1. Students fabricated a single-seater off-road vehicle using various manufacturing processes.
2. Key components like the roll cage, gearbox, steering system, suspension, wheels, and brakes were custom designed and manufactured.
3. Different materials were selected for components based on properties like strength, weight, cost, and machinability considerations. Processes like CNC milling, turning, welding, and laser cutting were used to manufacture parts.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CHASSIS AND 4X4 DRIVETRAIN FOR ALL TERRAIN VEHICLEIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and analysis of the chassis and 4x4 drivetrain for an all-terrain vehicle. A triangulated spaceframe chassis was designed using AISI 4130 annealed alloy tubes and analyzed using FEA under different loading conditions. A Briggs and Stratton engine powers the drivetrain which includes a CVT, two-stage gearbox, and transfer case to transmit torque to all four wheels. Materials like EN-353, 7075-T6 aluminum, and 6061-T6 aluminum were selected for components. Analyses of gears, differentials, and shafts confirmed structural integrity and safety. The project combined engineering principles, analyses, and practical considerations in the design.
IRJET- Design Methodology and Assembly for a Radial Feed in a CNC Gear Hobbin...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design methodology and assembly of a radial feed system for a CNC gear hobbing machine. It discusses selecting and modeling the various components of the radial feed system, including choosing a recirculating ball screw based on machine specifications and stroke length requirements. Bearing selection and housing design are explained in detail, along with validation calculations to ensure design suitability. The assembly process and validation methods to achieve high accuracy feeding are also outlined. In summary, a recirculating ball screw radial feed system was designed, modeled, and assembled for a CNC gear hobbing machine to increase workpiece accuracy and eliminate backlash errors.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Internal and External Grinding Attachment f...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of an internal and external grinding attachment for a lathe machine. The attachment is designed to allow grinding operations to be performed directly on the lathe without removing the tool post or transferring the workpiece to a separate grinding machine. This helps reduce setup time and avoids the need for a separate grinder. The attachment uses a DC motor and V-belt pulley system to drive the grinding wheel. Design parameters like wheel specification, operating speeds, feeds, and depths of cut are analyzed. Testing shows the attachment can achieve a maximum surface roughness of 0.4 micrometers for stainless steel. The attachment aims to help small machine shops perform grinding more efficiently on their lathe machines.
Design of Fixture for rotary welding SPMIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a fixture for rotary welding on a special purpose machine (SPM). The fixture is designed to hold vehicle parts like the steering shaft, steering stem, and under bracket that require rotary welding. The fixture design process involves conceptualizing, CAD modeling, material selection, and finite element analysis. EN31 steel is selected for its strength and hardness properties. The fixture assembly consists of top and bottom plates connected by two pillars. Analysis in ANSYS shows the maximum stresses and deformations are below permissible limits, indicating the fixture can safely support the assumed 8 kg workpiece weight. The designed fixture aims to improve welding quality, productivity, and reduce errors compared to manual welding.
IRJET-Modeling and Static Analysis of Alloy Wheel using different MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document discusses the modeling and static analysis of an alloy wheel using different materials. A wheel rim was designed using CATIA software and then analyzed in ANSYS. Static structural analysis was performed with three materials - ZA21 zinc alloy, AL6061 aluminum alloy, and carbon fiber. The results showed that carbon fiber experienced the lowest total deformation, stress, and strain compared to the other materials under a radial load of 7290N. Therefore, the document concludes that carbon fiber is the best material for manufacturing wheel rims as it is stronger, lighter, and has a longer fatigue life than the aluminum and zinc alloys.
IRJET- Fabrication of Roller Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a hydraulic powered roller bending machine. Some key points:
- The machine uses rollers, bearings, a hydraulic jack, and a supporting frame to bend metal into different angles and curvatures as required.
- It is designed to be portable, lightweight, and easy to operate with low skill.
- The bending process is described along with diagrams of the machine components like rollers, spindle wheel, bearings, hydraulic jack, and frame.
