Brewster’s_Law
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•356 views
Brewster's law states that when light passes from one transparent medium into another at a particular angle known as Brewster's angle, the reflected light will be completely polarized. The document defines Brewster's angle using the refractive indices of the two media and shows the relationship between Brewster's angle and the critical angle. It provides examples of how Brewster's law is applied in polarized sunglasses and photography filters to reduce glare from reflections at surfaces.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Diffraction of light
1. Diffraction refers to the bending of light around obstacles or through openings, and results in interference patterns.
2. There are two main types of diffraction: Fresnel diffraction occurs when light passes near an obstacle, while Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when light passes through or around objects and the observation is made far from the obstacle.
3. Diffraction gratings consist of many parallel slits and cause light to diffract into several beams. The angles and intensities of these beams can be determined through analysis of interference from the multiple slits.
Polarization
Polarization is a property of transverse waves where the oscillations occur in one direction rather than randomly in all directions perpendicular to the propagation direction. Unpolarized waves have oscillations in any direction, while linearly polarized waves oscillate in only one direction. Polarization of electromagnetic waves is defined by the electric field. Polarization can occur through selective absorption by materials that preferentially absorb certain oscillation directions, such as Polaroid which absorbs oscillations parallel to its long molecular chains. Many applications rely on polarization, including Polaroid sunglasses, LCD displays, and antennas.
Brewster law
This experiment aims to study Brewster's law, which states that the angle at which plane-polarized light is obtained upon reflection is numerically equal to the tangent of the refractive index of the medium. The experiment uses a diode laser, photon detector, and glass plates mounted on a rotating table to measure the intensity of reflected light at various angles of incidence. Observations are recorded and plotted in a graph. The graph shows a minimum reflected intensity at an angle of 56 degrees, confirming Brewster's law and the polarization of light upon reflection at the Brewster angle.
Newton rings
This document describes Newton's rings experiment to observe the interference of light. When a plano-convex lens is placed on a glass slide, a thin air film is formed of varying thickness. Circular interference fringes called Newton's rings are seen when monochromatic light is shone on the setup. The rings appear as alternating bright and dark circles whose diameters are used to determine the wavelength of light through mathematical formulas derived from light interference principles.
Aberrations
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations that occur when light passes through a lens. It describes six main types of aberrations: chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, marginal astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, and distortion. For each aberration, it explains the visual effects, causes, importance for eyeglass lens design, and potential corrections. The document provides an in-depth overview of how different lens properties and light behaviors can lead to imperfect focusing and imaging within the eye.
Chapter 3b
This document defines electro-optic effects and describes how an external electric field can induce changes in the refractive index of a material, modulating its optical properties. It discusses the Pockels effect specifically, where a linear change in refractive index occurs due to an applied electric field. This effect can be used to build integrated optical modulators and switches, such as a transverse Pockels cell that inserts a phase difference between orthogonal field components, acting as a polarization modulator. The phase difference can be converted to an intensity variation using an interferometer such as a Mach-Zehnder configuration.
Malus law salman
The document describes an experiment to verify Malus' Law, which states that the intensity of light transmitted through a polarizer and analyzer varies as the cosine squared of the angle between their transmission directions. The experimental setup uses a diode laser, polarizer, rotating analyzer, and detector. Intensity readings are recorded for analyzer angles from 0-360 degrees and graphed against both the angle and cosine squared of the angle. The results show agreement with Malus' Law, verifying that intensity is directly proportional to the cosine squared of the angle.
Types of polarisation
There are three main types of polarization: plane, circular, and elliptical. Plane polarization occurs when light vibrates in a single plane, and can be produced through reflection, refraction, double refraction, scattering, or selective absorption. Circular polarization results from two plane waves that are 90 degrees out of phase. Elliptical polarization is when the electric field vector traces out an ellipse as the light propagates.
Recommended
Diffraction of light
1. Diffraction refers to the bending of light around obstacles or through openings, and results in interference patterns.
2. There are two main types of diffraction: Fresnel diffraction occurs when light passes near an obstacle, while Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when light passes through or around objects and the observation is made far from the obstacle.
