emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns through face-to-face counseling relationships. Counseling addresses a variety of issues including addiction, adjustment difficulties, anger, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, relationship problems, stress, suicidal thoughts, and trauma. Counseling approaches include psychoanalytic, affective, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives. Common counseling techniques involve individual, family, and group counseling as well as assessment, consultation, and different therapeutic methods from each perspective.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human flourishing and optimal functioning. It began in 1998 as a new domain of psychology focusing on strengths like well-being, contentment, resilience, and happiness rather than mental illness. Martin Seligman is regarded as the founder and key figure in positive psychology. He proposed theories like the three paths to happiness (pleasant life, good life, and meaningful life) and later PERMA theory, which identifies positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment as key elements of well-being. Positive psychology aims to understand and foster optimal human functioning using evidence-based research on factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive.
Positive Cognitive States and Processes.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Positive Cognitive States and Processes:Resilience•Resilience-Thecapacitytowithstandexceptional stresses and demands without developing stress-related problems.
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, which emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. The theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy are that people's internal communications can be accessed through introspection, clients' beliefs have personal meanings that can be discovered by the client rather than interpreted by the therapist. Basic principles of cognitive therapy include addressing arbitrary inferences, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization, labeling and mislabeling, and dichotomous thinking. Effective cognitive therapists establish empathy and a therapeutic alliance while using cognitive and behavioral strategies through Socratic questioning to guide clients in self-discovery and change.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
Successful aging can be conceptualized in three dimensions - decline, change, and development. While physical and cognitive abilities naturally decline with age, such as reduced senses and night vision, other capacities like the ability to love and find joy remain intact. Additionally, aging can involve positive development as people tend to become more patient, self-accepting, and able to tolerate complexity. The study of two cohorts over 75 years identified variables like absence of smoking and alcohol abuse before age 50 as most important for successful aging outcomes like being happy, active and socially supported in late life. Case studies illustrate how lifestyle choices and social support differentiated those who aged well, like Richard Lucky, from those who did not, such as Alfred Paine.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human strengths and optimal functioning. It emerged in response to the focus of traditional psychology on pathology and what can go wrong in life. Some key aspects covered in the document include:
- The field was founded by Martin Seligman and focuses on cultivating strengths and living a meaningful life.
- Techniques aim to help clients identify their signature strengths and apply them through storytelling.
- Goals of positive psychotherapy include increasing happiness, meaning, and changing negative thought patterns.
- Some criticisms argue positive psychology overlooks cultural contexts and favors a Western perspective of well-being.
Psychological test norms are based on large standardization samples that are representative of the population for which the test is intended. Tests are standardized by administering them to samples stratified on key demographics like age, gender, education level, and geographical region to create a normal distribution of scores. This allows future test takers' raw scores to be converted to percentiles for accurate comparison against the norm group. Regularly updating test norms with new standardization samples is important for interpreting scores.
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
The document discusses the history and foundations of positive psychology, which examines how people can become happier by focusing on positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and achievement. It explores factors that influence happiness such as love, work and personality rather than money or age. The PERMA model is introduced as a framework for improving well-being through intentional activities in each of the five elements of positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment.
There are three main ways that psychologists study and conceptualize happiness:
1. Need and goal satisfaction theories which posit that happiness results from fulfilling fundamental human needs and achieving goals.
2. Genetic and personality predisposition theories which argue happiness is influenced by innate personality traits like extraversion.
3. Process/activity theories which suggest happiness can be improved by engaging in effortful activities.
While some argue happiness levels are stable over time, research shows subjective well-being, while associated with personality, can differ over time, suggesting happiness may be influenced by life experiences and behaviors as well. The psychology of happiness has applications in domains like education, business, health, and sports to enhance performance and quality of life.
The document discusses resilience and post-traumatic growth. It defines resilience as positive adaptation despite significant adversity. Sources of resilience include individual attributes like optimism as well as external supports like close relationships. Post-traumatic growth refers to enhanced functioning or positive life changes resulting from trauma, beyond just returning to baseline. People commonly report increased strength, appreciation for life, improved relationships, and clarity around priorities after trauma. Making sense of and finding benefits from difficult events helps enable growth.