- Materials selected for parts include mild steel, bearing steel, and stainless steel considering properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
- Advantages are that it is useful for fabrication, can make
IRJET - Optimization of Crankshaft by Modification in Design and MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an analysis and optimization of a crankshaft design for a 4-cylinder inline gasoline engine. A 3D model of the crankshaft was created in Siemens NX software based on engine specifications. Finite element analysis was performed in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deformation. The analysis showed maximum von Mises stress of 223.76 MPa and shear stress of 127.31 MPa, both at joints between the crankshaft spindle and web. Total deformation was a minimal 0.14091 mm. The safety factor of 1.5195 indicated the design would withstand fatigue loading over an infinite lifespan. Modifications like added fillets helped reduce stresses by distributing loads more evenly. The optimized
Design and analysis of a tubular space frame chassis of a high performance ra...eSAT Journals
Abstract Formula Student Racing competitions are held at various Formula SAE circuits globally. Students from different colleges worldwide thrive to build a Formula style race car to compete at these events. In lieu to the competition rules and regulations it is important to design the chassis of the car with utmost priority. The major challenge posed is to design and fabricate a light weight car without compromising on the safety of the driver. The car has to be rigidly fabricated at minimal expense. The work in this paper is based on the team NITK Racing’s Car; the DICV NR XIV. This paper showcases various methods of material selection, design optimization techniques and Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS. The basic design is based on the anthropological data of the specified human (95th percentile male) allowing fast ingress and egress from the car. Following the final design selection the static structural analysis of the car was done and the consequent results have been plotted. The entire design and analysis process is based on FSAE 2013 rule book and knowledge of designing and manufacturing yesteryear’s car. Keywords: ergonomics, finite element analysis, roll cage, torsional rigidity, tubular space frame chassis, and validation test setup
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CHASSIS AND 4X4 DRIVETRAIN FOR ALL TERRAIN VEHICLEIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and analysis of the chassis and 4x4 drivetrain for an all-terrain vehicle. A triangulated spaceframe chassis was designed using AISI 4130 annealed alloy tubes and analyzed using FEA under different loading conditions. A Briggs and Stratton engine powers the drivetrain which includes a CVT, two-stage gearbox, and transfer case to transmit torque to all four wheels. Materials like EN-353, 7075-T6 aluminum, and 6061-T6 aluminum were selected for components. Analyses of gears, differentials, and shafts confirmed structural integrity and safety. The project combined engineering principles, analyses, and practical considerations in the design.
IRJET- Design Methodology and Assembly for a Radial Feed in a CNC Gear Hobbin...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design methodology and assembly of a radial feed system for a CNC gear hobbing machine. It discusses selecting and modeling the various components of the radial feed system, including choosing a recirculating ball screw based on machine specifications and stroke length requirements. Bearing selection and housing design are explained in detail, along with validation calculations to ensure design suitability. The assembly process and validation methods to achieve high accuracy feeding are also outlined. In summary, a recirculating ball screw radial feed system was designed, modeled, and assembled for a CNC gear hobbing machine to increase workpiece accuracy and eliminate backlash errors.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Internal and External Grinding Attachment f...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of an internal and external grinding attachment for a lathe machine. The attachment is designed to allow grinding operations to be performed directly on the lathe without removing the tool post or transferring the workpiece to a separate grinding machine. This helps reduce setup time and avoids the need for a separate grinder. The attachment uses a DC motor and V-belt pulley system to drive the grinding wheel. Design parameters like wheel specification, operating speeds, feeds, and depths of cut are analyzed. Testing shows the attachment can achieve a maximum surface roughness of 0.4 micrometers for stainless steel. The attachment aims to help small machine shops perform grinding more efficiently on their lathe machines.
Design of Fixture for rotary welding SPMIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a fixture for rotary welding on a special purpose machine (SPM). The fixture is designed to hold vehicle parts like the steering shaft, steering stem, and under bracket that require rotary welding. The fixture design process involves conceptualizing, CAD modeling, material selection, and finite element analysis. EN31 steel is selected for its strength and hardness properties. The fixture assembly consists of top and bottom plates connected by two pillars. Analysis in ANSYS shows the maximum stresses and deformations are below permissible limits, indicating the fixture can safely support the assumed 8 kg workpiece weight. The designed fixture aims to improve welding quality, productivity, and reduce errors compared to manual welding.
