Water (H
2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart with a hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve many substances. This allows it to be the "solvent of life". It is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
This presentation was prepared for the Final Presentation in the Sea Floor course. It gives advanced information for understanding deep-sea environments with chemical oceanography and geochemistry insights.
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
This presentation was prepared for the Final Presentation in the Sea Floor course. It gives advanced information for understanding deep-sea environments with chemical oceanography and geochemistry insights.
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
This ppt will help to understand the concept of water mass in the world ocean. It gives an overview of it's origin, formation, distribution etc. in the world. It is also helpfull for Fisheries Science students.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
Process of Transport and Generation of Sedimentary StructuresAkshayRaut51
sedimentary structures ,sedimentary rocks ,weathering and erosion ,sediment transport mechanism ,hjulstrom curve ,types of flow of sediments ,reynold number ,froude number ,laminations ,bedding plane ,cross bedding ,herringbone structure ,ripple marks ,graded bedding ,sole marks ,mud cracks ,ball and pillow structures ,stylolites ,concretion ,nodules
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
This ppt will help to understand the concept of water mass in the world ocean. It gives an overview of it's origin, formation, distribution etc. in the world. It is also helpfull for Fisheries Science students.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
Process of Transport and Generation of Sedimentary StructuresAkshayRaut51
sedimentary structures ,sedimentary rocks ,weathering and erosion ,sediment transport mechanism ,hjulstrom curve ,types of flow of sediments ,reynold number ,froude number ,laminations ,bedding plane ,cross bedding ,herringbone structure ,ripple marks ,graded bedding ,sole marks ,mud cracks ,ball and pillow structures ,stylolites ,concretion ,nodules
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
This is a small presentation on ocean acidification.It is a compilation of all materials(including present information) I collected related to it, any new information beside this or concerning it please comment.
Until two decades ago the world looked at economic status alone as a measure of human development.
Thus countries that were economically well developed and where people were relatively richer were called advanced nations while the rest where poverty was widespread and was economically backwards were called developing countries.
Most countries of North America and Europe which had become industrialized at an earlier stage have become economically more advanced.
They not only exploited their own natural resources rapidly but also used the natural resources of developing countries to grow even larger economies.
Thus the way development progressed, the rich countries got richer while the poor nations got poorer.
poorer.
However, even the developed world has begun to realize that their lives were being seriously affected by the environmental consequences of development based on economic growth alone.
This form of development did not add to the quality of life as the environmental conditions had begun to deteriorate.
By the 1970s most development specialists began to appreciate the fact that economic growth alone could not bring about a better way of life for people unless environmental conditions were improved.
Development strategies in which only economic considerations were used, had begun to suffer from serious environmental problems due to air and water pollution, waste management, deforestation and a variety of other ill effects that seriously affected peoples’ well being and health.
According to the UN report, The population of India expected to surpass China and become the largest country in population size by 2022.
Water-related challenges including water scarcity and water quality deterioration where the pace of urbanization is fastest and the local governments have limited capacity to deal with the rising water supply and sanitation challenges.
Industrial growth is completely related to the addition of a large number of toxic pollutants that are harmful to the environment, hazardous to human health.
Indian Insecticide Act,1968
An Act to regulate the import, manufactures, sale, transport, distribution and use of
insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals and for matters
connected therewith. [2nd September 1968]
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
Biochar is charcoal used as a soil amendment.
Biochar is a stable solid, rich in carbon, and can endure in soil for thousands of years.Like most charcoal, biochar is made from biomass via pyrolysis. Biochar is under investigation as an approach to carbon sequestration.Biochar thus has the potential to help mitigate climate change via carbon sequestration. Independently, biochar can increase soil fertility of acidic soils (low pH soils), increase agricultural productivity, and provide protection against some foliar and soil-borne diseases.
The soil profile is one of the most important concepts in soil science.