Resilience refers to the ability to positively cope with failures, adapt to difficult challenges, and bounce back from adversity. It involves behaviors, thoughts, and actions that can be developed. Resilience is influenced by environmental factors like relationships, self-confidence, and problem-solving skills. It exists at the individual, family, community, and organizational levels. Cultures also impact how people communicate and cope with stress. Overall, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of challenges, threats, or significant sources of stress such as family and relationship problems, serious health problems, or workplace and financial stressors.
This document discusses several theories of human aggression. It begins by describing five main theories that guide current aggression research: cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, and social interaction theory. It then introduces the general aggression model (GAM) as an integrative framework that combines elements of these different theories. The GAM proposes that cognition, affect, and arousal mediate the effects of situational and personal factors on aggression. The document argues that the GAM provides a useful way to organize existing knowledge about aggression and suggest directions for future research.
Positive psychology is a scientific study that focuses on human flourishing and optimal functioning. It aims to understand and build the positive qualities in individuals and institutions. The field emerged after World War II when psychology shifted its focus from understanding human potentials to healing mental illness. Some key aspects of positive psychology include positive prevention, which enhances traits like hope and optimism to buffer against psychopathology. Positive interventions are evidence-based activities designed to improve well-being, such as practicing gratitude, forgiveness, and savoring. Seligman's PERMA model outlines the five pillars of well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and achievement.
the ability to make good judgments based on what you have learned from your experience, or the knowledge and understanding that gives you this ability. Wisdom also means the quality of being a good judgment: I question the wisdom of separating a child from his brothers and sisters whatever the circumstances
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is a professor of psychology from India who specializes in positive psychology. He has published numerous research papers and books. The presentation discusses positive emotions, including their origins and types. Several theories of positive emotion are described, such as broaden-and-build theory and flow theory. Research shows that positive emotions can build resources, undo negative emotions, and predict longer life spans. Strategies for developing positive emotions include seeking social support, relaxation techniques, and rationalizing one's mood.
Historical Roots of Positive Psychology (1).pdfAQSA SHAHID
This document summarizes the historical roots and evolution of positive psychology. It discusses how positive psychology emerged from humanistic psychology as a response to early psychology's narrow focus on pathology. The document then outlines the four waves of psychology: (1) the disease model, (2) behaviorism, (3) humanistic psychology, and (4) positive psychology. It profiles the key founders and influential researchers in positive psychology, including Maslow, Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi, and Peterson. The document also discusses early Islamic philosophers' concepts of happiness, such as Ghazali's view of achieving happiness through self-knowledge and purification of desires.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
The WISC-IV is an individually administered intelligence test for children published in 2003 as an update to previous versions. It yields an overall intelligence score and index scores in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed based on 10 core subtests. The test was standardized on a stratified sample of 2,200 children aged 6 to 16. It addresses some limitations of previous versions through improved sample representation, updated materials, and a focus on the CHC model of intelligence while still incorporating a general intelligence factor. Comparisons to other tests like the SB5 show many similarities in approach but some differences in subtests and composite scores.
Counseling psychology can be defined as addressing emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns through face-to-face counseling relationships. Counseling addresses a variety of issues including addiction, adjustment difficulties, anger, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, relationship problems, stress, suicidal thoughts, and trauma. Counseling approaches include psychoanalytic, affective, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives. Common counseling techniques involve individual, family, and group counseling as well as assessment, consultation, and different therapeutic methods from each perspective.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human flourishing and optimal functioning. It began in 1998 as a new domain of psychology focusing on strengths like well-being, contentment, resilience, and happiness rather than mental illness. Martin Seligman is regarded as the founder and key figure in positive psychology. He proposed theories like the three paths to happiness (pleasant life, good life, and meaningful life) and later PERMA theory, which identifies positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment as key elements of well-being. Positive psychology aims to understand and foster optimal human functioning using evidence-based research on factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive.
Positive Cognitive States and Processes.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Positive Cognitive States and Processes:Resilience•Resilience-Thecapacitytowithstandexceptional stresses and demands without developing stress-related problems.