IRJET-Modeling and Static Analysis of Alloy Wheel using different MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document discusses the modeling and static analysis of an alloy wheel using different materials. A wheel rim was designed using CATIA software and then analyzed in ANSYS. Static structural analysis was performed with three materials - ZA21 zinc alloy, AL6061 aluminum alloy, and carbon fiber. The results showed that carbon fiber experienced the lowest total deformation, stress, and strain compared to the other materials under a radial load of 7290N. Therefore, the document concludes that carbon fiber is the best material for manufacturing wheel rims as it is stronger, lighter, and has a longer fatigue life than the aluminum and zinc alloys.
IRJET- Fabrication of Roller Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a hydraulic powered roller bending machine. Some key points:
- The machine uses rollers, bearings, a hydraulic jack, and a supporting frame to bend metal into different angles and curvatures as required.
- It is designed to be portable, lightweight, and easy to operate with low skill.
- The bending process is described along with diagrams of the machine components like rollers, spindle wheel, bearings, hydraulic jack, and frame.
- Materials selected for parts include mild steel, bearing steel, and stainless steel considering properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
- Advantages are that it is useful for fabrication, can make
IRJET - Optimization of Crankshaft by Modification in Design and MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an analysis and optimization of a crankshaft design for a 4-cylinder inline gasoline engine. A 3D model of the crankshaft was created in Siemens NX software based on engine specifications. Finite element analysis was performed in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deformation. The analysis showed maximum von Mises stress of 223.76 MPa and shear stress of 127.31 MPa, both at joints between the crankshaft spindle and web. Total deformation was a minimal 0.14091 mm. The safety factor of 1.5195 indicated the design would withstand fatigue loading over an infinite lifespan. Modifications like added fillets helped reduce stresses by distributing loads more evenly. The optimized
Design and analysis of a tubular space frame chassis of a high performance ra...eSAT Journals
Abstract Formula Student Racing competitions are held at various Formula SAE circuits globally. Students from different colleges worldwide thrive to build a Formula style race car to compete at these events. In lieu to the competition rules and regulations it is important to design the chassis of the car with utmost priority. The major challenge posed is to design and fabricate a light weight car without compromising on the safety of the driver. The car has to be rigidly fabricated at minimal expense. The work in this paper is based on the team NITK Racing’s Car; the DICV NR XIV. This paper showcases various methods of material selection, design optimization techniques and Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS. The basic design is based on the anthropological data of the specified human (95th percentile male) allowing fast ingress and egress from the car. Following the final design selection the static structural analysis of the car was done and the consequent results have been plotted. The entire design and analysis process is based on FSAE 2013 rule book and knowledge of designing and manufacturing yesteryear’s car. Keywords: ergonomics, finite element analysis, roll cage, torsional rigidity, tubular space frame chassis, and validation test setup
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Compound Chain Drive Transmission System for Automotive VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a compound chain drive transmission system for an all-terrain vehicle. The system uses a compound arrangement of sprockets and chains to achieve a higher overall gear ratio of 4.57 within the space constraints. Finite element analysis was conducted on the aluminum alloy compound hubs to validate stresses remained below yield levels under maximum torque loads. The compound drive design improved the vehicle's torque, speed, and efficiency while meeting the objectives of reduced weight and safer design.
IRJET- Design of an Electric Golf Cart with Batteries & Solar Panel for 6...IRJET Journal
- The document describes the design of an electric golf cart with six seats that is powered by batteries and a solar panel.
- Key aspects of the design covered include the tubular frame chassis, single-speed transmission system using a transaxle and electric motor, braking system, steering geometry, battery calculations to achieve a range of 23 miles, and the addition of solar panels to increase the range by 12 more miles.
- The goal of the design was to create a lightweight yet rigid golf cart that can perform well on grassy and concrete surfaces for use at golf courses and in the hospitality industry.
