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MANUSCRIPTOLOGY shruthi ppt.pptx
- 1. A REVIEW ON MANUSCRIPTOLOGY Presenter : Dr. Shruthi panambur. Guided by : Dr. Sri Nagesh K A HOD & professor Samhitha and Siddhanta dept Dept of PG Studies in Ayurveda Samhitha and Siddhanta 1
- 2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION DERIVATION DEFINITION OF MANUSCRIPTOLOGY NEED FOR MANUSCRIPTOLOGY EXTENT DIMENSION OF KNOWLEDGE IN MANUSCRIPT SCRIPT PHYSICALATTRIBUTES OF MANUSCRIPT SOURCES PRESERVATION OF MANUSCRIPTS EXECUTION DISCUSSION CONCLUSION 2
- 3. INTRODUCTION India is a country where we are given more importance to the knowledge since ages. Initially we had a tradition of transferring the knowledge orally by ACHARYAS due to limitation they started writing on rocks, on palm leaves. Now we are in the 21st century where in everything is digitalized. Indian school of knowledge, like Vedas are mainly written on palm leaves etc which has the history of more than thousand years and these are called manuscripts. Manuscripts are the original sources of human history. 3
- 4. CONT… The study of manuscript is called manuscriptology. This is responsible for the development of our civilization. Collecting and preserving the manuscript is preserving the intellectual heritage of mankind. So here now we are going to know about how to collect, understand, preserve manuscripts and details about manuscripts 4
- 5. DERIVATION Manuscript has two words, Manu • hand Scriptus • to write 5
- 6. DEFINITION OF MANUSCRIPT The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972 lays down the legal framework for custody of manuscripts. Antiquities, defined under the Act include “Any manuscript, record or other document which is of scientific, historical, literary or aesthetic value and which has been in existence for not less than seventy- five years.” 6
- 7. MANUSCRIPTOLOGY Manuscriptology is defined as that branch of science which imparts training in reading and understanding of ancient manuscripts. It also specializes in procurement, preservation and documentation of various kinds of manuscripts. 7
- 8. NEED FOR MANUSCRIPTOLOGY To preserve ancient knowledge and revive the past. Contribute to the library richness of the science. For the better understanding of principles 8
- 9. EXTENT INDIA possesses more than 5million manuscripts. An estimated 1lakh manuscripts have been produced from 1500BC-1900AD , out of which only 1/10th are traced. Only 2% published. 9
- 10. DIMENSION OF KNOWLEDGE IN MANUSCRIPT Siddhanta {principles} Shastra{the science} Vyavahara{the application} 10
- 11. SCRIPT Most common language- Sanskrit Other languages – Regional Ancient scripts- Brahmi, kaharoshti Other scripts – manipuri , modi , nevari devanagari, kannada, telugu, tigalari etc 11
- 12. BRAHMI SCRIPT AND KAHORASHTI SCRIPT 12
- 13. PHYSICALATTRIBUTES OF MANUSCRIPT It is into two form ADHARA ADHEYA 13
- 14. ADHARAAND ADHEYA Adhara -lekhya samgri{ Writing surface} Adheya-lekhana samagri{ instruments used for writing} Rakshana-{ material for binding}. 14
- 15. LEKHYA SAMAGRI Shilalekha (rock)-it is carving or graving on non metals. Tamra patra (copper plate)-here graving done tamra patra on metals. Taada patra (palm leaf)-it is of 3 types kara patra,tali patra , sritala patra depending upon the material it is divided. All are flexible, soft, prone to insects. most preferable is tali patra. Bhurja (birch bark)-Inner bark of silver birch tree is used. Kashmir. Used since 4th C.B.C Paper-Introduced to India by Mughal ruler. Used since 105 A.D Sanchat patra(aloe Wooden sheets)-Inner bark of agaru is used.Assam Animal skin 15
- 16. PREPARATION OF PALM LEAVES- EXAMPLE Leaves cut to midrib Dried Boiled and dried Made smooth by rubbing with the stone Then cut to required sizes Used since 5th C.B.C 16
- 17. LEKHANA SAMAGRI Stylus – hard and sharp used to incise manuscript. Pens – soft and smooth tipped used with ink Brushes – for painting Feathers of birds - quill Mashi / ink – dyes used to make letters darker on palm leaves. carbon powder with gum and sugar is smeared on manuscript. 17