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, which emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. The theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy are that people's internal communications can be accessed through introspection, clients' beliefs have personal meanings that can be discovered by the client rather than interpreted by the therapist. Basic principles of cognitive therapy include addressing arbitrary inferences, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization, labeling and mislabeling, and dichotomous thinking. Effective cognitive therapists establish empathy and a therapeutic alliance while using cognitive and behavioral strategies through Socratic questioning to guide clients in self-discovery and change.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
Successful aging can be conceptualized in three dimensions - decline, change, and development. While physical and cognitive abilities naturally decline with age, such as reduced senses and night vision, other capacities like the ability to love and find joy remain intact. Additionally, aging can involve positive development as people tend to become more patient, self-accepting, and able to tolerate complexity. The study of two cohorts over 75 years identified variables like absence of smoking and alcohol abuse before age 50 as most important for successful aging outcomes like being happy, active and socially supported in late life. Case studies illustrate how lifestyle choices and social support differentiated those who aged well, like Richard Lucky, from those who did not, such as Alfred Paine.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human strengths and optimal functioning. It emerged in response to the focus of traditional psychology on pathology and what can go wrong in life. Some key aspects covered in the document include:
- The field was founded by Martin Seligman and focuses on cultivating strengths and living a meaningful life.
- Techniques aim to help clients identify their signature strengths and apply them through storytelling.
- Goals of positive psychotherapy include increasing happiness, meaning, and changing negative thought patterns.
- Some criticisms argue positive psychology overlooks cultural contexts and favors a Western perspective of well-being.
Psychological test norms are based on large standardization samples that are representative of the population for which the test is intended. Tests are standardized by administering them to samples stratified on key demographics like age, gender, education level, and geographical region to create a normal distribution of scores. This allows future test takers' raw scores to be converted to percentiles for accurate comparison against the norm group. Regularly updating test norms with new standardization samples is important for interpreting scores.
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
The document discusses the history and foundations of positive psychology, which examines how people can become happier by focusing on positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and achievement. It explores factors that influence happiness such as love, work and personality rather than money or age. The PERMA model is introduced as a framework for improving well-being through intentional activities in each of the five elements of positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment.
There are three main ways that psychologists study and conceptualize happiness:
1. Need and goal satisfaction theories which posit that happiness results from fulfilling fundamental human needs and achieving goals.
2. Genetic and personality predisposition theories which argue happiness is influenced by innate personality traits like extraversion.
3. Process/activity theories which suggest happiness can be improved by engaging in effortful activities.
While some argue happiness levels are stable over time, research shows subjective well-being, while associated with personality, can differ over time, suggesting happiness may be influenced by life experiences and behaviors as well. The psychology of happiness has applications in domains like education, business, health, and sports to enhance performance and quality of life.
The document discusses resilience and post-traumatic growth. It defines resilience as positive adaptation despite significant adversity. Sources of resilience include individual attributes like optimism as well as external supports like close relationships. Post-traumatic growth refers to enhanced functioning or positive life changes resulting from trauma, beyond just returning to baseline. People commonly report increased strength, appreciation for life, improved relationships, and clarity around priorities after trauma. Making sense of and finding benefits from difficult events helps enable growth.
Resilience refers to the ability to positively cope with failures, adapt to difficult challenges, and bounce back from adversity. It involves behaviors, thoughts, and actions that can be developed. Resilience is influenced by environmental factors like relationships, self-confidence, and problem-solving skills. It exists at the individual, family, community, and organizational levels. Cultures also impact how people communicate and cope with stress. Overall, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of challenges, threats, or significant sources of stress such as family and relationship problems, serious health problems, or workplace and financial stressors.
Resilience is the ability to recover and adapt positively in the face of stress or adversity. It is a multidimensional construct involving personal characteristics, external protective factors, and dynamic processes. Developing a comprehensive understanding of resilience across the lifespan is important for mental health promotion and identifying risk factors. Resilience has biological underpinnings and is influenced by factors such as genetics, environment, and neurochemistry. It can be affected by life experiences and interventions, and understanding its neurobiology may open new areas for treating mental disorders.