Design and Manufacturing of Lathe Tool Post Grinding AttachmentIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and manufacturing of a lathe tool post grinding attachment. The attachment can be mounted on a lathe machine to allow grinding operations, reducing manufacturing time and costs compared to conventional grinding processes. It was designed to achieve grinding speeds up to 3,500 RPM for external grinding and 12,000 RPM for internal grinding. The main components include a spindle shaft, quill, covers, and base plate that attaches to the lathe tool post. The design was modeled in Catia software and components were selected based on calculations from spindle design literature. The attachment aims to improve accuracy, reduce costs and worker safety compared to moving workpieces between machines for additional operations.
Design and Analysis of Grinding Wheel Angle Dressing Unit for Broach ToolIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a grinding wheel angle dressing unit. Key points:
- The unit features adjustable parts like an angle disc and diamond housing to enable dressing grinding wheels at different angles.
- It is intended to simplify and reduce the time required for dressing grinding wheels compared to conventional methods.
- A solid modeling analysis found that a diamond dressing tool provides longer life than an aluminum oxide tool, though the latter has a lower cost.
- The angle dressing unit can be used to prepare grinding wheels for cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, broach grinding, and spline grinding applications.
IRJET- Impact of Ground Water on Forest Productivity in Haliyal Taluka using ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, static, and modal analysis of a high-speed motorized milling spindle. It discusses the objectives of optimizing parameters that influence the spindle running at 14,000 rpm with 15 kW power rating. Static deflection analysis is performed to check spindle stiffness. Modal analysis using ANSYS characterizes the spindle's dynamic behavior under different vibration modes to analyze natural frequencies and mode shapes. Three bearing arrangements are considered with varying span lengths and analyzed theoretically and using ANSYS to determine the optimal design.
IRJET- Design, Static, and Modal Analysis of High Speed Motorized Milling Spi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, static analysis, and modal analysis of a high-speed motorized milling spindle. It aims to optimize parameters that influence the spindle, which runs at 14,000 rpm with 15 kW power rating. Static deflection analysis is performed to check spindle stiffness. Modal analysis using ANSYS characterizes the spindle's dynamic behavior under different vibration modes to analyze system behavior and obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes. The document discusses the components of the spindle assembly, including the housing, shaft, bearings, and motor materials. It outlines the objectives to design and analyze the spindle using theoretical calculations, FEA, and comparing results to select the optimal design.
Machining of Aircraft Bearing Rings using High Quality Bearing SteelIJERA Editor
Bearing rings for Aircraft application are machined using high quality M50 High Speed Steel conforming to
AMS 6491B. The raw material for the rings of Ball bearing is prepared from a single bar stock using trepanning.
Special collet type soft jaw and Mandrels were devised and used on CNC Lathes to reduce manufacturing
problems like ovality. Raceway forms are turned using single point copy turning insert. The problems faced
during rings manufacture were discussed in this study.
IRJET- Modeling & Analysis of a 100CC I.C. Engine Connecting RODIRJET Journal
1) The document describes modeling and static structural analysis of a 100cc internal combustion engine connecting rod using SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS.
2) Various materials were analyzed including aluminum alloys, steel, and a metal matrix composite. The connecting rod was subjected to a 400N force.
3) Analysis found the metal matrix composite had the least deformation but higher cost, while an aluminum alloy provided good results at lower cost for connecting rods.
The engineering report summarizes the design of a tubular space frame chassis for the Corvette C7. The chassis is made of AISI 4130 steel using metal inert gas welding. AISI 4130 was chosen over AISI 1020 due to its higher strength to weight ratio, which increases torsional rigidity while focusing on weight for the high performance sports car. The tubular space frame was designed using round and square steel tubes of varying dimensions, and features a triangulated structure to increase rigidity without shear stresses.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Universal Fixture for Engine of BikesIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a universal fixture for holding motorcycle engines of different manufacturers to enable mechanics to perform maintenance easily. It aims to create a low-cost fixture that can hold any two-wheeler engine. The universal fixture was designed with components like a top plate, indexing plate, and base plate to securely hold engines. Calculations were performed to validate the design and ensure it can withstand expected loads. The total cost of fabrication was estimated to be around $130. It was concluded that the universal fixture enables easy engine maintenance, is compact and requires low maintenance compared to standard fixtures.