3. Diffraction gratings consist of many parallel slits and cause light to diffract into several beams. The angles and intensities of these beams can be determined through analysis of interference from the multiple slits.
Polarization
Polarization is a property of transverse waves where the oscillations occur in one direction rather than randomly in all directions perpendicular to the propagation direction. Unpolarized waves have oscillations in any direction, while linearly polarized waves oscillate in only one direction. Polarization of electromagnetic waves is defined by the electric field. Polarization can occur through selective absorption by materials that preferentially absorb certain oscillation directions, such as Polaroid which absorbs oscillations parallel to its long molecular chains. Many applications rely on polarization, including Polaroid sunglasses, LCD displays, and antennas.
Brewster law
This experiment aims to study Brewster's law, which states that the angle at which plane-polarized light is obtained upon reflection is numerically equal to the tangent of the refractive index of the medium. The experiment uses a diode laser, photon detector, and glass plates mounted on a rotating table to measure the intensity of reflected light at various angles of incidence. Observations are recorded and plotted in a graph. The graph shows a minimum reflected intensity at an angle of 56 degrees, confirming Brewster's law and the polarization of light upon reflection at the Brewster angle.
Newton rings
This document describes Newton's rings experiment to observe the interference of light. When a plano-convex lens is placed on a glass slide, a thin air film is formed of varying thickness. Circular interference fringes called Newton's rings are seen when monochromatic light is shone on the setup. The rings appear as alternating bright and dark circles whose diameters are used to determine the wavelength of light through mathematical formulas derived from light interference principles.
Aberrations
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations that occur when light passes through a lens. It describes six main types of aberrations: chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, marginal astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, and distortion. For each aberration, it explains the visual effects, causes, importance for eyeglass lens design, and potential corrections. The document provides an in-depth overview of how different lens properties and light behaviors can lead to imperfect focusing and imaging within the eye.
Chapter 3b
This document defines electro-optic effects and describes how an external electric field can induce changes in the refractive index of a material, modulating its optical properties. It discusses the Pockels effect specifically, where a linear change in refractive index occurs due to an applied electric field. This effect can be used to build integrated optical modulators and switches, such as a transverse Pockels cell that inserts a phase difference between orthogonal field components, acting as a polarization modulator. The phase difference can be converted to an intensity variation using an interferometer such as a Mach-Zehnder configuration.
Malus law salman
The document describes an experiment to verify Malus' Law, which states that the intensity of light transmitted through a polarizer and analyzer varies as the cosine squared of the angle between their transmission directions. The experimental setup uses a diode laser, polarizer, rotating analyzer, and detector. Intensity readings are recorded for analyzer angles from 0-360 degrees and graphed against both the angle and cosine squared of the angle. The results show agreement with Malus' Law, verifying that intensity is directly proportional to the cosine squared of the angle.
Types of polarisation
There are three main types of polarization: plane, circular, and elliptical. Plane polarization occurs when light vibrates in a single plane, and can be produced through reflection, refraction, double refraction, scattering, or selective absorption. Circular polarization results from two plane waves that are 90 degrees out of phase. Elliptical polarization is when the electric field vector traces out an ellipse as the light propagates.
Newton
Newton proposed the corpuscular theory of light to explain the properties of light observed at that time. He believed that light consisted of tiny particles called corpuscles that traveled in straight lines and at high speeds. According to Newton's theory, corpuscles of different colors had different sizes, which explained why prisms separated white light into a spectrum of colors. Newton's particle theory dominated optics in the 18th century despite not being entirely accurate.
Fermet's principle
1) The document discusses Fermat's principle of least time, which states that light travels along the path that takes the least amount of time between two points.
2) It uses Fermat's principle to derive the three fundamental laws of geometrical optics: rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction.
3) For reflection, it shows that applying Fermat's principle results in the angle of incidence equaling the angle of reflection. For refraction, it derives Snell's law which relates the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction.
