In this article a method is proposed for segmentation and classification of benign and malignant tumor slices in brain Computed Tomography (CT) images. In this study image noises are removed using median and wiener filter and brain tumors are segmented using Support Vector Machine (SVM). Then a two-level discrete wavelet decomposition of tumor image is performed and the approximation at the second level is obtained to replace the original image to be used for texture analysis. Here, 17 features are extracted that 6 of them are selected using Student’s t-test. Dominant gray level run length and gray level co-occurrence texture features are used for SVM training. Malignant and benign tumors are classified using SVM with kernel width and Weighted kernel width (WSVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifier. Classification accuracy of classifiers are evaluated using 10 fold cross validation method. The segmentation results are
also compared with the experienced radiologist ground truth. The experimental results show that the proposed WSVM classifier is able to achieve high classification accuracy effectiveness as measured by sensitivity and specificity.
SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BRAIN TUMOR CT IMAGES USING SVM WITH WEIGH...csandit
In this article a method is proposed for segmentation and classification of benign and malignant
tumor slices in brain Computed Tomography (CT) images. In this study image noises are
removed using median and wiener filter and brain tumors are segmented using Support Vector
Machine (SVM). Then a two-level discrete wavelet decomposition of tumor image is performed
and the approximation at the second level is obtained to replace the original image to be used
for texture analysis. Here, 17 features are extracted that 6 of them are selected using Student’s
t-test. Dominant gray level run length and gray level co-occurrence texture features are used for
SVM training. Malignant and benign tumors are classified using SVM with kernel width and
Weighted kernel width (WSVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifier. Classification
accuracy of classifiers are evaluated using 10 fold cross validation method. The segmentation
results are also compared with the experienced radiologist ground truth. The experimental
results show that the proposed WSVM classifier is able to achieve high classification accuracy
effectiveness as measured by sensitivity and specificity.
Brain Tumor Detection Using Artificial Neural Network Fuzzy Inference System ...Editor IJCATR
Manual classification of brain tumor is time devastating and bestows ambiguous results. Automatic image classification is
emergent thriving research area in medical field. In the proposed methodology, features are extracted from raw images which are then
fed to ANFIS (Artificial neural fuzzy inference system).ANFIS being neuro-fuzzy system harness power of both hence it proves to be
a sophisticated framework for multiobject classification. A comprehensive feature set and fuzzy rules are selected to classify an
abnormal image to the corresponding tumor type. This proposed technique is fast in execution, efficient in classification and easy in
implementation.
Automatic Diagnosis of Abnormal Tumor Region from Brain Computed Tomography I...ijcseit
The research work presented in this paper is to achieve the tissue classification and automatically
diagnosis the abnormal tumor region present in Computed Tomography (CT) images using the wavelet
based statistical texture analysis method. Comparative studies of texture analysis method are performed
for the proposed wavelet based texture analysis method and Spatial Gray Level Dependence Method
(SGLDM). Our proposed system consists of four phases i) Discrete Wavelet Decomposition (ii)
Feature extraction (iii) Feature selection (iv) Analysis of extracted texture features by classifier. A
wavelet based statistical texture feature set is derived from normal and tumor regions. Genetic Algorithm
(GA) is used to select the optimal texture features from the set of extracted texture features. We construct
the Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classifier and evaluate the performance of classifier by
comparing the classification results of the SVM based classifier with the Back Propagation Neural network
classifier(BPN). The results of Support Vector Machine (SVM), BPN classifiers for the texture analysis
methods are evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Experimental results
show that the classification accuracy of SVM is 96% for 10 fold cross validation method. The system
has been tested with a number of real Computed Tomography brain images and has achieved satisfactory
results.
SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BRAIN TUMOR CT IMAGES USING SVM WITH WEIGH...csandit
In this article a method is proposed for segmentation and classification of benign and malignant
tumor slices in brain Computed Tomography (CT) images. In this study image noises are
removed using median and wiener filter and brain tumors are segmented using Support Vector
Machine (SVM). Then a two-level discrete wavelet decomposition of tumor image is performed
and the approximation at the second level is obtained to replace the original image to be used
for texture analysis. Here, 17 features are extracted that 6 of them are selected using Student’s
t-test. Dominant gray level run length and gray level co-occurrence texture features are used for
SVM training. Malignant and benign tumors are classified using SVM with kernel width and
Weighted kernel width (WSVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifier. Classification
accuracy of classifiers are evaluated using 10 fold cross validation method. The segmentation
results are also compared with the experienced radiologist ground truth. The experimental
results show that the proposed WSVM classifier is able to achieve high classification accuracy
effectiveness as measured by sensitivity and specificity.
