malware, types of malware, virus, trojans, worm, rootkit, ransomware, malware protection, malware protection laws India, how malware works, history of malware
Discussed about computer malware and its types like virus, trojan horse, worms etc. and also discussed about antivirus and how an antivirus works. We have also discussed about types of viruses and some latest viruses like ransomware.
Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically involving browser security but also network security on a more general level.
Contents:
Intro...
Need..
Security Related Threats
-Hijacked web servers
-Denial-of-Service Attacks
-Cross Site Scripting
-Trap Doors
-Email Spoofing
Conclusions...
malware, types of malware, virus, trojans, worm, rootkit, ransomware, malware protection, malware protection laws India, how malware works, history of malware
Discussed about computer malware and its types like virus, trojan horse, worms etc. and also discussed about antivirus and how an antivirus works. We have also discussed about types of viruses and some latest viruses like ransomware.
Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically involving browser security but also network security on a more general level.
Contents:
Intro...
Need..
Security Related Threats
-Hijacked web servers
-Denial-of-Service Attacks
-Cross Site Scripting
-Trap Doors
-Email Spoofing
Conclusions...
Computer security threats & prevention,Its a proper introduction about computer security and threats and prevention with reference. Have info about threats and their prevention.
In present world, where computers/laptops and smart phone made it possible to extract other's secrets, a need has been imminent to handle such problems by Cyber Security Regime, which not only be launched by individuls(IT Expert) of organizations but the governments of the country should also play a vital role.
Intrusion detection and prevention systemNikhil Raj
This presentation describes how to implement Network based Intrusion Detection System (SNORT) in the network. Detecting and analyzing alerts generated and blocking the Attacker using Access Control List.
Computer security threats & prevention,Its a proper introduction about computer security and threats and prevention with reference. Have info about threats and their prevention.
In present world, where computers/laptops and smart phone made it possible to extract other's secrets, a need has been imminent to handle such problems by Cyber Security Regime, which not only be launched by individuls(IT Expert) of organizations but the governments of the country should also play a vital role.
Intrusion detection and prevention systemNikhil Raj
This presentation describes how to implement Network based Intrusion Detection System (SNORT) in the network. Detecting and analyzing alerts generated and blocking the Attacker using Access Control List.
hey...
This PPT is about Computer Virus and its prevention Technique
1. What is computer virus
2. Types of computer virus
3. How to prevent computer from Virus
4. Antivirus
5. Types of antivirus
This ppt is useful for
B.Ed course / MCA/BCA/ BBA/BCOM/MCOM/M.Ed etc.
The term malware refers to software designed to intentionally damage a computer, a server, a client or a computer network. Alternatively, a software defect happens when a faulty component leads to unintentional harm.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. WHAT IS MALWARE ?
Malware is the collective name for a number of malicious
software variants, including viruses, ransomware and
spyware.
Malware typically consists of code developed by cyber
attackers, designed to cause extensive damage to data and
systems or to gain unauthorized access to a network.
Malware is typically delivered in the form of a link or file over
email and requires the user to click on the link or open the file
to execute the malware.
4. VIRUS
Primitive types of malware.
Possibly the most common type of malware, viruses attach their
malicious code to clean code and wait for an unsuspecting user or an
automated process to execute them.
They are usually contained within an executable file. They are self-
replicating programs that usually have a malicious intent.
Instead it copies itself using a human assistance, such as using an
infected floppy disk at another machine.
Some viruses are harmful and delete information or corrupt the
operating system.
5. TYPES OF VIRUSES
Boot viruses: establish their code in the disk sector. The machine
automatically executes the code of the boot virus when booting. Thus,
when an infected machine boots, the virus loads and runs it. After
completion of booting of viruses they usually load the original boot code
of the machine which they have previously moved to another location in
the disk or take other measures to ensure the machine appears to boot
normally.
File viruses: Get attached to program files (files containing
executable). When the infected program runs, the virus code executes.
Very often the virus code is added in such a way that it executes first,
then the program itself. After the virus code has finished loading and
executing, it will normally load and execute the original program it has
infected, or call the function it intercepted, so as to not arouse the
user’s suspicion.
6. Companion viruses: Exploit the characteristics of the operating
system to execute it, rather than directly targeting programs or
boot sectors. Under DOS and Windows, when executing the
command „ABC‟, the method is that ABC.COM executes before
ABC.EXE (in the rare cases where both files exist). Thus, a
companion virus could place its code in a COM file with its first
name similar to that of an existing EXE file. When executing the
„ABC‟ command, the virus‟ ABC.COM program runs (usually the
virus would launch ABC.EXE once its function has been
completed so as not to alert the user. This is known as the
execution preference companion method.
Script viruses: became quite a hit with the hackers. The basic
reason for this virus being successful is machines started
operating on Windows. Writers of Script viruses used mass
mailing to target machines installed with Windows 98 and 2000
with Internet Explorer 5.0 and following versions. Program files
like VBS, JS & icons that of safe text files became quite
vulnerable to such attacks.
7. WORMS
Worms are similar to viruses as
they replicate themselves in the
same manner.
Although self cloning in nature it is
different from a virus as it does
not need to attach itself to a file
or a disk sector.
