Malus law salman
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The document describes an experiment to verify Malus' Law, which states that the intensity of light transmitted through a polarizer and analyzer varies as the cosine squared of the angle between their transmission directions. The experimental setup uses a diode laser, polarizer, rotating analyzer, and detector. Intensity readings are recorded for analyzer angles from 0-360 degrees and graphed against both the angle and cosine squared of the angle. The results show agreement with Malus' Law, verifying that intensity is directly proportional to the cosine squared of the angle.
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coherence of light
Coherent light refers to light rays that travel closely packed in straight parallel lines, like in a sunbeam. Examples of coherent light include lasers, which emit visible light beams that diverge very little over long distances. Automobile headlights and spotlights also emit coherent light by directing rays into a narrow, well-defined beam. Intense direct sunlight passing through a small opening also forms a coherent light beam. Coherent light waves are "in phase" with one another, meaning the crests and troughs of each wave are aligned.
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polarization of light & its application.
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Concept of Polarization
Types of Polarization
Methods of achieving Polarization
Applications of Polarization
POLARIZATION
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
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For Further Reading
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POLARIZATION
Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation.
Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit polarization, as do some other types of wave, such as gravitational waves.
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Polarisation
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Page 1 of 4 FARADAY’S LAW Introduction I.docx
Page 1 of 4
FARADAY’S LAW
Introduction
In this experiment, you will observe induced electromotive forces in a solenoid and compare
their time dependences with those predicted by Faraday’s Law.
The beginnings of modern electrical science and technology can be traced to two very
important discoveries in the early Nineteenth Century. The first, seen first in many different
contexts by several scientists, but generally called Ampere’s Law, recognizes that electrical
currents give rise to magnetic fields and gives the mathematical relationship between them.
Thus, for example, using Ampere’s Law (and Gauss’ theorem for magnetic fields, ∮ ���� ∙ ����� = 0),
one can deduce expressions for the magnetic fields associated with a conducting solenoid. The
solenoid used in this experiment is a long, tightly wound, circular coil of insulated wire. If the
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� =
�
����
��
(1)
where µ0 is the permeability of free space: µ0 = 4π × 10
-7
Tesla·meter/amp.
The second great discovery relating electrical and magnetic phenomena was the work of
Faraday, Henry and Lenz. Its mathematical expression is called Faraday’s Law.
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conductor whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux going through the conductor. This
change of flux can be produced by changing the magnetic field; by changing the effective area
of the loop or both at the same time. The key to the induction process is change.
Qualitatively, Faraday’s Law says that a time-varying magnetic field induces electromotive
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These currents will themselves generate additional magnetic fields which, according to Lenz’s
Law, will in general oppose the changes in the original magnetic fields, but this effect will have
very little bearing on your particular experimental results.
In order to fully understand how induction occurs in coils and to explain the different phenomena
the following set of basic concepts, that describe the relationship between the magnetic field and
charge, are summarized below:
A stationary charge does not generate a magnetic field. Only an electric field is generated. In
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Charges moving in a specific direction at a constant speed will generate a constant magnetic
field in a given point of the space. It will generate also a constant electric field. However, the two
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varying in strength over time, then so will be the generated magnetic and electric fields. In thi.
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This document summarizes research on controlling an electromechanical actuator for camless engines. It describes identifying physical parameters of the actuator based on frequency response data. A feedforward and feedback controller was developed to control the actuator for soft valve seating, achieving a seating speed of 0.61 m/s with low variability. A repetitive learning controller was also designed and testing, leading to further reduced seating speeds of 0.061 m/s.
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Proyecto final unidad 1
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UNIT 1 (1).pdf
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This document summarizes the use of a mica quaterwaveplate to produce circularly polarized light from plane polarized light. It first explains the theory behind how quaterwaveplates function as uniaxial crystals that introduce a phase difference of π/2 between the ordinary and extraordinary rays. It then describes the experimental procedure which involves passing plane polarized light through a quaterwaveplate and analyzing the emerging light with a rotating analyzer to observe no change in intensity, indicating circular polarization. The document concludes by stating the key result is that a quaterwaveplate converts plane polarized light to circularly polarized light when the optic axis is at 45 degrees to the plane of polarization.