The document describes the design and development of a multi-operational machine. The machine can perform multiple operations like drilling, grinding, and cutting simultaneously using a single power source. It has a base frame that houses a motor, shafts connected via gears that power different operations. Operations like drilling and grinding can occur simultaneously while cutting can be engaged or disengaged using spur gears. The multi-operational machine aims to reduce production costs by consolidating multiple machines into a single unit with reduced floor space and power requirements compared to separate machines.
IRJET- Static Structural Analysis of Roll Cage for Self Propelled Onion Harve...IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed and analyzed the roll cage for a self-propelled onion harvester to maximize safety, comfort, and performance.
2) The roll cage was modeled in Solidworks and analyzed using ANSYS to evaluate stresses and ensure a safety factor above requirements. Low carbon steel was selected for its strength and affordability.
3) Static structural analysis found the maximum von Mises stress to be 150.59 MPa and maximum principal stress to be 101.41 MPa, below the material yield strength, indicating the design would safely withstand loads.
Design & Development of Formula Student ChassisIRJET Journal
The document describes the design process for a Formula Student chassis. It discusses how the team used Solidworks to design a spaceframe chassis with AISI 4130 steel tubes. Key steps included:
1. Defining suspension hardpoints and the vehicle envelope based on driver ergonomics and positioning components.
2. Using software to sketch tubes and ensure proper triangulation at nodes for structural rigidity.
3. Adding tertiary tubes and performing analysis in ANSYS to optimize stiffness.
Ergonomic testing with drivers ensured the optimal seating position for visibility and controls. Manufacturing jigs and fixtures were designed to aid in precise tube notching and welding of the chassis.
Optimization of steel plate Girder Bridge with web openings and StiffenersIRJET Journal
The document discusses the optimization of steel plate girder bridges with web openings and stiffeners through finite element analysis. 24 simply supported steel plate girders with a 30m span and 2000mm web depth were analyzed with 800mm and 1000mm web openings and stiffener inclinations of 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. The girders were subjected to class A, class 70R, and class AA loadings as per Indian code and analyzed for bending stresses, shear stresses, and deflection. Results found that bending and shear stresses increased with increased stiffener inclination. Deflection also increased with increased stiffener inclination. Stress values did not differ widely between 30° and 45° stiffener inclinations.
IRJET - Fabrication of Four Way Machining by using Scotch Yoke MechanismIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a machine that can perform four machining operations using a single motor. It uses a scotch yoke mechanism to perform shaping and hacksaw cutting operations and a bevel gear to enable drilling and grinding. The machine is designed to reduce inventory costs and improve productivity for industries by combining multiple machining tasks into a single compact frame operated by a single-phase 1HP motor. Key components include a flywheel, scotch yoke, bevel gears, and various cutting and grinding tools.
The document discusses the design of a forging die for a planetary gear blank. It begins with an introduction to forging as a metalworking process and advantages it provides over other manufacturing methods. It then outlines the objectives and methodology for the die design project. The methodology involves designing the final gear part geometry, determining stock size requirements, and designing the forging die. Key die design considerations discussed include parting line selection, drafting angles, fillet and corner radii, flash and gutter design, and shrinkage allowance. The document concludes with CAD drawings of the designed forging die.
Design and Analysis of Multi Spindle Drilling Head with Adjustable Centre Dis...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a multi-spindle drilling head attachment. The attachment is designed to increase productivity by allowing multiple holes to be drilled simultaneously in a workpiece. Key aspects of the design include:
1) The attachment can be mounted to an existing drill and powered by its motor. It has two spindles that can drill holes with a center distance ranging from 26mm to 106mm.
2) Components of the attachment like the spindle, gears, shaft and drill holder are designed and their stresses are analyzed using calculations and finite element analysis software.