Lenses
Lenses can be either convex or concave depending on their thickness. A convex lens is thicker in the center and converges light rays, forming a real or virtual image. A concave lens is thinner in the center and diverges light rays, always forming a virtual image. The location and properties of an image formed by a lens depends on the position of the object relative to the lens's focal points, which can be determined using lens formulas and ray diagrams. Lenses are used in optical systems to focus and manipulate light in applications like cameras, microscopes, and eyeglasses.
Reflection and Refraction
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It travels in straight lines called rays. Reflection is when light bounces off a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and that the incident, normal, and reflected rays lie in the same plane. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another due to the different refractive indices, following Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light cannot pass from an optically denser medium to a less dense one if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
Radiometry and Photometry by Sumayya Naseem
This document discusses quantitative measurement of light through radiometry and photometry. It defines key terms like radiant flux, luminous flux, radiant intensity, luminous intensity, irradiance, illuminance, radiance and luminance. It discusses how these terms are used to measure different properties of light and visual perception in both absolute and relative terms. Clinical applications including visual acuity testing, visual field testing, color vision testing and electrophysiology rely on defined levels of luminance and illumination. Surgical procedures also require precise control and measurement of light levels.
Snell's law
Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense medium to a less dense medium and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. At the critical angle, the refracted ray travels along the surface of the dense medium. If the incident ray exceeds the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs and the light ray is reflected back into the dense medium rather than refracting into the less dense medium. Mirages can form due to both total internal reflection and refraction as light passes through layers of air with different densities. Snell's law defines the mathematical relationship between the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, and the indices of refraction of the media.
Chapter 4 optical properties of phonons
This chapter discusses the optical properties of phonons in materials. It covers:
1) Optical and acoustic phonons - some interact directly with light, others cause light scattering.
2) Optical excitation of phonons - how phonons contribute to optical properties through the dielectric function.
3) Phonon polaritons - mixed phonon-photon excitations in crystals near resonance frequencies.
4) Light scattering - concepts of Brillouin, Raman, and Rayleigh scattering involving phonons.
5) Coherent Raman spectroscopy - an experimental technique that enhances weak Raman scattering signals.
Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
This document discusses total internal reflection and the critical angle. It defines refractive index as the ratio of light speed in a vacuum to light speed in a medium. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, refraction occurs. As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of refraction, until reaching the critical angle. At the critical angle, the light ray follows the surface instead of entering the second medium. Above the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs and the light is reflected back into the first medium. Total internal reflection and critical angles depend on the refractive indices of the materials, and have applications in fiber optics, prisms, periscopes, and more.
Wave theory
1. Huygen's wave theory proposes that light propagates as waves, with each point on a wavefront acting as a secondary source of spherical wavelets.
2. The wave theory can explain phenomena like reflection, refraction, and interference through Huygen's principle and the laws of reflection and refraction.
3. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory unified electric and magnetic fields and correctly predicted the speed of light, providing strong evidence for the wave nature of light.
Michelson interferometer
To determine the wavelength of sodium vapour lamp and to find the fringe width . To find the wavelength of helium neon laser using michelson setup
Polarization and its Application
What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
9.4 resolution
1. Resolution refers to the ability to distinguish between two point sources or details of an object. The resolving power depends on the wavelength of light and the diameter of the aperture.
2. According to Rayleigh's criterion, two point sources are just resolved when the central maximum of one diffraction pattern coincides with the first minimum of the other.
3. For the human eye, the resolving power is about 2x10^-4 rad, meaning two sources can be distinguished when separated by an angle of at least this amount.
Optics
This document describes a physics course on optics taught at the National Institute of Technology in Rourkela, India. The course covers topics such as wave optics, interference, diffraction, polarization, and quantum mechanics. It provides details on class times, the instructor, grading criteria, assignments, textbook references, and sample topics that will be covered, such as Young's double slit experiment, interference conditions, and optical path differences.
Diffraction
When waves encounter obstacles like slits, they diffract or bend around the edges. Diffraction can be explained by Huygens' principle, which says each point on a wavefront acts as a new source. For a single slit, the new wavefront shape is determined by combining spherical wavelets from points across the slit. There are two types of diffraction: Fresnel, where distances are finite, and Fraunhofer, where incident waves are plane waves. X-ray diffraction uses wavelengths comparable to atomic sizes to determine crystal and molecular structures.