- 18. RAKSHANA SAMAGRI Stitched Unstitched- palm leaves and bhurja patra can not stitched so chord is passed through them. 18
- 19. LEKHAKA/LIPIKARA(SCRIBE) A professional who copies manuscripts or documents for others. He should take utmost care to reproduce what is there in original text. They are three types-pusthaka lekhaka(copied manuscript),kayastha lekhaka(writer on accounts),shasana lekhaka(royal scribe). Scribe errors happens it is like deletion,addition,substitution,orthographic confusion,transposition. 19
- 20. SOURCES Sanskrit manuscripts are collected from more than 100years in various institutions by Government and individual efforts. Many have published their descriptive catalogues. Check list of Sanskrit medical manuscripts by CCRAS-REVISED EDITION 2005. Various sources libraries, institutions. State libraries , museums. 31 universities & research organizations. 20
- 21. CONT.. 17 private organizations. 22 institutions out of India. Temples, ashrams, individuals. Saraswati Bhawan Library of Govt Sanskrit College,Banaras – oldest Oriental Research Institute, Mysore – 66000 Ms Adyar Library and Research Institute, Madras – 18600 Ms 21
- 22. CONT.. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute,Pune Saraswati Mahal Library, Thanjavur – 50000 Ms Raghunath Temple Library of Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir. Sayaji Rao Gaikwad Oriental Institute, Baroda. Asiatic Society , Culcutta. British Library, Dept of Oriental Manuscripts London. 22
- 23. 23 Oriental Research Institute, Mysore Chikitsarnava ,Vaidyadarpana ,Nadi nirnaya ,Nadi vijnana etc Saraswathi Mahal Library, Thanjavur Dhanwantari vilas, Chikitsa kalika ,Dhanwantari sara nidhi etc Anad Ashram samsthana, pune Nidana manjari ,Pathyapathya nighantu etc Bhandarkar Oriental research institute, pune Astadasasamskara ,Astangahrdaya Oxford Abhrakavidhi ,Ajirnamanjari ,Anjananidana ,Arogyachintamani etc Cambridge university library Asvayurveda ,Carakasamhita ,Rasaraja ,Rasendrachudamani etc British library Abhinavamadhava ,Arishtasataka etc
- 25. PRESERVATION OF MANUSCRIPTS. To save and enhancing the life of manuscripts Threats in preserving manuscripts - Climate Dust , atmospheric pollution Human carelessness Poor storage condition Pests – fungus, bookworms, termites ,rats 25
- 26. PRESERVATION TRADITIONAL METHOD Use of cord and wooden board for binding Air tight wooden boxes Use of silk cloth Vacha, karpoora, Ashwagandha kept in the boxes 26
- 27. LATEST METHODS Air condition room, fresh air, low moisture Place should be pest controlled, regular DDT spray, fumigation, nepthaline balls etc Glass/ aluminium racks Latest modern techniques – Lamination photocopying, scanning etc 27
- 28. EXECUTION STEPS IN MANUSCRIPTOLOGY PRIMARY SECONDARY 1.Collection 1.Transcription 2.Cataloguing 2.Critical edition 3.Translation 4.Publication 28
- 29. PRIMARY STEPS 1)COLLECTION From various sources manuscripts are to be collected Collection of catalogues Letter correspondence Visitation Manual duplication / photo copying Digital photography / imaging Digital online collection 29
- 30. CONT.. 3)CATALOGUING To classify and arrange the data serially Helps researchers and viewer easy search in short period Ex. –Nighantu One can search all available manuscripts. Necessity of – regional / state survey Inventory of Ayurvedic Manuscripts along with photocopying, scanning 30
- 31. Prepared by 3 types – Card Book Sheet 31
- 32. Information includes Serial number Date Accession no Title Author etc Arranged and stored according to nature size etc Title index should be prepared based on title/ author/ subject wise 32
- 33. Descriptive catalogue- prepared by libraries 2 sections – 1)General information 2) Summary of manuscript 33
- 34. SECONDARY STEPS 1)Transcription Writing the text as it is to a plain paper in same script Later converted to desired script Helps person to read in a better way Copying in same language 34