3) Analysis shows the induced stresses in all components are below the yield stress of the respective materials, indicating the design is safe
Esign and fabrication of a shearing machine for glass fiber sleeves using ste...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper gives the reader an insight in to the work we went through to invent the concept for an automated fiber glass sleeve cutting machine. The challenge given to us by the Industry was to design and fabricate the shearing machine that can cut fiber glass sleeves in a given desired length automatically on a large scale. The length of the sleeve given to us is in range of 20mm-50mm. We set out to invent a simple but strong concept resulting in a machine with minimal complexity which will reduce the cost of production, time required to cut the sleeve and also improve the ease of maintenance. This paper is testament to how we achieved a supposedly complex automation using simple mechanical automation. To support our concept we also set out to fabricate a proposed machine to prove this concept will work.
Keywords: Shearing, Plc, Fiber glass sleeves, Ladder programming, Hmi
Numerical Study of Friction Stir Welding on Different Aluminum with Different...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study of friction stir welding (FSW) on three aluminum alloys (Al 5086, Al 6070, Al 7075) using six different pin profiles: straight cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded tapered cylindrical, triangular, and pentagonal. The study examines the effect of pin profile, rotational speed, and pressure on the strength of the welded materials. It provides details on the material properties of the aluminum alloys and pin geometries. The results show the temperature generated on the plate surfaces during FSW at different rotational speeds of 450 RPM and 500 RPM, with the straight cylindrical pin producing the minimum temperature.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Compound Chain Drive Transmission System for Automotive VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a compound chain drive transmission system for an all-terrain vehicle. The system uses a compound arrangement of sprockets and chains to achieve a higher overall gear ratio of 4.57 within the space constraints. Finite element analysis was conducted on the aluminum alloy compound hubs to validate stresses remained below yield levels under maximum torque loads. The compound drive design improved the vehicle's torque, speed, and efficiency while meeting the objectives of reduced weight and safer design.
IRJET- Design of an Electric Golf Cart with Batteries & Solar Panel for 6...IRJET Journal
- The document describes the design of an electric golf cart with six seats that is powered by batteries and a solar panel.
- Key aspects of the design covered include the tubular frame chassis, single-speed transmission system using a transaxle and electric motor, braking system, steering geometry, battery calculations to achieve a range of 23 miles, and the addition of solar panels to increase the range by 12 more miles.
- The goal of the design was to create a lightweight yet rigid golf cart that can perform well on grassy and concrete surfaces for use at golf courses and in the hospitality industry.
Design and Manufacturing of Lathe Tool Post Grinding AttachmentIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and manufacturing of a lathe tool post grinding attachment. The attachment can be mounted on a lathe machine to allow grinding operations, reducing manufacturing time and costs compared to conventional grinding processes. It was designed to achieve grinding speeds up to 3,500 RPM for external grinding and 12,000 RPM for internal grinding. The main components include a spindle shaft, quill, covers, and base plate that attaches to the lathe tool post. The design was modeled in Catia software and components were selected based on calculations from spindle design literature. The attachment aims to improve accuracy, reduce costs and worker safety compared to moving workpieces between machines for additional operations.
Design and Analysis of Grinding Wheel Angle Dressing Unit for Broach ToolIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a grinding wheel angle dressing unit. Key points:
- The unit features adjustable parts like an angle disc and diamond housing to enable dressing grinding wheels at different angles.
- It is intended to simplify and reduce the time required for dressing grinding wheels compared to conventional methods.
- A solid modeling analysis found that a diamond dressing tool provides longer life than an aluminum oxide tool, though the latter has a lower cost.
- The angle dressing unit can be used to prepare grinding wheels for cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, broach grinding, and spline grinding applications.
IRJET- Impact of Ground Water on Forest Productivity in Haliyal Taluka using ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, static, and modal analysis of a high-speed motorized milling spindle. It discusses the objectives of optimizing parameters that influence the spindle running at 14,000 rpm with 15 kW power rating. Static deflection analysis is performed to check spindle stiffness. Modal analysis using ANSYS characterizes the spindle's dynamic behavior under different vibration modes to analyze natural frequencies and mode shapes. Three bearing arrangements are considered with varying span lengths and analyzed theoretically and using ANSYS to determine the optimal design.