Basics of Light, Refraction and Optics
Light is visible electromagnetic radiation that travels in packets called photons. It can come from natural sources like the sun or artificial sources like light bulbs. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another, like from water to air, causing objects to appear bent. The refractive index measures how much light slows down in a medium and is used to describe materials like glass. Optics is the study of light and its interactions with lenses and other components, which can be used to focus, spread, or diffuse light through different lens shapes like concave, convex, plano, and Fresnel lenses.
Brillouin zone and wigner seitz cell
The Wigner-Seitz cell is a Voronoi cell used to study crystalline solids in physics. It is defined as the region in space closer to a given lattice point than any other. The Wigner-Seitz cell of the reciprocal lattice is called the first Brillouin zone. In one dimension the Wigner-Seitz cell is an interval, in two dimensions it is typically a hexagon, and in three dimensions it takes the shape of the smallest polyhedron enclosing the lattice point and its nearest neighbors. Higher order Brillouin zones are identified by planes perpendicular to reciprocal lattice vectors, with the first zone being the smallest such region around the origin.
coherence of light
Coherent light refers to light rays that travel closely packed in straight parallel lines, like in a sunbeam. Examples of coherent light include lasers, which emit visible light beams that diverge very little over long distances. Automobile headlights and spotlights also emit coherent light by directing rays into a narrow, well-defined beam. Intense direct sunlight passing through a small opening also forms a coherent light beam. Coherent light waves are "in phase" with one another, meaning the crests and troughs of each wave are aligned.
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
The document discusses the principles of superposition and interference of waves. Constructive interference occurs when wave crests and troughs overlap, increasing amplitude, while destructive interference occurs when crests and troughs cancel out. Interference is responsible for the colors seen in soap bubbles and is exploited in holography and interferometry. Examples of interference include light waves, water waves, radio waves, and sound waves.
Telescopes
There are two main types of telescopes: Keplerian/astronomical telescopes and Galilean telescopes. Keplerian telescopes produce an inverted image while Galilean telescopes produce an upright image. Telescopes can be modified to compensate for refractive errors by adding lenses or changing the tube length to allow viewing of objects that are not at optical infinity.
Chapter 1 radiometry_and_photometry
Radiometry is the science of measuring radiation, including separate wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. Photometry specifically measures light visible to the human eye.
Key radiometric quantities include radiant flux (watts), irradiance (watts/m2), and radiance (watts/m2/sr). Key photometric quantities are luminous flux (lumens), illuminance (lux), and luminance (candelas/m2). These radiometric and photometric quantities are related through the CIE luminous efficiency curve.
Blackbody radiation follows Planck's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Wien's displacement law, describing the spectral distribution and total power of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a
Refraction of Light-Notes.pdf
The document discusses refraction of light, including:
- Refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another with a different density, causing the light to bend.
- The index of refraction is the ratio of light's speed in a vacuum to its speed in a material. Snell's law relates the indices of refraction and angles of incidence and refraction.
- Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the interface between a less and more dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to be reflected back into the denser medium.
X-ray_Diffraction.ppt
This document discusses the basics of X-ray diffraction, including Bragg's law, lattice constants, Laue conditions, and θ-2θ scans. It provides examples of using Bragg's law to calculate interplanar spacing and using Scherrer's formula to determine crystallite size from peak broadening in an XRD pattern of gold foil.
More Related Content
What's hot
Newton
Newton proposed the corpuscular theory of light to explain the properties of light observed at that time. He believed that light consisted of tiny particles called corpuscles that traveled in straight lines and at high speeds. According to Newton's theory, corpuscles of different colors had different sizes, which explained why prisms separated white light into a spectrum of colors. Newton's particle theory dominated optics in the 18th century despite not being entirely accurate.
Fermet's principle
1) The document discusses Fermat's principle of least time, which states that light travels along the path that takes the least amount of time between two points.
2) It uses Fermat's principle to derive the three fundamental laws of geometrical optics: rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction.