1) The document discusses building resilience in children. It defines resilience as the ability to adapt and recover from difficult circumstances.
2) Research shows that resilient children cope better with stress and adversity. The most important factors for resilience are secure attachments, social support systems, and positive experiences at home and school.
3) The document provides strategies for parents to foster resilience in children, such as creating a secure attachment, promoting friendships, encouraging interests and talents, teaching positive values and social skills, and helping children persist despite challenges.
This document discusses resilience and empowerment. It defines resilience as the ability to bounce back from adversity through positive adaptation and maintaining mental health despite challenges. Sources of resilience include personal factors like optimism and social support, as well as developing cognitive flexibility. The strengths perspective approach to social work emphasizes empowerment and helping clients utilize their strengths and resources to achieve goals. It involves collaboration, viewing clients holistically, and building resilience through connection, maintaining hope, and taking control of life situations.
Resilience is not a personal trait that individuals do or do not possess (thus, the term “resiliency” is best avoided because it connotes an individual characteristic), but rather a product of interacting factors—biological, psychological, social, and cultural—that determine how a child responds to traumatic events
This document discusses childhood trauma and its treatment within an integrated residential and educational environment. It defines different types of trauma including acute, chronic, and complex trauma. Symptoms of complex trauma are then outlined. Statistics on childhood trauma within the general population and looked after children are provided. The document emphasizes that effective trauma-informed assessment and treatment can help children recover from traumatic experiences. Core components of trauma interventions are described, including safety, self-regulation, relationship building, and future focus. The benefits of a therapeutic learning environment for traumatized children are explored. Overall it promotes an integrated approach addressing children's emotional and academic needs to facilitate recovery from trauma.
This document discusses resilience in older adulthood. It defines resilience as successfully coping with adversity through protective factors. Resilience involves a balance between stress and coping abilities and is influenced by biological, psychological, social, and spiritual characteristics. It also changes over time and with life experiences and transitions. The document reviews themes of resilience and outlines interventions that can promote resilience in older adults like identifying their strengths and social support networks. It provides examples of resilience through two case studies and references measures of resilience like the Resilience Scale.
This document discusses crisis, crisis intervention, and the role of nurses. It defines crisis as a sudden event that disturbs one's homeostasis and usual coping mechanisms. Crises are personal, acute, and have potential for growth or deterioration. The document outlines phases of crisis and types according to Baldwin. It discusses balancing factors like perception, support, and coping that determine if a problem is resolved or becomes a crisis. Nursing roles include assessment, defining the event, developing an action plan, and helping individuals understand and cope with feelings to attain mastery over the crisis.
Resilience is the ability to bounce back which starts with having a healthy foundation and viewing adversity as an opportunity to grow and face a new challenge
Article on httpswww.psychiatria-danubina.comUserDocsImagespdfdnb_vol32_noSupp...FoyazulIsalm
This document discusses the concept of resilience in health and illness. It defines resilience as a protective factor that enables positive adaptation after stressful situations and the ability to cope with difficulties while maintaining normal functioning. Resilience is not innate and can be strengthened. It involves traits like optimism, social support, problem-solving skills, and emotional awareness. Higher resilience reduces vulnerability to illness by preventing disease onset and facilitating healing. While resilience was originally studied in psychology, it is now applied across many disciplines and represents physiological, psychological, social and spiritual factors. The document examines primary, secondary and tertiary resilience and their relationships to health, healing from illness, and quality of life with chronic disease. Neuropsychological research also links resilience traits to neurotransmitter
Crisis is characterized by an initial rise in anxiety and tension, followed by problem-solving efforts. It is acute rather than chronic and has the potential for psychological growth or deterioration. Crisis intervention aims to reduce distress, help individuals return to pre-crisis functioning, provide understanding of precipitating events, and initiate new coping responses. The intervention involves assessment, planning, active intervention including reality-oriented discussion and limit-setting, and evaluation of resolution and follow-up planning.