Soil profile is the term used for the vertical section of mature soil generally up to the depth of 2 meter or up to the parent material to show the different layers or horizons of soil for study of soil in its undisturbed state.
It is made up of a succession of horizontal layer or Horizons.
A nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment.
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long timescales.
100% sludge – Free disposal of human waste. Eco-Friendly - Decomposes solid waste to water and biogas.
Bio-Toilet is a complete waste management solution which reduces solid human waste to biogas and pure water, with the help of a bacterial inoculum.
Ecomark is a certification mark issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (the national standards organization of India) to products conforming to a set of standards aimed at the least impact on the ecosystem.
CSR :- Corporate Social Responsibility
It is apparent that citizens of modern, industrialized countries enjoy much more prosperous and healthy lives than those in least developed countries.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
2. Seawater Chemical
Properties
Saltiness is the most characteristic feature
of seawater.
Seawater is 96.5% water and 3.5%
dissolved solids.
Ability of seawater to dissolve large
amount of solids and gases with
chemically reacting with them is its most
important property.
Majority of solids are present only in
minute concentration.
But the great volume of ocean makes it
enormous.
3. Seawater Properties
Dissolved components of seawater can be
divided into
Conservative (Major) Constituents-found in
concentrations >0.3%
Non-Conservative constituents- less than
0.3%
Their concentration may vary in different
geographical locations.
Do not change their ratios with each other
with changes in salinity.
They are not removed or added by living
organisms.
Non-Conservative constituents are
influenced by biological and chemical
processes.
4. ClCl--
The Composition of Seawater
MAJOR CONSERVATIVE
CONSTITUENTS
11 Major Ions make up 99.9% of
dissolved constituents by weight
>1mg L-1
Concentration
21.9% Anions (Negatively Charged)
12.6% Cations (Positively Charged)
Overall Salinity 34.482% (g kg-1
solvent)
MINOR CONSTITUENTS
TRACE CONSTITUENTS
SOSO44
2-2-
BrBr--
MgMg2+2+
CaCa2+2+
KK++
SrSr2+2+ HCOHCO33
--
HH22BOBO33
--
FF--
NaNa++
HH22OO
5. Major and Minor Constituents of
Seawater
Na+
and Cl¯ constitute ions 86% of salt ions present in seawater
6. SEAWATER PROPERTIES-
Major Conservative constituents
Dissolved Ion Chemical
Formula and
Charge
% by weight of
dissolved ions
% by weight of
seawater
Chloride (Cl-) 55.04 1.898
Sodium (Na+) 30.61 1.0556
Sulfate (SO42-) 7.68 0.2649
Magnesium (Mg+) 3.69 0.1272
Calcium (Ca2+) 1.16 0.04
Potassium (K+) 1.1 0.038
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 0.41 0.014
Bromide (Br-) 0.19 0.0065
Boric Acid (H3BO3) 0.07 0.0026
Strontium (Sr2+) 0.04 0.0013
Fluoride (F-) 0.002 0.0001
Total 99.992 3.4482
8. Seawater-River Water-Rainwater
Most abundant salts in river water is least
abundant one in seawater.
For example carbonate is most abundant in river
water whereas it is least abundant in seawater.
Rivers previously removed most easily soluble
land salts –Carrying less salts now.
10. SEAWATER PROPERTIES-
Major Conservative constituents
This 11 major constituents comprises 99.9% of the total
dissolved material and act conservatively-their concentration
changes only by input or output at ocean boundaries.
These major constituents are chemically and bio-chemically
inert.
12. Seawater Properties
Sources of Salt
Terrigenous inputs-mainly rivers.
H2O+CO2>>>>>>H2CO3 (Carbonic
Acid)
Dissolves rock minerals into ions which
travels down rivers to the ocean
Acid Rain>>>> pH of around 4.5
Acidic
Hydrothermal vents
Dissolving Old sediments-Evaporites
Steady State-Inputs equals output.
13. Seawater Properties-Salt Sinks
Salt sinks include the following:
Evaporation removes only water molecules.