IRJET- Design, Static, and Modal Analysis of High Speed Motorized Milling Spi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, static analysis, and modal analysis of a high-speed motorized milling spindle. It aims to optimize parameters that influence the spindle, which runs at 14,000 rpm with 15 kW power rating. Static deflection analysis is performed to check spindle stiffness. Modal analysis using ANSYS characterizes the spindle's dynamic behavior under different vibration modes to analyze system behavior and obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes. The document discusses the components of the spindle assembly, including the housing, shaft, bearings, and motor materials. It outlines the objectives to design and analyze the spindle using theoretical calculations, FEA, and comparing results to select the optimal design.
Machining of Aircraft Bearing Rings using High Quality Bearing SteelIJERA Editor
Bearing rings for Aircraft application are machined using high quality M50 High Speed Steel conforming to
AMS 6491B. The raw material for the rings of Ball bearing is prepared from a single bar stock using trepanning.
Special collet type soft jaw and Mandrels were devised and used on CNC Lathes to reduce manufacturing
problems like ovality. Raceway forms are turned using single point copy turning insert. The problems faced
during rings manufacture were discussed in this study.
IRJET- Modeling & Analysis of a 100CC I.C. Engine Connecting RODIRJET Journal
1) The document describes modeling and static structural analysis of a 100cc internal combustion engine connecting rod using SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS.
2) Various materials were analyzed including aluminum alloys, steel, and a metal matrix composite. The connecting rod was subjected to a 400N force.
3) Analysis found the metal matrix composite had the least deformation but higher cost, while an aluminum alloy provided good results at lower cost for connecting rods.
The engineering report summarizes the design of a tubular space frame chassis for the Corvette C7. The chassis is made of AISI 4130 steel using metal inert gas welding. AISI 4130 was chosen over AISI 1020 due to its higher strength to weight ratio, which increases torsional rigidity while focusing on weight for the high performance sports car. The tubular space frame was designed using round and square steel tubes of varying dimensions, and features a triangulated structure to increase rigidity without shear stresses.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Universal Fixture for Engine of BikesIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a universal fixture for holding motorcycle engines of different manufacturers to enable mechanics to perform maintenance easily. It aims to create a low-cost fixture that can hold any two-wheeler engine. The universal fixture was designed with components like a top plate, indexing plate, and base plate to securely hold engines. Calculations were performed to validate the design and ensure it can withstand expected loads. The total cost of fabrication was estimated to be around $130. It was concluded that the universal fixture enables easy engine maintenance, is compact and requires low maintenance compared to standard fixtures.
The document describes the design and development of a multi-operational machine. The machine can perform multiple operations like drilling, grinding, and cutting simultaneously using a single power source. It has a base frame that houses a motor, shafts connected via gears that power different operations. Operations like drilling and grinding can occur simultaneously while cutting can be engaged or disengaged using spur gears. The multi-operational machine aims to reduce production costs by consolidating multiple machines into a single unit with reduced floor space and power requirements compared to separate machines.
IRJET- Static Structural Analysis of Roll Cage for Self Propelled Onion Harve...IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed and analyzed the roll cage for a self-propelled onion harvester to maximize safety, comfort, and performance.
2) The roll cage was modeled in Solidworks and analyzed using ANSYS to evaluate stresses and ensure a safety factor above requirements. Low carbon steel was selected for its strength and affordability.
3) Static structural analysis found the maximum von Mises stress to be 150.59 MPa and maximum principal stress to be 101.41 MPa, below the material yield strength, indicating the design would safely withstand loads.