3) For reflection, it shows that applying Fermat's principle results in the angle of incidence equaling the angle of reflection. For refraction, it derives Snell's law which relates the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction.
Lenses
Lenses can be either convex or concave depending on their thickness. A convex lens is thicker in the center and converges light rays, forming a real or virtual image. A concave lens is thinner in the center and diverges light rays, always forming a virtual image. The location and properties of an image formed by a lens depends on the position of the object relative to the lens's focal points, which can be determined using lens formulas and ray diagrams. Lenses are used in optical systems to focus and manipulate light in applications like cameras, microscopes, and eyeglasses.
Reflection and Refraction
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It travels in straight lines called rays. Reflection is when light bounces off a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and that the incident, normal, and reflected rays lie in the same plane. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another due to the different refractive indices, following Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light cannot pass from an optically denser medium to a less dense one if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
Radiometry and Photometry by Sumayya Naseem
This document discusses quantitative measurement of light through radiometry and photometry. It defines key terms like radiant flux, luminous flux, radiant intensity, luminous intensity, irradiance, illuminance, radiance and luminance. It discusses how these terms are used to measure different properties of light and visual perception in both absolute and relative terms. Clinical applications including visual acuity testing, visual field testing, color vision testing and electrophysiology rely on defined levels of luminance and illumination. Surgical procedures also require precise control and measurement of light levels.
Snell's law
Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense medium to a less dense medium and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. At the critical angle, the refracted ray travels along the surface of the dense medium. If the incident ray exceeds the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs and the light ray is reflected back into the dense medium rather than refracting into the less dense medium. Mirages can form due to both total internal reflection and refraction as light passes through layers of air with different densities. Snell's law defines the mathematical relationship between the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, and the indices of refraction of the media.
Chapter 4 optical properties of phonons
This chapter discusses the optical properties of phonons in materials. It covers:
1) Optical and acoustic phonons - some interact directly with light, others cause light scattering.
2) Optical excitation of phonons - how phonons contribute to optical properties through the dielectric function.
3) Phonon polaritons - mixed phonon-photon excitations in crystals near resonance frequencies.
4) Light scattering - concepts of Brillouin, Raman, and Rayleigh scattering involving phonons.
5) Coherent Raman spectroscopy - an experimental technique that enhances weak Raman scattering signals.
Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
This document discusses total internal reflection and the critical angle. It defines refractive index as the ratio of light speed in a vacuum to light speed in a medium. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, refraction occurs. As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of refraction, until reaching the critical angle. At the critical angle, the light ray follows the surface instead of entering the second medium. Above the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs and the light is reflected back into the first medium. Total internal reflection and critical angles depend on the refractive indices of the materials, and have applications in fiber optics, prisms, periscopes, and more.
Wave theory
1. Huygen's wave theory proposes that light propagates as waves, with each point on a wavefront acting as a secondary source of spherical wavelets.
2. The wave theory can explain phenomena like reflection, refraction, and interference through Huygen's principle and the laws of reflection and refraction.
3. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory unified electric and magnetic fields and correctly predicted the speed of light, providing strong evidence for the wave nature of light.
Michelson interferometer
To determine the wavelength of sodium vapour lamp and to find the fringe width . To find the wavelength of helium neon laser using michelson setup
Polarization and its Application
What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
9.4 resolution
1. Resolution refers to the ability to distinguish between two point sources or details of an object. The resolving power depends on the wavelength of light and the diameter of the aperture.
2. According to Rayleigh's criterion, two point sources are just resolved when the central maximum of one diffraction pattern coincides with the first minimum of the other.
3. For the human eye, the resolving power is about 2x10^-4 rad, meaning two sources can be distinguished when separated by an angle of at least this amount.
Optics
This document describes a physics course on optics taught at the National Institute of Technology in Rourkela, India. The course covers topics such as wave optics, interference, diffraction, polarization, and quantum mechanics. It provides details on class times, the instructor, grading criteria, assignments, textbook references, and sample topics that will be covered, such as Young's double slit experiment, interference conditions, and optical path differences.