- 35. 2)Critical edition Close reading & detail analysis on the basis of evidences. Methods – 1)Lower criticism 2)Higher criticism 35
- 36. (3)Translation Process of converting the words from one language to the another 36
- 37. 4)Publication Last step Only 2% is published 37
- 38. PUBLISHED UNPUBLISHED Ayurveda Sutrani Ayurvedagama Paryay pada Manjari Madhavachikitsa Vaidya samhita saarnava Nadi shastra sangraha Amarakosha Rasavatara 38
- 39. CRITICAL EDITION Lower Criticism Selection of original reading based on evidences 3 stages – 1)Heuristics – a)Siglum b)collation c)secondary sources of evidences 2)Recension 3)Emendation 39
- 40. 1) HEURISTICS – process or method,allowing the students to learn by discovering themselves Process of methodological collection , analysis & study of evidences SIGLUM COLLATION SECONDARY SOURSE OF EVIDENCE 40
- 41. a)SIGLUM – A letter or symbol which stands for a word or name especially to donate a particular manuscript or edition of a text. Special identification mark Based on script, age of copy etc e.g. – MT-Mysore tigalari 41
- 42. b) COLLATION it is the assembly of written information into a standard order. Collection of all information concerning the text in one document Special sheet – excel sheet Left side siglum of compared codex 42
- 43. c)SECONDARY SOURCES OF EVIDENCES All works directly related to the text e.g. – commentaries 43
- 44. 2)RECENSION a revised edition of a text, the critical revision of a text.re –again, censere-to review Such a recension that is formulated after elaborate examination is called a critical recension. 44
- 45. 3)EMENDATION the process of making a revision or correction to a text. Suggestions given by the editor By which the text presented may be understood properly and easily. Utmost care should be excised while resorting to emendation. 45
- 46. Higher Criticism The higher criticism involves an assessment of the author’s work. The style life of author, the circumstances that made the author compose the work etc 46
- 47. STEPS IN MANUSCRIPTOLOGY Collect all extant of copies of the text in original / mechanized form Decide the mutual relationship and trust worthiness of copies Collate the copies Constitute critical recension Accept one out of many readings as original Present to the world critical recension, description of facts & features and criticism 47
- 48. DISCUSSION 1) CRITERIA scientific, historical, literary or aesthetic value for not less than seventy-five years. 2)SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIAL USED Pictures / images -illustration Stones – animal skin – bark or leaves of trees – indicate the antiquity 48
- 49. CONT.. 3)PROBLEMS WHILE READING While using stylus – once written can not be erased Over writing Repetition of words may lead to different meaning Damage due to any factors While preserving the content may get damage 49
- 50. Cont… 7)REQUIREMENTS Proficiency in Sanskrit language Method of interpretation and analysis of Sutras in AyurvedaSamhita Basic principles of the science and its application in clinical practice. 50
- 51. CONT.. Researcher should be trained in the following tasks: Cataloguing – Physical and e-cataloguing of Manuscripts Digital Library of Medical Manuscripts Critical edition of Medical Manuscripts Publication of unpublished/important medical manuscripts with translations 51
- 52. CONCLUSION Ancient literary evidences are the true markers of authenticity of a science. Such documentations demand revival and promotion for its notability. Similar revival is essential for the science of Ayurveda as well which intends globalization. Training of personnel in specific area of Medical Manuscriptology and establishment of organisations will help in spread of the knowledge. General awareness and their importance should be impressed upon public and the research scholars. 52
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