This document provides an overview of ballast water treatment. It discusses the long process that led to the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments in 2004. The convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another by establishing standards and procedures for managing ships' ballast water and sediments. The document outlines the various ballast water treatment methods available, including filtration, UV disinfection, chlorination, and electrochlorination. It notes factors like effectiveness, power requirements, and residual effects that are important considerations for different treatment technologies.

1. Ballast Water Treatment

2. REFERENCES
THE TEXTS AND FIGURES IN THIS PRESENTATION
ARE EXTRACED FROM THE FOLLOWING
SOURCES:
• IMO (IMODOCS :- BWM CONVENTION)
• LR & ABS :- UNDERSTANDING OF BWM 2016
• OEM BROCHURES / MANUALS
• YOU TUBE VIDEOS
Disclaimer:- The presentation are the views of the
presenter and does not have the verification of the
OEM.

3. BALLAST WATER
OBJECTIVE:-
1. Ballast water regulation over view
2. Types of Ballast water Plants Technology
3. Technology leaders
4. Conclusion

4. LONG PROCESS
In 1982, in the UNCLOS article 196(1) mentioned
“ states shall take all measures necessary to
prevent , reduce and control pollution of the marine
environment resulting from the use of technologies
under their jurisdiction or control , or the
intentional or accidental introduction of
species, alien or new, to a particular marine
environment, which may cause significant and
harmful changes thereto.”

5. LONG PROCESS
• In 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) the issue of Harmful Aquatic Organisms
and pathogens via ships ballast as a threat was
noted and mentioned again in COP in 1998.
• In 1992 the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development UNCED
requested IMO to consider rules for the Ballast
Water Discharge.
• IMO ASSEMBLY resolution A 774(18) in 1993
and A 868(20) in 1997 adopted the purpose of
addressing the transfer of Harmful Aquatic
organisms and pathogens

6. LONG PROCESS
• Johannesburg 2002 Summit on Sustainable
Development Point 34 asked IMO to take
action to save Marine Biodiversity and prevent
Alien Invasive Species.
• In 2004 the Convention on Ballast water and
Sediment Control was introduced.
• IMO GOBALLAST WAS SET UP WITH
UNDEP.
• Phased approach using 2 level standard D1
and D2

7. RATIFICATION & ENFORCEMENT
The convention was opened for signature and
ratification from 1st June ‘04 to 31st May ‘05.
It was then kept open for accession by the states.
For ratification the convention required :-
1. Minimum of 30 states to sign consisting of
2. Minimum of 35% of world tonnage to agree

8. BALLAST WATER CONVENTION
• 8th Sept 2017 the convention is enforced.
• Finland is the country to have ratified the
convention to give it the required 35 % of world
tonnage
• Till then 52 Countries had ratified and become a
party to the convention
• United States have not yet ratified.
• India is in the process of Ratification.
• New Zealand is the 54th country to ratify (Jan ’17)
• As of Feb 2018, 65 % and 59 member states.

9. BALLAST WATER CONVENTION
The International Convention was to Control and
Manage the Ballast Water and Sediments
As per convention definitions are :-
Ballast Water means water with its suspended
matter taken on board a ship to control trim, list,
draught, stability or stresses of the ship.
Sediments means matter settled out of Ballast
Water within a ship.

10. BALLAST WATER CONVENTION
The main convention has 22 articles
There are section (A,B,C……..) further to the main
articles dealing with various aspects.
Section A:- General Provisions
Section B:- Management and Control Requirements
for Ships
Section C:- Special Requirements in certain Areas
Section D:- Standards of Ballast Water Management
Section E:- Survey and Certification requirements for
Ballast Water Management.

11. BALLAST WATER CONVENTION
All ships of 400 gross tonnes (gt) and above will be
required to have on board an approved Ballast
Water Management Plan and a Ballast Water
Record Book, and to be surveyed and issued with
an International Ballast Water Management
Certificate.
For ships whose flag administration has not ratified
the BWM Convention a certificate or statement of
compliance can be issued.

12. BALLAST WATER CONVENTION
SECTION B OF BWM CONVENTION

13. BALLAST WATER CONVENTION
The Ballast Water Management Plan is required to:
• assist the ship in complying with BWM regulations
• identify the ship’s Ballast Water Management Officer
• consider ship safety elements, provide information to PSC
officers on the ship’s ballast handling system and confirm
that ballast water management can be effectively planned
• include training on BWM operational practices
• be written in the working language of the ship.

14. BALLAST WATER CONVENTION
The BWM Convention applies to all ships including submersibles, floating
craft, floating platforms, FSUs and FPSOs.
It does not apply to:
• ships not designed to carry ballast water
• ships not operating in international waters
• warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or
operated by a state
• ships only on non-commercial service, or
• ships with permanent ballast water in sealed tanks.