Just like the picture depcits:
Starting from one infected machine,
they weave their way through the
network, connecting to consecutive
machines in order to continue the
spread of infection. This type of
malware can infect entire networks
of devices very quickly.
8. TROJAN
In cyber world Trojan horses bare
one of the deadliest and randomly
used malware appearing to be worthy
software but instead it infect
damages & compromises the security
of the system.
A Trojan horse tempts a user into
opening a program as they are
satisfied that it is from a legitimate
source. Free softwares available for
downloading may be Trojans.
Just like the picture depicts: Acting
discretely, it will breach security by
creating backdoors that give other
malware variants easy access.
9. SPYWARE
Spyware is unwanted software that
infiltrates your computing device,
stealing your internet usage data
and sensitive information.
Spyware monitors your internet
activity, tracking your login and
password information, and spying on
your sensitive information.
It aims to track and sell your
internet usage data, capture your
credit card or bank account
information, or steal your personal
identity.
10. ADWARE
Adware is any software application in
which advertising banners are displayed
while a program is running.
The ads are delivered through pop-up
windows or bars that appear on the
program's user interface.
Without the consent of the target user,
his online habits are sold.
The advertisement companies display
commercial ads, pop ups & even redirect
a user to a website without his
willingness or knowledge. These are
known as sticky software. It stays in the
infected machine without providing the
facility to uninstall it.
11. RANSOMWARE
Ransomware is malicious software that infects
your computer and displays messages
demanding a fee to be paid in order for your
system to work again.
This class of malware is a criminal money
making scheme that can be installed through
deceptive links in an email message, instant
message or website.
It has the ability to lock a computer screen or
encrypt important, predetermined files with a
password.
Scareware is the simplest type of ransomware.
It uses scare tactics or intimidation to trick
victims into paying up. It can come in the form of
fake antivirus software in which a message
suddenly appears claiming your computer has
various issues and an online payment is
necessary to fix them.
12. CRIMEWARE
Crimeware is doing illegal online activities with the use of various
malware types. More specifically, Crimeware may be a virus, spyware, or
other piece of software that can be used to commit identity theft and
fraud.
Crimeware can take a number of actions, including:
Furtively install keystroke loggers to procure sensitive data, such as login
and password information for online bank accounts, and report them back
to the thief.
Redirect a user’s web browser to a counterfeit website controlled by the
thief.
Enable remote access into applications, allowing criminals to break into
networks for malicious purposes.
Encrypt all data on a computer and require the user to pay to decrypt it
(ransomware).
Sending out an email with an attachment to execute a payload to spread
the malware.
13. ROOTKIT
A rootkit is a collection of computer
software, typically malicious, designed
to enable access to a computer or an
area of its software that is not otherwise
allowed and often masks its existence
or the existence of other software.
A rootkit allows someone to maintain
command and control over a computer
without the computer user/owner
knowing about it. Once a rootkit has
been installed, the controller of the
rootkit has the ability to remotely
execute files and change system
configurations on the host machine.
A rootkit on an infected computer can
also access log files and spy on the
legitimate computer owner’s usage.
14. TYPES OF ROOTKIT
Kernel Rootkits - Hide a backdoor on a computer system by using
modified code to add or replace a portion of the system's existing
kernel code. Usually the new code is added to the kernel via a device
driver or loadable module. Kernel rootkits can be especially
dangerous because they can be difficult to detect without appropriate
software.
Library Rootkits - Hide information about the intruder by
manipulating system calls with patches, hooks, or replacements.
Application Rootkits - Replace or modify regular application
binaries with camouflaged fakes, hooks, patches, or injected code.
15. ANTI-MALWARE
Antivirus software, or anti-virus software also known as anti-malware, is a
computer program used to prevent, detect, and remove malware.
With the spread of other kinds of malware, antivirus software started to
provide security from other computer threats.
Antivirus software can guard users from malicious browser helper objects
(BHOs), browser hijackers, ransomware, worms, keyloggers, backdoors,
rootkits, Trojan horses, malicious LSPs, dialers, fraudtools, adware and
spyware.
Some products also include protection from further computer threats,
such as infected and malicious URLs, spam, scam and phishing attacks,
online identity (privacy), online banking attacks, social engineering
techniques, advanced persistent threat (APT) and botnet DDoS attacks.
16. PREVENATION
Ensure that all security updates and patches are installed.
Avoid suspicious links and emails.
Avoid suspicious websites.
Review software carefully before downloading.
Leverage strong, unique passwords.
Install Anti-virus software.
Turn on your firewall .
Limit application privileges.
Only buy Apps from trusted sources.
Back up data regularly.
17. CONCLUSION
There are a lot of security measures that can be executed to
protect computers and networks form malware. Most security
measures that are accessible to users are aimed at protecting
computers from malware, adware, spam and various types of
common viruses. Even though there are a lot of companies
providing these services, cyber criminals are always looking
for new ways to get around firewalls and anti virus software
and on some occasions they are effective because there are
numerous hackers and spammers around the globe new ways
of getting around these barriers are regularly being developed
and catching them can be very difficult. However if users take
the suitable steps such as installing firewalls and anti
malware/virus software they will be less likely to fall prey to
cyber criminals.