This document discusses crisis intervention. It defines a crisis and lists its characteristics. It describes different types of crises including maturational, situational, sociocultural, and adventitious crises. It discusses factors that can influence a crisis and theories of crisis intervention including Kaplan's crisis sequence theory and Aguilera's crisis intervention model. The document outlines the aims, role, and techniques of crisis intervention for nurses including assessment, diagnosis, implementation through various approaches, and evaluation. It discusses modalities of crisis intervention such as mobile crisis programs and telephone contacts. Finally, it covers signs and symptoms of crisis and resolutions.
Stress Prone and Resistance Personalities by S.Lakshmanan, PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
This document discusses different personality types and their responses to stress. It describes stress-prone personalities like Type A, which are highly driven but have difficulty relaxing, and Type C, which feel helpless. It also covers stress-resistant personalities like Type B, which are more relaxed, and hardy personalities, which are committed, feel in control, and see challenges as opportunities. The document provides details on the characteristics and traits of each personality type and how they typically cope with or are affected by stress.
This document discusses stress, models of stress, and coping. It defines stress as a negative experience that results in biological, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. It describes several models of stress including Seyle's general adaptation syndrome model, which outlines the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion in response to stressors. It also discusses Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model of stress, which emphasizes cognitive appraisal processes. Finally, it defines coping as efforts to manage internal and external demands, and discusses how personality traits like negative affectivity and explanatory style can influence stress responses and health outcomes, while traits like hardiness may promote better coping.
This document provides an overview of crisis and crisis intervention presented by Mrs. Bemina JA. It defines crisis as a state of disequilibrium resulting from an event exceeding an individual's coping abilities. Three types of crises are described: maturational, situational, and adventitious. Crisis intervention aims to reduce distress and improve problem-solving. Techniques include focusing, catharsis, clarification, suggestion, and exploring solutions. A four-step process is outlined involving assessment, planning intervention, implementing techniques, and resolution. The nurse's role in assessment and establishing interventions is also summarized.
Psychological resilience is defined as an individual's ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity. Stress and adversity can come in the shape of family or relationship problems, health problems, or workplace and financial worries, among others.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. What is Resilience?
• Ability to bounce back to pre trauma level of
functioning
• According to Masten and Reed (2002) resilience refers
to a class of phenomena characterized by patterns of
positive adaptation in the context of significant
adversity or risk.
• People may not know until confronted with a trauma
• What is resilience, two perspectives
1. Developmental Perspective
2. Clinical Perspective
4. • Resilience is related to
1. External adaptation: meeting the social,
educational, and occupational expectations
of society
2. Internal adaptation: maintaining positive
psychological well being
5. Developmental Perspective
• Two definitions
1. Resilience refers to class of phenomenon characterized by
good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation
or development (Masten, 2001)
2. Resilience refers to maintenance, recovery or
improvement in mental or physical health following
challenge (Ryff and Singer, 2001)
• According to Masten (2001) resilience can occur only
when
a. An individual experiences a ‘significant’ threat or risk that
can produce negative outcomes. Significant threats are
children growing up in abusive homes, who have parents
suffering from mental illness or alcoholism, who are
raised in poverty etc. WITHOUT A RISK, THERE IS NO
RESILIENCE
6. b. Absence of problem behaviour or
psychopathology following adversity. E.g.
children of alcoholic or mentally ill parents
are considered resilient of they don’t develop
substance abuse problems and suffer from
mental illness
7. Clinical Perspectives
• Developmental perspective explained that
children demonstrate resilience when they are
OK and show health outcomes despite of facing
adversity in the adulthood
• Clinical perspective has a different approach. It
investigates how people cope with a specific life
event within a shorter frame of time
• So developmental studies are long term
longitudinal studies of children facing multiple
risks. Clinical perspective focus on short term
reactions to specific events like loss, violence etc
8. • According to clinical perspective, Bonanno (2004) describes
resilience as an ability of adults in otherwise normal
circumstances who are exposed to an isolated and
potentially disruptive event to maintain relatively stable
healthy levels of psychological and physical functioning
• Recovery is different than resilience. Both are different
patterns to response. Recovery is judged by the mental
health criteria (depression or PTSD) for 6 months.
• And then the person is able to gradually return to the level
of mental health existed before the trauma or loss
• Resilience on the other hand involves short term
disturbances in a person’s normal functioning lasting only
for a period of weeks.