Diffraction
When waves encounter obstacles like slits, they diffract or bend around the edges. Diffraction can be explained by Huygens' principle, which says each point on a wavefront acts as a new source. For a single slit, the new wavefront shape is determined by combining spherical wavelets from points across the slit. There are two types of diffraction: Fresnel, where distances are finite, and Fraunhofer, where incident waves are plane waves. X-ray diffraction uses wavelengths comparable to atomic sizes to determine crystal and molecular structures.
Basics of Light, Refraction and Optics
Light is visible electromagnetic radiation that travels in packets called photons. It can come from natural sources like the sun or artificial sources like light bulbs. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another, like from water to air, causing objects to appear bent. The refractive index measures how much light slows down in a medium and is used to describe materials like glass. Optics is the study of light and its interactions with lenses and other components, which can be used to focus, spread, or diffuse light through different lens shapes like concave, convex, plano, and Fresnel lenses.
Brillouin zone and wigner seitz cell
The Wigner-Seitz cell is a Voronoi cell used to study crystalline solids in physics. It is defined as the region in space closer to a given lattice point than any other. The Wigner-Seitz cell of the reciprocal lattice is called the first Brillouin zone. In one dimension the Wigner-Seitz cell is an interval, in two dimensions it is typically a hexagon, and in three dimensions it takes the shape of the smallest polyhedron enclosing the lattice point and its nearest neighbors. Higher order Brillouin zones are identified by planes perpendicular to reciprocal lattice vectors, with the first zone being the smallest such region around the origin.
coherence of light
Coherent light refers to light rays that travel closely packed in straight parallel lines, like in a sunbeam. Examples of coherent light include lasers, which emit visible light beams that diverge very little over long distances. Automobile headlights and spotlights also emit coherent light by directing rays into a narrow, well-defined beam. Intense direct sunlight passing through a small opening also forms a coherent light beam. Coherent light waves are "in phase" with one another, meaning the crests and troughs of each wave are aligned.
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
The document discusses the principles of superposition and interference of waves. Constructive interference occurs when wave crests and troughs overlap, increasing amplitude, while destructive interference occurs when crests and troughs cancel out. Interference is responsible for the colors seen in soap bubbles and is exploited in holography and interferometry. Examples of interference include light waves, water waves, radio waves, and sound waves.
Telescopes
There are two main types of telescopes: Keplerian/astronomical telescopes and Galilean telescopes. Keplerian telescopes produce an inverted image while Galilean telescopes produce an upright image. Telescopes can be modified to compensate for refractive errors by adding lenses or changing the tube length to allow viewing of objects that are not at optical infinity.
Chapter 1 radiometry_and_photometry
Radiometry is the science of measuring radiation, including separate wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. Photometry specifically measures light visible to the human eye.
Key radiometric quantities include radiant flux (watts), irradiance (watts/m2), and radiance (watts/m2/sr). Key photometric quantities are luminous flux (lumens), illuminance (lux), and luminance (candelas/m2). These radiometric and photometric quantities are related through the CIE luminous efficiency curve.
Blackbody radiation follows Planck's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Wien's displacement law, describing the spectral distribution and total power of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a
What's hot (20)
Similar to Brewster’s_Law
Refraction of Light-Notes.pdf
The document discusses refraction of light, including:
- Refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another with a different density, causing the light to bend.
- The index of refraction is the ratio of light's speed in a vacuum to its speed in a material. Snell's law relates the indices of refraction and angles of incidence and refraction.
- Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the interface between a less and more dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to be reflected back into the denser medium.
X-ray_Diffraction.ppt
This document discusses the basics of X-ray diffraction, including Bragg's law, lattice constants, Laue conditions, and θ-2θ scans. It provides examples of using Bragg's law to calculate interplanar spacing and using Scherrer's formula to determine crystallite size from peak broadening in an XRD pattern of gold foil.
4.3
1. Polarized light can be used in stress analysis by placing a photoelastic material such as glass or celluloid between crossed polarizers. When stress is applied, bright and dark fringes appear where stress is greatest, allowing stresses to be analyzed.