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Malus law salman
- 1. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN
- 2. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Outline Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion
- 3. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Theory Polarisation is the property of electromagnetic waves that describes the orientation of their field oscillation. In ordinary light, electric field vector vibrates in all directions in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. This light is unpolarised light . Unpolarised light consists of electric field vectors in all directions If the electric field vectors of light vibrates just in one direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, then its said to be Linearly polarised
- 4. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Theory Since in a linearly polarised wave, the vibrations at all points at all times lie in the same plane called PLANE POLARISED WAVE The Polariser is a device that plane polarises the unpolarised light passed through it Analyser is a device that analyses whether the light is polarised or not.
- 5. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Principle When a plane polarised light is seen through an analyser, the intensity of transmitted light varies as the analyser is rotated in its on plane. MALUS discovered that When a beam of completely plane polarised light is passed through analyser, the intensity I of transmitted light through analyser varies directly as the square of cosine angle between the transmission directions of polariser and analyser. This is MALUS LAW.
- 6. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Formula Mathematically, I directly proportional to cos2θ I αcos2θ ie I=I0cos2θ Here, I0 is the maximum intensity of transmitted light. Special cases (a) When θ = 00or1800cosθ = + − 1 so that I=I0 ie When the transmission directions of polariser and analyser are parallel or antiparallel to each other, the maximum intensity of plane polarised light is transmitted by the analyser and is equal to the intensity emerging from the polariser.
- 7. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Formula (b) When θ = 900, cosθ = 0, so that I=0 When the transmission directions of polariser and analyser are perpendicular to each other, then the intensity of light transmitted through the analyser is zero
- 8. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Experimental Setup
- 9. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion
- 10. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Procedure The diode laser, analyser and detector are mounted on optical bench. The analyser is adjusted for maximum output in the indicating unit(IU). Then the analyser is rotated through a fixed angle and output of the IU is noted Take the reading by varying analyser angle from 00 to 3600 plot the graph for I vs θ and I vs cos2θ
- 11. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Data ANGLE COS2θ IUR 0 1 3.08 5 0.9924 3.07 10 0.9698 3.04 15 0.933 3.02 20 0.883 2.97 25 0.8214 2.9 30 0.75 2.81 35 0.671 2.7 40 0.5868 2.55 45 0.5 2.37 50 0.4132 2.09 55 0.329 1.8 60 0.25 1.44 65 0.1786 1.07 70 0.117 0.7
- 12. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Data ANGLE COS2θ IUR 75 0.067 0.4 80 0.0301 0.19 85 0.0076 0.07 90 0 0.04 95 0.0076 0.12 100 0.0301 0.29 105 0.067 0.56 110 0.117 0.89 115 0.1786 1.25 120 0.25 1.63 125 0.329 1.93 130 0.4132 2.24 135 0.5 2.46 140 0.5868 2.64
- 13. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Data ANGLE COS2θ IUR 145 0.671 2.78 150 0.75 2.88 155 0.8214 2.94 160 0.883 3 165 0.933 3.03 170 0.9698 3.06 175 0.9924 3.07 180 1 3.07 185 0.9924 3.06 190 0.9698 3.04 195 0.933 3 200 0.883 2.96 205 0.8214 2.9 210 0.75 2.81
- 14. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Data ANGLE COS2θ IUR 215 0.671 2.7 220 0.5868 2.54 225 0.5 2.34 230 0.4132 2.04 235 0.329 1.71 240 0.25 1.34 245 0.1786 0.96 250 0.117 0.6 255 0.067 0.32 260 0.0301 0.14 265 0.0076 0.06 270 0 0.08 275 0.0076 0.22 280 0.0301 0.44 285 0.067 0.76 290 0.117 1.13
- 15. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Data ANGLE COS2θ IUR 295 0.1786 1.53 300 0.25 1.9 305 0.329 2.19 310 0.4131 2.41 315 0.5 2.59 320 0.5868 2.74 325 0.671 2.84 330 0.75 2.92 335 0.8214 2.98 340 0.883 3.03 345 0.933 3.06 350 0.9698 3.08 355 0.9924 3.08 360 1 3.08
- 16. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Graphs
- 17. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Graphs
- 18. MALUS LAW S MD SALMAN Theory principle Formula Experimental setup Procedure Model Graphs Tabular Column Result and Conclusion Result Conclusion Plotted the graphs for I vs θ I vs cos2θ Malus Law has been verified Conclusion Intensity of the transmitted light through analyser varies cosine square of angle between optic axis and polariser