Remaining water becomes increasingly saline,
eventually producing a salty brine.
If enough water evaporates, the brine becomes
supersaturate and salt deposits begin to precipitate
forming evaporite minerals.
Wind-blown spray carries minute droplets of
saltwater inland.
Adsorption of ions onto clays and some
authigenic minerals.
Shell formation by organisms.
14. Seawater Properties-Principle of Constancy
of Composition
Though the actual conc of major constituents vary they are
found in constant ratios-e.g. Ratio of Mg/Cl is same in all the
oceans-Principle of Constant Proportions.
Regardless of variation in salinity, ratios between the amounts
of major ions in open ocean water are constant.
15. Seawater Properties-Salinity
Principle of Constant Composition enables
us to determine salinity by measuring the
concentration of only one ion-
If concentration of one ion is known other
major ions can be calculated from the
known ratios.
Quantity of chloride ions is usually measured
to calculate salinity by adding AgNO3-Silver
combines with Cl ion.
Amount of silver reacting with cl in a given
amount of seawater gives us the amount of
chloride present.
16. Seawater Properties-Salinity
Chloride conc measured in this way is termed as chlorinity.
Silver also combines with bromine, iodine, florine and chlorine.
Chlorinity is the quantity of silver required to remove all the
halogens from 0.3285 kg of seawater.
Chlorinity and salinity are related by the equation-
Salinity (ppt)= 1.80655 x Chlorinity (ppt)
17. Seawater Properties-Salinity
A standard seawater sample is required to calibrate the silver
nitrate solution.
Standard seawater with an adjusted chlorinity of 19.4°/oo is
manufactured and supplied by Institute of Oceanograpahic
Services, Wormly, England.
18. Seawater Properties-Salinity
Salinity is the total mass, expressed in grams, of all
substances dissolved in one kilogram of sea water
when all carbonate has been converted to oxide,
all bromine and iodine has been replaced by
chlorine and all organic compounds have been
oxidized.
19. Other Salinity Estimation
Water conducts electricity because of
ions.
The more the ions the greater the
conductance.
This relationship enables us to measure
salinity using a conductivity bridge or
salinometer.
Quick and easy means of analysis-But
the instrument has to be calibrated with
known amount of salinity samples.
Conductivity bridges are corrected to
temperature.
20. Determines the distribution of
plants and animals that live in the
ocean.
Affects other properties of
seawater, such as its density and
the amount of dissolved oxygen.
Why Study Salinity…
21. Significant Values
The average salinity of the world’s
oceans is 35 ppt.
Freshwater has a salinity of <1 ppt.
Inshore waters with salinity values
between 1 - 25 ppt are called
brackish.
Waters with salinity greater than 40
ppt are called hypersaline.
22.
23. Seawater Properties-Salinity Distribution
Salinity displays a latitudinal relationship
related to precipitation and evaporation.
Highest ocean salinity is between 20-30o
north and south of the equator.
Low salinity at the equator and poleward of
30o
results because evaporation decreases
and precipitation increases.
In some places surface water and deep
water are separated by a halocline, a zone
of rapid change in salinity.
Water stratification (layering) within the
ocean is more pronounced between 40o
N
and 40o
S.
25. Residence time is the average
length of time an element remains in
seawater.
The residence time of any element
depends on its chemical activity.
Residence Time
Residence Time =
Amount of element in the ocean
The rate at which the element is
added to or removed from the ocean
27. The major source of Calcium (Ca2+
) to
the oceans is river input. What is the
rate at which calcium is added to the
ocean? What is the rate at which
calcium is removed from the ocean?
Calculating Residence Time
28. The major source of Calcium (Ca2+
) to the oceans is river input.
What is the rate at which calcium is added to the ocean? What
is the rate at which calcium is removed from the ocean?
Calculating Residence Time
What we need to know:
Residence Time?
Quantity of Ca2+
in Ocean?