This document discusses accidents associated with marine environments. It covers accidents that can occur when crossing surf, in bad weather like fog or major storms, and those related to navigation such as loss of power, loss of way, grounding/running ashore, and collisions. Small fishing vessels are particularly vulnerable to these accidents due to lack of equipment like radar and limited supplies. Causes of accidents include poor visibility, strong winds/waves, mechanical failures, improper lookouts, and fires from gas leaks or sparks. Proper safety procedures and equipment could help reduce these accidents for small craft.

1. ACCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH
MARIINE ENVIRONMENT
RANJEET RAJ

2. Accidents associated with the
marine environments
Crossing
surf Bad weather
Poor visibility
Major storms

3. Crossing surf
• Surf crossing has been practiced all over
the world since prehistoric times and
continued after motorization. Today it
takes place wherever natural or
artificial harbours and smaller shelters
are rare, and beaches are low and
physically accessible to beachable craft.

4. • best-known examples of artisanal
beachable fishing craft are sailing rafts
such as the Brazilian janghadas and
Indian kattumarams, African canoes,
Caribbean pirogues and the outrigger
canoes of Oceania.

6. Bad weather
1. Poor visibility
In dense fog, small fishing craft are common
victims of collision with large vessels. Small boats
are rarely equipped with radars, radar reflectors or
other means of detection, neither are they able to
signal their presence to large vessels.
• Poor visibility caused by, for example, haze
overlying the horizon and hiding coastal
orientation markers, may result in fishermen
losing their way, running ashore or grounding

7. fog

8. 2. Major Storms
• Small craft - hurricanes,
cyclones, typhoons and tsunamis.
• Safety aspects:
safety of the ship
safety of crew
safety of cargo

9. Symptoms of storm
• Sea snake forming coiled structure and
appear as round ball on the surface.
• Water bubbles on the surface.
• White clouds seen below the hills.
• Huge waves in the ocean accompanied by
wind or rain.
• Appearance of large number of sea birds.
• Sometimes there might be strong thunder and
lightning.

10. Accidents associated with
Navigation
Loss of power at sea
Loss of way
Grounding & Running ashore
Collision
Fire on board

11. This is a major cause of accidents. Many small
fishing boats are powered by an outboard
motor and do not carry either a spare engine
or sailing rig.
Accidents associated with navigation
1. Loss of power at sea

12.  a motorized craft fishermen tend
to travel greater distances offshore,
putting them at risk if the engine
fails. Moreover, although they used
to use sails, they have stopped
taking them to sea and the younger
ones are not even trained in their
emergency use and do not know
what to do with them.

13. 2. Loss of way
Loss of way in small fishing craft is dangerous,
because in most cases they do not carry large amounts
of fuel, food or drinking water. In normal conditions,
experienced artisanal fishermen rarely lose their way at
sea, in spite of sailing without navigation instruments,
often even without a magnetic compass.
Dense fog, cloudy nights combined with an unusual
wind direction or abnormal lack of wind, etc., may
bring about temporary or even fatal loss of way.
Because of current

16. 3.Grounding and running ashore
• Severe grounding applies extreme loads
upon ship structures. In less severe
accidents, it might result only in damage to
the hull; however, in most serious accidents,
it might lead to hull breaches, cargo spills,
total loss of the vessel, and, in the worst
cases, human casualties.

17. Causes
• Current
• Darkness
• Tide
• Visibility
• Waves
• Wind
• Depth of waterway
• Geometry of waterway
• Age of vessel
• Type of vessel
• Speed
• Human & organizational factors

18. Ship grounding can be two types;
1. Soft grounding
2. Wallop grounding
A soft grounding does not leads to adverse effects on a ship.
But this doesn't mean it has to be completely neglected. Proper
inspection needs to be made as soon as the ship reaches the
nearest port. In case there is a doubt about the condition of the
ship, it should be prevented from sailing till a thorough
inspection is not carried out by the experts or a classification
society.
Wallop grounding can leads to heavy damage to the hull and
submerged part of the ship. This might leads to serious cracks in
the ship structure, resulting in water ingress followed by serious
damage of the ships structural integrity and using major
instability.

19. First Action to be taken:
• When the vessel goes aground the engine
should be stopped immediately
• The skipper first action on grounding
should be:
a) Sound the general alarm.
b) Exhibit the appropriate signals.
c) Make ready LSA.
d) Send the chief engineer to check
damage.
e) Alert the owner and the nearest
insurance agency.

21. Small fishing vessels are often involved in
collisions, especially in areas of heavy traffic of
merchant shipping. Collisions and bizarre accidents
involving submarines fouling trawling gear
sometimes end in capsize sinkings and fatalities.
Big merchant or naval vessels may cut a fishing
boat in two and carry on without even being aware
of it.
4. Collisions

22. Collision with another vessel

23. Collision with a fixed object

24. Failure to keep proper lookout

25. Accidents
• Proper use of a “lookout”
• Knowledge of “Rules of the Road”
• Knowledge of proper boat lighting
• Knowledge of “Aids to Navigation”
Most collisions could be avoided by:

26. 5.fire on board
Fire mainly because of ……….
 Leakage of gas( cooking gas)
Electric spark
Smoking
Leaking of fuel
Lightning