15. Section E:- Survey and Certification
requirements for Ballast Water Management
• Ships are required to be surveyed and certified
and may be inspected by port State control
officers who can verify that the ship has a valid
certificate; inspect the Ballast Water Record
Book; and/or sample the ballast water.
• If there are concerns, then a detailed inspection
may be carried out and "the Party carrying out the
inspection shall take such steps as will ensure
that the ship shall not discharge Ballast Water
until it can do so without presenting a threat of
harm to the environment, human health, property
or resources."

16. SECTION D – Standards of Ballast Water Management

17. Transition dates from D1 to D2

18. D1 - Exchange philosophy:- 95%
• 200 Nm
• 200 m depth
• Nutrient load
• Organic Load
• Safe Waters
• Exchange Issues
• 3 times Volume

19. GUIDELINES (D2) - LRS

20. Issue is Deballasting

21. TREATMENT METHODS – D2

22. TREATMENT METHODS – D2

23. TREATMENT METHODS – D2

24. TREATMENT METHODS – D2
The technologies used are already available in the
market for the treatment of industrial effluents and
municipal waste.
The manufacturers have used the popular
technologies and redesigned to meet the marine
market.
Most popular Disinfection Technologies are:
• Filtration and UV
• Chlorination or Electro chlorination

25. TREATMENT METHODS – D2
PHYSICAL SEPERATION
PROCESS:
• Surface Filtration
• Hydrocyclone
• Centrifugal seperation
DISINFECTION
PROCESS:
• Physical Process
• Chemical Process
• Advanced process

26. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTRATION
• Size does matter
• Reduce Organic Load = lower power /energy
• Good sediment control
• Brings Clarity / reduces Opacity
• Protects the Equipment Downstream
• Different manufacturers
• Auto back Flush
• Challenge is the Flow Rates and Sediments.

27. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTRATION
• Mostly 40 or 50
Micron Filter
• Auto Back
Flushing Type
• Differential Pressure
Sensing
• Generally works
in Ballasting Operations

28. TREATMENT METHODS – UV DISINFECTION
• The Ultraviolet system depends upon the UV
irradiance to manipulate the genetic DNA structure.
• If given at very high intensity, it can even kill the
organisms.
• At lower intensity level, it can render the organism
nonviable (not able to reproduce which is
acceptable for IMO but not for USCG).
• If the water is clear the UV irradiance is high and is
more effective.
• Smaller the organism lesser would be the intensity
and power requirement.

29. TREATMENT METHODS – UV DISINFECTION
• Conversely if larger organism are there in the
water, the UV intensity may be ineffective in
dealing with it satisfactorily and may result in non-
compliance.
• Hence the first step is to introduce a filtration plant
to increase the plant efficiency.
• Additional benefits are in reduction of sediment
build up inside the Ballast tanks.
• So logic would be to use the most fine filter mesh
to reduce the size of organisms and sediments
and increase the BWTS effectiveness.

30. TREATMENT METHODS – UV DISINFECTION
UV lamps, usually fitted inside a Quartz sleeve

31. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTERATION &
UV DISINFECTION
Fine Filter of 50 µ or below and UV treatment
Actual OPTIMARIN plant at AEMA , Karjat

32. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTERATION &
UV DISINFECTION
FLOW DIAGRAM

33. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTERATION & UV
DISINFECTION (PANASIA)

34. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTERATION & UV
DISINFECTION (PROS & CONS)
• Smaller the organism, lesser is the power of UV
required to Kill or make it Non Viable.
• Finer Filter creates more back pressure which
results in more Power required to pump.
• Filter Back Flushing will decrease through put and
create issues in highly contaminated waters.
• UV effectiveness is reduces with increasing
opaqueness in water.

35. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTERATION & UV
DISINFECTION (PROS & CONS)
• UV plants DOES NOT HAVE RESIDUAL
EFFECT and have to run during Ballasting and
Deballasting mode.
• Power consumption of UV Technology is
greater than the competing technology.
• Maintenance issues especially when water is
turbid. (both filters and UV Quartz sleeve)
• Health and environmental hazards of Handling
UV lamps.

36. TREATMENT METHODS – FILTERATION & UV
DISINFECTION (ALFA-LAVAL)

37. TREATMENT METHODS – CHLORINATION
• The simplest and the oldest technology of sterilization was
to add Chlorine Tablets or dose Sodium Hypo Chlorite into
the water.
• This is a strong disinfectant and has been used in
Municipal water supply systems and swimming pools and
it KILLS the organisms.
• The Chemical dosing amount can be Slug/Batch dosing or
Continuous/Online dosing. In BWTS, continuous online
dosing in carried out and the dosage rate depends upon
the Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) value to be maintained.
• Since the residual effect remains in the treated water, prior
deballasting the water is DECHLORINATED or
NEUTRALISED

38. TREATMENT METHODS – CHLORINATION
• The residual effect is the continued effect of the treatment
of water in ballast tanks long after passing through
BWTS.
• The presence of residual effect will not only prevent any
regrowth of the organism but may continue to kill or
disinfect.
• The residual effect will depend upon the type of
disinfection process and the value of the process
variable.
• The residual effect may taper down with time.
• The UV system does not have any residual effect.

