The document summarizes several leadership theories and models, including: 1) Blake and Mouton's managerial grid model which plots leadership styles based on concern for production vs concern for people, identifying five main styles. 2) Bowers and Seashore identified four factors of leadership: support, interaction facilitation, goal emphasis, and work facilitation. 3) Prior research studied concepts of employee orientation vs production orientation and consideration vs initiating structure.

1.  The leadership studies in this case identified two
concepts, which the researchers called employee
orientation and production orientation.
 The employee-oriented leaders emphasized the
relationship aspects of their job.
 Production-oriented leaders emphasized
production and the technical aspects of the job,
while employees were seen as tools to accomplish
the goals of the organization.
 The study concluded that employee-orientation
leader behaviour was found to be more effective.

2.  It was Blake and Mouton’s assumption that
people and production concerns are
complementary rather than mutually exclusive.
 They further believed that leaders must integrate
these concerns to achieve effective performance
results.
 These thoughts of Blake and Mouton resulted in
the development of the grid chart. Theoretically,
there are 81 possible positions on the grid,
representing as many leadership styles, but the
focus usually centers around five styles:
1, 1; 1, 9; 9, 1; 5, 5; and 9, 9.

3. 1, 9 9, 9
Country Club Management Team Management
Thoughtful attention to needs of people Work accomplishment is from committed
for satisfying relationships leads to a people; interdependence through a
comfortable, friendly organization “common stake” in organization purpose
atmosphere and work tempo. leads to relationships of trust & respect.
5, 5
Organization Man Management
Adequate organization performance is
possible through balancing the necessity
to get out work with maintaining morale
of people at a satisfactory level.
1, 1 9, 1
Impoverished Management Authority-Obedience
Exertion of minimum effort to get Efficiency in operations results from
required work done is appropriate arranging conditions of working in
to sustain organization membership. such a way that human elements
interfere to a minimum degree.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Low High
Concern for Production/Task

4.  The 9, 1 leader is primarily concerned with production
task accomplishment and has little, if any concern for
people. This person wants to meet schedules and get the
work done at all costs.
 The 1, 9 style represents a minimal concern for
production, coupled with a maximal concern for the
people;
 The 1, 1 style represents both minimal concern for both,
people and production.
 The 9, 9 style is viewed as the ideal approach for
integrating a maximum concern for production with a
maximum concern for people.
 Though this managerial grid has not been thoroughly
supported by research, it is still a popular theory of
leadership.

5. The theories and research studies presented
thus far, each employ two factors: employee
oriented and production oriented and
initiating structure and consideration and
concern for production and concern for
people. Bowers and Seashore however felt
that two factors alone were inadequate to
define a complex aspect like leadership.
They felt that the under mentioned four
factors more adequately defined leadership.

6.  Support – behaviour which enhances the
followers’ feelings of personal support and esteem.
 Interaction Facilitation – behaviour which
encourages followers in the group to develop
close, mutually satisfying relationships.
 Goal Emphasis – behaviour which motivates an
enthusiasm within the group for achieving high
levels of performance.
 Work Facilitation – behaviour which helps goal
accomplishment by such activities as scheduling,
coordinating and planning and by providing
resources such as tools, materials and technical
knowledge.