In this slideshare we gonna discuss about Mania Disorder, a key component of Bipolar Disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, with episodes of mania at one end and depressive states on the other. This comprehensive presentation delves into the complexities of Mania Disorder, shedding light on its symptoms, underlying causes, and the range of treatment options available.
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
Historical background
Definition
Binge Purge Cycle
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Conclusion
Famous Celebrities
Case study
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
Mental health issue with special populationmarudhar aman
Mental Health Nursing Issues For Special Populations
PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENTS
Nursing responsibility
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Risk factors for premenstrual syndrome include
Management
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
Management
Individual and group counseling
Close follow up
CBT
Antipsychotics, ECT
Psychotherapy
MATERNITY BLUE
Management
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
SOLVING PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE
Effect of violence
Prevention of violence
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Mental illness,
Marital disharmony,
Crime,
Chronic illness,
Poverty,
Poor interpersonal interactions
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Management
Handicapped
Handicapped : Strategies to help
Handicapped : Strategies to help
HIV/ AIDS
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
Thank you
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
Historical background
Definition
Binge Purge Cycle
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Conclusion
Famous Celebrities
Case study
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
Mental health issue with special populationmarudhar aman
Mental Health Nursing Issues For Special Populations
PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENTS
Nursing responsibility
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Risk factors for premenstrual syndrome include
Management
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
Management
Individual and group counseling
Close follow up
CBT
Antipsychotics, ECT
Psychotherapy
MATERNITY BLUE
Management
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
SOLVING PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE
Effect of violence
Prevention of violence
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Mental illness,
Marital disharmony,
Crime,
Chronic illness,
Poverty,
Poor interpersonal interactions
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Management
Handicapped
Handicapped : Strategies to help
Handicapped : Strategies to help
HIV/ AIDS
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
Thank you
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
This presentation is a credit presentation part of my M.Pharm 1st Semester review. It discuss about the Antidepressant primary in-vitro and in-vivo screening models.
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that can cause you to experience episodes of extreme highs and extreme lows. These episodes are called mania and depression.
"Diarrhea can be a disruptive and uncomfortable gastrointestinal condition that affects individuals of all ages. Fortunately, there are effective anti-diarrhea drugs and treatments available to alleviate symptoms and restore digestive health.
Anti-diarrhea medications, such as loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate, work by slowing down the contractions of the intestinal muscles, reducing the frequency of bowel movements and helping to control loose stools. These over-the-counter options can provide quick relief from acute diarrhoea.
screening model for Parkinson's disease.pptxAHEMANTHBABU
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. This degeneration results in a wide range of motor and non-motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, and postural instability. PD not only affects motor function but also leads to cognitive and psychiatric impairments, significantly reducing the quality of life for those afflicted.
An idea which helps to know about both male and female sex hormones known as androgens, estrogens and progesterones and the differences between them. And basic information regarding sexual functionality helps us to know their necessity in our body
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Contents
Introduction
Definition of mania
Pathophysiology of mania
Drugs to treat mania
Management of mania
Drugs in pipeline
Animal models
3. MANIA
Mania is derived from the Greek word meaning “Madness and Frenzy”.
The term mania describe a state of mind characterised by high energy,
excitement, and euphoria over a sustained period of time. It’s an extreme
change in mood and cognition that can interfere with school, work, or
home life.
Mania is also the main feature of bipolar disorder
4. Definition
Mania is an alteration in mood that is expressed by
feelings of elation, inflated, self esteem, extreme
happiness, hyperactivity, accelerated thinking and
speaking.
In simple terms, mania makes abnormally energised
both physically and mentally
5. Stages of mania
Stage 1 :- Hypomania
it is a mild form of mania that may not be recognised as a significant symptom
by those around the person experiencing it. While hypomania affects sleep and activity and may
lead to increased impulsivity. it usually doesn’t require hospitalization or cause psychosis.
Stage 2 :- Acute Mania
During acute mania, an individual may experience increased impulsivity that
causes them to act in a way that is inappropriate or promiscuous. People with acute mania will
also likely have increased energy, little to no sleep and talk very quickly, often jump from topic to
topic. they may experience some symptoms of psychosis.
6. Cont…
Stage 3 :- Delirious mania
it is the most severe of the three stages of mania. Its symptoms are similar to acute
mania. Its symptoms are similar to acute mania, with addition of delirium. Delirium is temporary
confusion and a decreased ability or inability to connect with reality. This stage can also involve a
combination of mania and psychosis. Because delirious mania can be profoundly disorientation,
many people experiencing it need to be hospitalized to prevent injury to themselves or other
7. Causes of mania
There isn’t one single or clear cut reason that someone may become manic. It seems to be a
combination of long-term and short- term factors,which differs from person to person
Possible causes of mania include
• High levels of stress
• Change or lack of sleep
• Seasonal changes, eg; some people likely to experience mania in spring
• significant changes in life
• child birth (postpartum psychosis)
• Family history – if a family member who experiences bipolar moods you are more likely to
experience mania
• Drugs eg; steroids, levodopa, other dopaminergic agents and hallucinogens
9. Pathophysiology:
According to biogenic amine hypothesis, mood disorder results from abnormalities
in serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine neurotransmission
Serotoninergic fibres projecting from the raphei nuclei in the midbrain to limbic
structures are important in regulating mood
The serotoninergic system is activated during behavioural arousal and increase
cortical awareness of emotional reactions to environmental events
Impaired serotonin neurotransmission can decrease emotional activation leads to
mania
10. Cont…
Nor adrenergic fibers that project from the locus ceruleus to the cerebral
cortex can also play role in depression.