39. TREATMENT METHODS – CHLORINATION
• The residual effect
of the Chlorination
type of system is
significant and the
disinfection
continues in the
tanks.
• Any organisms due
to eggs hatching in
the tanks are killed/
sterilized

40. TREATMENT METHODS – CHLORINATION

41. TREATMENT METHODS – CHLORINATION

42. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION
• ECS disinfects living
organisms with electrolysis
during ballasting operation.
• It has combined with 3
steps of disinfection
processes at the same
time.
• The first step of
disinfection by electric
shock, the second step of
disinfection by TRO and
the third step of
disinfection by residual
TRO.

43. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION
• The residual
effect continues
to disinfect inside
the ballast water
tank.
• The TRO ppm
gradually
decreases.
• The ECS plant
need not be run
during the
deballasting

44. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION
Actual TECHCROSS plant at AEMA , Karjat

45. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION
Intro Video Techcross
CMMI - 6.7.181. TECHCROSS Intro Video (5 min).avi

46. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION

47. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION

48. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION

49. TREATMENT METHODS – ELECTROCHLORINATION

50. TREATMENT METHODS – RECAP
BALLAST WATER
INTAKE The point
is what is pumped
out of the tank and
not what is taken
into the ships tank
PHYSICAL
SEPARATION
SURFACE
FILTRATION
HYDRO
CYCLONE
CENTRIFUGE
COAGULATION
DISINFECTION
CHEMICAL:-
Chlorination
Electro
Chlorination
Ozone
Other
Disinfectants
PHYSICAL
Ultra Violet
De
Oxygenation
(Inert Gas)
Heat
SUPPLEMENTRY
TREATMENT
CAVITATION
ULTRASOUND
CATALYST
PLASMA
MAGNETIC
SEPARATION

51. TREATMENT METHODS – RECAP
Influencing
Vector
Filtration and UV Chemical Chlorination
With 50 µ Filter
Electro Chlorination
Salinity Unaffected Unaffected Low Salinity operational
Issues
Turbidity Turbidity Lowers Plant
efficiency
Unaffected
Residual Effect Not Present Present Present
Use of Active
Substance
NO YES (Both For
Chlorination and
Neutralizing)
YES (only Neutralizing
Agent)
During
Deballasting
Phase
Plant need to run at
appreciable load (80
to 90 %)
Negligible Electrical
Power Load
Negligible Electrical Power
Load
Consumables UV Lamps Only Chemicals Only Chemicals
Hazards
associated
Mercury vapour and
Ozonization
Handling Chemicals
(MSDS)
Handling Chemicals
(MSDS)
Market share
%
50 % 5% 35%

52. TREATMENT METHODS – USCG APPROVALS
USCG grants 9th BWMS Type Approval Certificate

53. • Ballast Water Record Book
• Ballast Water Management Record Book
• International Ballast Water Management Certificate
• Ballast Water Treatment Plant Type Approval
Certificate
• BWTS USCG approval certificate
• BWTS AMS
• Calibration of various sensors on BWTS (VGP)
• Shore Lab analysis reports (VGP)
Important Record Keeping Requirements as per the
BWM Convention

54. CRITICAL POINTS
• SAFETY CHECKS PRIOR STARTING.
• CALIBRATION OF SENSORS.
• MEMORY :- DOWNLOAD AND MEMORY CARD
• COMMUNICATION NETWORK OF PANELS
• FLOW METER ISSUES
• BALLASTING IN BAD PORT WATERS
• CRITICAL SPARES TO BE MAINTAINED
• PLANNED MAINTENANCE

55. CRITICAL POINTS
• TRAINING OF OPERATOR AND CREW
• RECORD KEEPING
• CHANGING OF CHEMICAL REAGENTS (Cl)
• CHANGING OF UV LAMPS
• CLEANING IN PLACE FOR UV SYSTEMS
• GAS GENERATIONS IN BWTS & SENSORS
• POWER CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS
• ELECTRODE (Ti & Pt) LIFE

56. CONCLUSION
• Not all BWTS plant technology are energy
intensive
• There are issues with Active Substances
usage in the BWTS
• The Water Quality and upkeep of the plant will
determine the running efficiency
• Though the Chlorination has a lower Carbon
Footprint, increasing the world is moving
away from this process due to hazards of
Chlorine

57. THANK YOU