• This disturbance is followed by bouncing back from
negative experiences and returning to a health functioning.
This difference was highlighted by Bonanno (2004)
9. Resilience Research
• A lot of Studies are done from the point of
view of developmental perspective
• Resilient children managed to become
competent healthy adults
10. • Rutter (1985) identified several important features of
resilience.
• First, resilience results from exposure, rather than
avoidance, of adverse situations and risk. Resilience is
therefore regarded as an active process.
• Second, previous experiences are believed to play a
role in resilience. Even though resilience refers to
current functioning, previous experiences clearly play a
role as they enabled the development of necessary
skills and strategies.
• Third, resilience deals with risk and protective factors.
Depending on the context, certain factors can function
not only as risk but also as protective factors.
11. Factors relating to resilience (Adults)
• Flexibility: It includes the sense of adaptability, being
able to roll with change, being cooperative, sociable
and tolerant (Richardson, 2002).
• Sense of humour: It helps an individual to make light
of stressful life events, enhances coping mechanisms
and moderates intense emotions (Richardson, 2002).
• Social support: Maintaining meaningful relationships
with peers or family members are consistent with
resilient outcomes (Richardson, 2002).
• Problem solving skills: It includes an ability to think
abstractly, reflectively and flexibly and be able to
attempt alternate solutions for cognitive and social
problems.
12. • Self-determination: It is a feeling that regardless of the
challenges, resilient individuals overcome the
hardships and excel even after failures encountered in
their lives (Rutter, 1985).
• High cognitive level: A high intellectual capacity,
planning ability and an ability to foresee consequences
helps resilient individuals to endure hardships (Frankl,
1959).
• Spirituality: It tends to motivate resilient individuals
towards positive achievement, belief in oneself and
one's uniqueness (Gordon & Song, 1994).
• Internal locus of control: It is the perception of being
able to influence current environment and future
destiny which leads to resiliency (Luthar, 1991).
13. Sources of Resilience and Dangers of
blaming a victim
• Masten (2001) regarded resilience as ordinary magic.
This means resilience does not requires superhuman
abilities. Resilience in the face of challenge is quite
common
• It becomes important not to make the victim realize
that he/she is responsible for the adversity. Eg. Telling
a grieving husband that he needs to “get over” the
death of his wife is insensitive. Victim is not
responsible for the adversity happened with him
• Blaming the victim can increase on adding stress. It is
better that we make the victim understand the
availability of protective factors.
14. • It is not advisable to blame the victim for less
protective factors available
• Resilient Personality- toughness, self
enhancement, optimism, self confidence,
better cognitive skills etc
• Resilience does not only depends on the
inner strength but also the strength given by
the community
15. Sources of Resilience in Children
1. Protective factors within the child
• Good intellectual and problem solving abilities
• Easy going temperament
• Positive self image
• Optimistic outlook
• Ability to regulate emotions
• Talents valued by others
• Sense of humor
16. 2. Protective factors within the family
• Close relationships with family or caregivers
• Warm and supportive parenting
• Minimal conflicts between parents
• Parent’s involvement in child’s education
• Parents having adequate finances
17. 3. Protective factors within the community
• Going to a good school
• Involvement in social organizations
• Living in neighbourhood that involves caring
people
• Living in safe neighbourhood
• Easy availability of public health and social
services
18. • According to Masten (2001), it is important to
know the quality and quantity of protective
factors available to the victim. An individual may
not be able to recover from even the low level
of adversity with less protective factors.