2. Certain solutions have the property of optical activity, meaning they rotate the plane of polarization of polarized light passing through them. The angle of rotation depends on concentration. A polarimeter can measure this rotation and determine concentration.
3. Liquid crystal displays use the optical activity of liquid crystals. Crystals are aligned between polarizers in pixels. Applying electric fields changes crystal twist and the polarization angle for each pixel, controlling brightness.
Ch31 ssm
The document contains conceptual problems and their solutions related to properties of light.
1. A ray of light reflects from a plane mirror at an angle of 70° between the incoming and reflected rays. The angle of reflection is 35°.
2. A lifeguard hears a swimmer calling for help. Taking the least time path, the lifeguard chooses to run on land then swim through point D to reach the swimmer.
3. Blue light appears blue underwater because the color molecules in the eye respond to the frequency of light, not the wavelength, which changes with the medium's index of refraction.
Dictionary of physics
This dictionary provides definitions for physics terms ranging from A to C. Some key entries include:
- Atom: The fundamental building block of matter that consists of a nucleus and electrons.
- Absolute Zero: The minimum possible temperature, which is 0K or -273.15°C.
- Acceleration: How fast an object's motion is changing, defined as the rate of change of velocity over time.
- Activity: The rate of radioactive decay in a sample, measured in disintegrations per second.
Physics dictionary for CBSE, ISCE, Class X Students by Arun Umrao
Dictionaries are very important. Without definitions of scientific words you can not understand the theories or theorems. This dictionary explains nearly all the terms used in CBSE Class X science book.
4.4
The document discusses wave behavior and reflection and refraction of waves. It provides examples of reflection at fixed and free boundaries and how this causes inversion or no inversion of pulses. It introduces the law of reflection where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is discussed where the speed and wavelength change upon entering a new medium. Snell's law is derived relating the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive indices of the media. Total internal reflection at the critical angle is also mentioned.
Similar to Brewster’s_Law (7)
Physics dictionary for CBSE, ISCE, Class X Students by Arun Umrao
Physics dictionary for CBSE, ISCE, Class X Students by Arun Umrao
More from RaushanKumar511746
SPHERICAL MIRROR.pptx
Spherical mirrors can be either concave or convex depending on whether the surface is bent inwards or bulges outwards. They are constructed from glass with one surface carved into a spherical shape for reflection. Spherical mirrors are used in various applications such as shaving, dentistry, vehicle headlights, solar energy collection, and reflecting telescopes. Concave mirrors reflect and focus light rays at a focal point, forming different image types depending on the object distance. Convex mirrors diverge light rays and always produce a virtual, upright, and diminished image regardless of object distance. They are commonly used as vehicle side mirrors and on road curves to increase visibility.
CENCEPT OF CENTROID
The document defines and discusses the concept of the centroid. The centroid of a triangle is the point of intersection of the triangle's three medians. It can be calculated using the formula that takes the average of the x-coordinates and y-coordinates of the triangle's three vertices. The centroid has several important properties: it is the center of the object, the center of gravity, and always lies inside the object. It represents the balance point of the object. The centroid, center of mass, and center of gravity are often used interchangeably for simple rigid objects with uniform density since they refer to the same point. Knowing the centroid has applications in keeping structures balanced and in calculating stresses and deflections.
fifa world cup.pptx.pdf
This document discusses the history and analysis of the FIFA World Cup. It provides background on FIFA, the organization that founded and oversees the World Cup. The tournament has been held every four years since the first in 1930 and involves national teams from around the world competing over a month to be crowned champion. The document also describes using data visualization tools like bar charts, line charts and maps to analyze trends in team and player statistics throughout World Cup history.
formation_of_pn_juction.pptx
When a p-type semiconductor is joined with an n-type semiconductor, a p-n junction is formed. Electrons from the n-type region diffuse across the junction and combine with holes from the p-type region, forming a depletion layer devoid of charge carriers. The diffusion of charge carriers continues until an electric field is produced that prevents further diffusion. When a voltage is applied across the junction, current can flow as the majority charge carriers are encouraged to diffuse in one direction.