Design & Development of Formula Student ChassisIRJET Journal
The document describes the design process for a Formula Student chassis. It discusses how the team used Solidworks to design a spaceframe chassis with AISI 4130 steel tubes. Key steps included:
1. Defining suspension hardpoints and the vehicle envelope based on driver ergonomics and positioning components.
2. Using software to sketch tubes and ensure proper triangulation at nodes for structural rigidity.
3. Adding tertiary tubes and performing analysis in ANSYS to optimize stiffness.
Ergonomic testing with drivers ensured the optimal seating position for visibility and controls. Manufacturing jigs and fixtures were designed to aid in precise tube notching and welding of the chassis.
Optimization of steel plate Girder Bridge with web openings and StiffenersIRJET Journal
The document discusses the optimization of steel plate girder bridges with web openings and stiffeners through finite element analysis. 24 simply supported steel plate girders with a 30m span and 2000mm web depth were analyzed with 800mm and 1000mm web openings and stiffener inclinations of 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. The girders were subjected to class A, class 70R, and class AA loadings as per Indian code and analyzed for bending stresses, shear stresses, and deflection. Results found that bending and shear stresses increased with increased stiffener inclination. Deflection also increased with increased stiffener inclination. Stress values did not differ widely between 30° and 45° stiffener inclinations.
IRJET - Fabrication of Four Way Machining by using Scotch Yoke MechanismIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a machine that can perform four machining operations using a single motor. It uses a scotch yoke mechanism to perform shaping and hacksaw cutting operations and a bevel gear to enable drilling and grinding. The machine is designed to reduce inventory costs and improve productivity for industries by combining multiple machining tasks into a single compact frame operated by a single-phase 1HP motor. Key components include a flywheel, scotch yoke, bevel gears, and various cutting and grinding tools.
The document discusses the design of a forging die for a planetary gear blank. It begins with an introduction to forging as a metalworking process and advantages it provides over other manufacturing methods. It then outlines the objectives and methodology for the die design project. The methodology involves designing the final gear part geometry, determining stock size requirements, and designing the forging die. Key die design considerations discussed include parting line selection, drafting angles, fillet and corner radii, flash and gutter design, and shrinkage allowance. The document concludes with CAD drawings of the designed forging die.
Design and Analysis of Multi Spindle Drilling Head with Adjustable Centre Dis...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a multi-spindle drilling head attachment. The attachment is designed to increase productivity by allowing multiple holes to be drilled simultaneously in a workpiece. Key aspects of the design include:
1) The attachment can be mounted to an existing drill and powered by its motor. It has two spindles that can drill holes with a center distance ranging from 26mm to 106mm.
2) Components of the attachment like the spindle, gears, shaft and drill holder are designed and their stresses are analyzed using calculations and finite element analysis software.
3) Analysis shows the induced stresses in all components are below the yield stress of the respective materials, indicating the design is safe
Esign and fabrication of a shearing machine for glass fiber sleeves using ste...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper gives the reader an insight in to the work we went through to invent the concept for an automated fiber glass sleeve cutting machine. The challenge given to us by the Industry was to design and fabricate the shearing machine that can cut fiber glass sleeves in a given desired length automatically on a large scale. The length of the sleeve given to us is in range of 20mm-50mm. We set out to invent a simple but strong concept resulting in a machine with minimal complexity which will reduce the cost of production, time required to cut the sleeve and also improve the ease of maintenance. This paper is testament to how we achieved a supposedly complex automation using simple mechanical automation. To support our concept we also set out to fabricate a proposed machine to prove this concept will work.
Keywords: Shearing, Plc, Fiber glass sleeves, Ladder programming, Hmi
Numerical Study of Friction Stir Welding on Different Aluminum with Different...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study of friction stir welding (FSW) on three aluminum alloys (Al 5086, Al 6070, Al 7075) using six different pin profiles: straight cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded tapered cylindrical, triangular, and pentagonal. The study examines the effect of pin profile, rotational speed, and pressure on the strength of the welded materials. It provides details on the material properties of the aluminum alloys and pin geometries. The results show the temperature generated on the plate surfaces during FSW at different rotational speeds of 450 RPM and 500 RPM, with the straight cylindrical pin producing the minimum temperature.
Similar to Manuacturing and Testing of a Single Seater Off-Road Car. (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.