• Also, it is not the nature of adversity that is
important but the availability of protective
factors
• So, according to Masten (2001)
1. Many people show resilience, so it is not a rare
phenomenon, it is actually very common
2. Resilience arises from everyday life and not
super human capabilities
19. Resilience in disadvantaged youth
• Poverty may create additional suffering. Poor
children may have parents suffering from
emotional disturbances, drug addiction, violence,
criminal behaviour
• These children may also have few resources in
form of supportive community agencies, good
quality schools and health care (McLoyd, 1998)
• Despite of this, children may show resilient
personality (Masten, 2001)
• Study by buckner and colleagues (2003)
20. Sources of Resilience in Adulthood and
later life
• Most childhood protective factors also
contribute to adults resilience
• Ryff and Colleagues (2003) stated a model of
wellbeing. These factors are predictors of
resilient responses in adversity and successful
aging
1. Self Acceptance: Person with positive attitude
towards himself
2. Personal Growth: person who has feelings of
continued development, is still excited about
life and learn new things
21. 3. Purpose in life: person who has goals and
beliefs that give direction in life. Life has
meaning
4. Environmental Mastery: feeling of
competence and ability to manage complex
environment. Able to manage family, work,
finances, health etc
5. Autonomy: take initiative, self directed, set
their own standards
6. Positive relations with others: have warm and
satisfying interactions with others
22. Successful Aging
• Factors that lead to strength and resilience in people who
enter the final stages of life
• Older people are happy as compared to people of other
ages
• successful ageing is defined as high physical, psychological,
and social functioning in old age without major diseases
• The term successful aging was made popular in 1987, when
the scientists John Wallis Rowe and Robert Kahn published
an influential book entitled Successful Aging.
• In 1998, Rowe and Kahn expanded their definition to
include three criteria: (a) absence of disease, disability, and
risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity;
(b) maintaining physical and mental functioning; and (c)
active engagement with life.
23.
24. • The authors go on to describe how this can be done in
a “preventive fashion” (e.g. anticipating a future or
impending age-related stressor) and then also in a
“corrective” way, which means making adaptations
once a stressor or problem has occurred.
• To adapt, an older person must marshal both internal
resources (attitude, optimism, coping with
challenges) and external resources (available social
support, finances, etc).
• Many studies have shown low rates of psychological
disorders among older adults (Regier etal,1988). But
older people may suffer from loss of loved one and
reduction in cognitive and physical abilities
25. • The main quality of life outcomes in this
model include:
1. Self-evaluation of success
2. Life satisfaction
3. Meaning in life
4. Positive affective state (which basically
means positive mood or emotions)
5. Valued activities
26. • SST is another lifespan theory that helps explain the shift of personal goals and
behaviors with age (Carstensen, 1991, 1995).
• This theory introduces the concept of future time perspective (FTP), which refers
to one’s perception of time and of how much time is left; FTP can be open-ended
or constrained (Rudolph, 2016).
• The pursuit of social goals changes as one ages; younger people view the future
as more distant than older people do.
• Therefore, according to this theory, younger people value future investments and
focus more on goals linked to knowledge acquisition, career planning, and the
development of new social relationships that can potentially pay off in the future.
• Older people, on the other hand, are more focused on current and emotionally
important relationships and goals concerning emotional regulation. Further, they
are less interested in new social contacts because such contacts are less likely to
provide novel knowledge.
• Instead, among older people, their focus shifts to goals that have emotional
meaning; for example, psychological well-being.
• Socio-emotional selective theory (pg 66) elaborate Baumgardner
27. Difference between Post Traumatic
Growth and Resilience
• Refer to Page 67 (first para baumgardner)
• Tedeschi and Calhoun (PTG, 1996)
28. Strategies for Promoting Resilience in
Children and Youth
• Risk-Focused Strategies: Preventing/Reducing Risk and
Stressors (prevent child abuse; reduce teenage
drinking/smoking, prevent homelessness etc)
• Asset-Focused Strategies: Improving Number or Quality of
Resources or Social Capital (parent educational classes,
recreational centers etc)
• Process-Focused Strategies: Mobilizing the Power of
Human Adaptational Systems (build self efficacy; teaching
effective coping strategies etc)
• Snyder (107)
29. Several key aspects of resilience
research (Conclusion)
1. There is no timeline, no set period, for finding strength,
resilient behaviors, and coping skills
2. About one-third of poor, neglected, abused children are
capably building better lives by the time they are
teenagers, according to all resilience studies.
3. Faith-be it in the future, the world at the end of the
power lines, or in a higher power-is an essential
ingredient
4. Most resilient people don't do it alone-in fact, they don't
even try.
5. Setting goals and planning for the future [are] strong
factor[s] in dealing with adversity
6. Believing in oneself and recognizing one's strengths is
important