SPHERICAL MIRROR.pptx
Spherical mirrors can be either concave or convex depending on whether the surface is bent inwards or bulges outwards. They are constructed from glass with one surface carved into a spherical shape for reflection. Spherical mirrors are used in various applications such as shaving, dentistry, vehicle headlights, solar energy collection, and reflecting telescopes. Concave mirrors reflect and focus light rays at a focal point, forming different image types depending on the object distance. Convex mirrors diverge light rays and always produce a virtual, upright, and diminished image regardless of object distance. They are commonly used as vehicle side mirrors and on road curves to increase visibility.
Presentation1.pptx
Light entering a prism is dispersed due to differences in how much each wavelength of light is refracted. The red color of light has the longest wavelength and is refracted the least, so it deviates the minimum amount when passing through a prism. The different colors of light spread out as they exit the prism due to their varying degrees of refraction.
Diffraction and polarization
This document discusses diffraction, polarization, and Brewster's law. It defines diffraction as the bending of light around corners such that it spreads out. It describes two types of diffraction: Fresnel and Fraunhofer. Polarization is caused by the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation and results in three types: linear, circular, and elliptical polarization. Brewster's law states that unpolarized light experiences maximum polarization at the angle whose tangent is the refractive index, known as Brewster's angle.
parking system management in c programing language project
This project report describes a parking management system that was developed by three students - Raushan Kumar, Jawed Nasim, and Anuj Giri - at Centurion University of Technology and Management. The report includes sections on the project overview, existing system, proposed system, system design, modules, code, screenshots, and conclusions. The parking management system aims to efficiently manage vehicle parking, track vehicle entry and exit, maintain vehicle records, and calculate parking fees. It was developed using technologies like Java, J2EE, React JS, Spring Boot, and MySQL database. The report outlines the advantages of the system in increasing efficiency and security of parking management.
Raushan kumar. Reg - 220101120100.pdf
This project report describes a parking management system that was developed by three students - Raushan Kumar, Jawed Nasim, and Anuj Giri - at Centurion University of Technology and Management. The report includes sections on the project overview, existing system, proposed system, system design, modules, code, screenshots, and conclusions. The parking management system aims to efficiently manage vehicle parking, track vehicle entry and exit, maintain vehicle records, and calculate parking fees. It was developed using technologies like Java, J2EE, React JS, Spring Boot, and MySQL database. The report outlines the advantages of the system in increasing efficiency and security of parking management.
More from RaushanKumar511746 (9)
parking system management in c programing language project
parking system management in c programing language project
Recently uploaded
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit - NGV Pavilion Concept Design
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
Recently uploaded (20)
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Brewster’s_Law
- 1. Click to edit Master title style 1 Topic-Brewster’s Law?
- 2. Click to edit Master title style 2 CONTENTS What is Brewster’s Law? Relation Between Brewster Angle and Critical Angle Application of Brewster’s Law 2
- 3. Click to edit Master title style 3 When an unpolarized light of known wavelength is incident on a transparent substance surface, it experiences maximum plan polarization at the angle of incidence whose tangent is the refractive index of the substance for the wavelength. 3 What is Brewster’s Law?
- 4. Click to edit Master title style 4 4
- 5. Click to edit Master title style 5 Brewster’s angle is given as: Ө b = arc tan (n2/n1) tanӨ b = n2/n1 5 Relation Between Brewster Angle and Critical Angle
- 6. Click to edit Master title style 6 The c r itic al angle is given as : Ө c = ar c s in ( n1/n2) s in Ө c = n1/n2 s in Ө c = 1/( n2/n1) But w e k now that, tan Ө p = n/s ub> s in Ө c = 1/tan Ө b Ther efor e, Өc = arc s in (1/tan Ө b) 6
- 7. Click to edit Master title style 7 One general example of the application of Brewster’s law is polarized sunglasses. These glasses use the principle of Brewster’s angle. The polarized glasses reduce glare that is reflected directly from the sun and also from horizontal surfaces like roads and water. Photographers also use the same law to reduce the reflection from reflective surfaces by using a polarizing filter for the lens. 7 Application of Brewster’s Law
- 8. Click to edit Master title style 8 Thank you 8