11. Signs and symptoms
Elevated expansive or irritable mood
Stages of elevated mood
• Euphoria(stage1):increased sense of psychological well being and happiness
• Elation(stage2): moderate elevation of mood with increased psychomotor activity
• Exalation(stage3):intense elevation of mood with delusion of grandeur
• Ecstasy (stage4):severe elevation of mood intense sense of blissfulness
12. Cont…
Behavioural symptoms
• Aggressiveness
• Hyperactivity
• Increased motor activity
• Irresponsibility
• Irritability
• Argumentativeness
• Increased social activity
• Sexual hyperactivity
14. Treatment modalities
There are basically 3 types of treatment modalities:
• Pharmacological treatment
• Psycho- social treatments
• ECT
Pharmacological treatment
Mood stabilizer’s:
Lithium-drug of choice
Carbamazepine
Sodium valproate
15. Lithium carbonate
Lithium a small monovalent cation, was found to be effective in
bipolar manic depressive illness.
It mainly prevent the mood swings.
A close control of serum concentration is required for safe and
effective use of lithium due to its therapeutic index.
The desired therapeutic serum levels of lithium achieved in 8
days.
Dose : Adults-300mg oral dose thrice a day
elders- 600mg
16. Mechanism of action
Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism of action of lithium is unknown but the possible mechanism
of action may be due to the following effects,
1. Effects of electrolytes and ion transport: Lithium acts partially by replacing the
sodium ions in the body. this leads to changes in ionic fluxes across the brain cells.
2. Effects of neurotransmitter: lithium decreases the release and action of
neurotransmitter, such as dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain.
3. Effects of secondary messengers and intracellular enzymes.
17. Mechanism of action
• When neurotransmitter bind to Gq protein coupled
receptor , phospholipase-C (PLC) gets stimulated.
Activated PLC in turn hydrolyses PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.
IP3 is sequentially inactivated to IP1, IP2 and inositol.
This inositol acts as precursor for PIP and
PIP2(membrane phosphoinositides) which are the
sources of IP3 and DAG.
• In mania, these neuronal circuits becomes hyperactive
which results in more IP3 and DAG production. Lithium
selectively inhibits the hydrolysis of IP2 to IP1 and IP1 to
inositol. As result, the levels of inositol decrease and
this inturn decrease IP3 and DAG levels.
18. • Pharmacokinetics:
Lithium is slowly but readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Intially lithium
gets distributed in intracellular fluid, then in intracellular fluid and finally is slowly
enters into CNS.
The apparent volume of distribution of lithium is 0.5 L/kg (intial) and 0.8 L/kg at steady
state.
Lithium is not metabolised in the body and is almost completely excreted in urine
(96%), a very small amount of lithium excreted in saliva and sweat (4%).
The plasma half life of lithium is 20 hours.
The desired therapeutic plasma concentration of lithium is 0.6-1.4mEq/L, and toxicity
occur when it exceeds 1.5 mEq/L.
.
19. Toxicity
mild toxic effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, tremors, ataxia, blurred vision,
oedema, polyuria and allergy.
Chronic effects are seizures, ECG changes, hypothyroidism, coma and leucocytosis.
Therapeutic uses:
Acute mania : in acute mania episodes, lithium is administered in combination with atypical
antipsychotics(eg ; Olanzapine)
Alcohol dependence: As lithium reduces alcohol consumptions , it is used to treat alcohol withdrawal.
Leukopenia and agranulocytes: As lithium increases leukocytes count it is used in the treatment of
leukopenia and agranulocytosis, which are induced by cancer chemotherapy
20. Alternative to lithium:
Carbamazepine
It is used in the prophylaxis and treatment of acute mania. Combination of lithium with carbamazepine is
effective in treating patients with rapid cycling of mood or behavioural states.
Mechanism of action
Reduces the influx of sodium ions into neurons, increases the serotonergic and dopaminergic post synaptic
activity and blocks the adenosine receptors
Adverse effects
Dizziness, vertigo, sedation, ataxia, hypersensitivity reactions
Therapeutic use
Prophylaxis and treatment of acute maniac episodes
Dose
200mg orally twice a day
21. Psycho-Social treatment
Family therapy
Cognitive therapy
Individual psychotherapy
Group therapy
Electro- convulsive therapy
ECT can also be used for acute manic excitement, if not adequately responding to
antipsychotics and lithium
23. Drugs in pipeline
The drugs in late stage pipeline will enter the bipolar disorder market prior
to 2030 they are
Fanapt (iloperiodone)- Vanda pharmaceuticals
Dexmedetomidine- Bioxcel therapeutics
RP5063 – Reviva pharmaceuticals
24. Animal models of mania
These are 4 major features of mania that could be modelled:
Hyperactivity, Elation, Irritability, Insomnia
Sleep deprivation model
• The rat is kept on a small platform surrounded by water for 72h
• At the end of the period, it returns to its home cage and doesn’t ready to fall asleep
• Symptoms presented during this time: insomnia , hyperactivity, aggressiveness,
hypersexuality.
• Benefits: effective, economic, no invasive manipulation
Drug screening test
In this test latency to sleep and motor activity are measured.
25.
26. Reference
A textbook of pharmacology I – Dr.Shaik Harun Rasheed
Brenner and stevens pharmacology- George M. Brenner, Craig W. Stevens
Internet source