Brain Tumor Detection Using Artificial Neural Network Fuzzy Inference System ...Editor IJCATR
Manual classification of brain tumor is time devastating and bestows ambiguous results. Automatic image classification is
emergent thriving research area in medical field. In the proposed methodology, features are extracted from raw images which are then
fed to ANFIS (Artificial neural fuzzy inference system).ANFIS being neuro-fuzzy system harness power of both hence it proves to be
a sophisticated framework for multiobject classification. A comprehensive feature set and fuzzy rules are selected to classify an
abnormal image to the corresponding tumor type. This proposed technique is fast in execution, efficient in classification and easy in
implementation.
Automatic Diagnosis of Abnormal Tumor Region from Brain Computed Tomography I...ijcseit
The research work presented in this paper is to achieve the tissue classification and automatically
diagnosis the abnormal tumor region present in Computed Tomography (CT) images using the wavelet
based statistical texture analysis method. Comparative studies of texture analysis method are performed
for the proposed wavelet based texture analysis method and Spatial Gray Level Dependence Method
(SGLDM). Our proposed system consists of four phases i) Discrete Wavelet Decomposition (ii)
Feature extraction (iii) Feature selection (iv) Analysis of extracted texture features by classifier. A
wavelet based statistical texture feature set is derived from normal and tumor regions. Genetic Algorithm
(GA) is used to select the optimal texture features from the set of extracted texture features. We construct
the Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classifier and evaluate the performance of classifier by
comparing the classification results of the SVM based classifier with the Back Propagation Neural network
classifier(BPN). The results of Support Vector Machine (SVM), BPN classifiers for the texture analysis
methods are evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Experimental results
show that the classification accuracy of SVM is 96% for 10 fold cross validation method. The system
has been tested with a number of real Computed Tomography brain images and has achieved satisfactory
results.
Brain tumor classification using artificial neural network on mri imageseSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, an attempt has been made to summarize the multi-resolution transformation and the different classifiers useful to
analyze the brain tumor using MRI. X-ray, MRI, Ultrasound etc. are different techniques used to scan brain tumor images.
Radiologist prefers MRI to get detail information about tumor to help him diagnoses. In this paper we have used MRI of brain
tumor for analysis. We have used Digital image processing tool for detection of the tumor. The identification, detection and
classification of brain tumor have been done by extracting features from MRI with the help of wavelet transformation. The MRI of
brain tumor is classified into two categories normal and abnormal brain. In this work Digital image processing has been used as
a tool for getting clear and exact details about tumor in earlier stages. This helps the physicians and practitioners for diagnoses.
Key word – Brain tumor, Wavelet transform, segmentation.
details about brain tumor
literature survey on many reference papers related to brain tumor detection using various techniques
our proposed novel methodology for brain tumor detection
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Brain tumour segmentation based on local independent projection based classif...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Brain tumour detection and segmentation is most important and challenging task in early tumour diagnosis. There are various
segmentation methods available but they are still challenging methods because of its complex characteristics such as ambiguous
boundaries and high diversity. To overcome this problem we are going to implement automatic brain tumour detection and
segmentation method by using local independent projection based classification. In this method we are going to consider tumour
segmentation as a classification problem. In this paper locality is important in calculations of projections. Also local anchor
embedding is used to solve linear projection weights. The softmax regression model is used to improve classification performance.
In this study we used MRI images as training and testing data. Finally the brain tumour is classified into tumour and edema
region. The area of tumour region is calculated in pixels.
Key Words: Brain tumour detection & segmentation, local independent projection based classification, local anchor
embedding and softmax regression.
A Survey on Segmentation Techniques Used For Brain Tumor DetectionEditor IJMTER
In recent years Brain tumor is one of the most commonly found causes for death among
children and adults. Early detection of tumor is a must in order to reduce the death rate. For tumor
detection various image techniques can be used. In this paper we mainly concentrate on the images
obtained from MRI scans. In MRI images, the tumor may appear clearly, but for further treatment
the physician need to be a qualified and well experienced person. In order to help the radiologist in
detection computer-aided diagnosis was developed. The generation of a CAD system consists of
several processes and among them segmentation is considered to the most important process. Image
Segmentation is a process of partitioning an image into multiple segments. The main objective of
segmentation is to represent the image into a simplified form so as to increase the efficiency and
accuracy of the system. Therefore the segmentation of brain tumor can be considered as an important
role in the medical image process. Hence in this paper we concentrate on the recently used
segmentation techniques for the detection of tumor using MRI images.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Human brain is the most complex structure where identifying the tumor like diseases are extremely challenging because differentiating the components of a brain is complex. In this paper, pillar k-means algorithm is used for segmentation of brain tumor from magnetic resonance image (MRI).Generally, the brain tumor is detected by radiologist through analysis of MR images which takes longer time. The pillar k-means algorithm’s experimental results clarify the effectiveness of our approach to improve the segmentation quality, accuracy, and computational time. Classify, the tumor from the brain MR images using Bayesian classification.
Comparison of Image Segmentation Algorithms for Brain Tumor DetectionIJMTST Journal
This paper deals with the implementation of Simple Algorithms for detection of size and shape of tumor in brain using MRI images. Generally, CT scan or MRI that is directed into intracranial cavity produces a complete image of brain. This image is visually examined by the physician for detection & diagnosis of brain tumor. However this method of detection resists the accurate determination of stage & size of tumor. To avoid that, this project uses computer aided method for segmentation (detection) of brain tumor by applying Fuzzy C-Means, K-Means, Gaussian Kernel and Pillar K-means algorithms. This segmentation process includes a new mechanism for clustering the elements of high-resolution images in order to improve precision and reduce computation time. The system applies FCM, Gaussian kernel and K-means clustering to the image later optimized by Pillar Algorithm. It designates the initial centroids’ positions by calculating the Euclidian distance metric between each data point and all previous centroids. Then it selects data points which have the maximum distance as new initial centroids. This algorithm distributes all initial centroids according to the maximum accumulated distance metric. In addition, it also reduces the time for analysis. At the end of the process the tumor is extracted from the MRI image and its exact position and the shape is also determined. This paper evaluates the proposed approach for Brain tumor detection by comparing with K-means, Fuzzy C means, Gaussian Kernel and manually segmented algorithms. The experimental results clarify the effectiveness of proposed approach to improve the segmentation quality in aspects of precision and computational time.
Brain tumor classification using artificial neural network on mri imageseSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, an attempt has been made to summarize the multi-resolution transformation and the different classifiers useful to
analyze the brain tumor using MRI. X-ray, MRI, Ultrasound etc. are different techniques used to scan brain tumor images.
Radiologist prefers MRI to get detail information about tumor to help him diagnoses. In this paper we have used MRI of brain
tumor for analysis. We have used Digital image processing tool for detection of the tumor. The identification, detection and
classification of brain tumor have been done by extracting features from MRI with the help of wavelet transformation. The MRI of
brain tumor is classified into two categories normal and abnormal brain. In this work Digital image processing has been used as
a tool for getting clear and exact details about tumor in earlier stages. This helps the physicians and practitioners for diagnoses.
Key word – Brain tumor, Wavelet transform, segmentation.
details about brain tumor
literature survey on many reference papers related to brain tumor detection using various techniques
our proposed novel methodology for brain tumor detection
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Brain tumour segmentation based on local independent projection based classif...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Brain tumour detection and segmentation is most important and challenging task in early tumour diagnosis. There are various
segmentation methods available but they are still challenging methods because of its complex characteristics such as ambiguous
boundaries and high diversity. To overcome this problem we are going to implement automatic brain tumour detection and
segmentation method by using local independent projection based classification. In this method we are going to consider tumour
segmentation as a classification problem. In this paper locality is important in calculations of projections. Also local anchor
embedding is used to solve linear projection weights. The softmax regression model is used to improve classification performance.
In this study we used MRI images as training and testing data. Finally the brain tumour is classified into tumour and edema
region. The area of tumour region is calculated in pixels.
Key Words: Brain tumour detection & segmentation, local independent projection based classification, local anchor
embedding and softmax regression.
A Survey on Segmentation Techniques Used For Brain Tumor DetectionEditor IJMTER
In recent years Brain tumor is one of the most commonly found causes for death among
children and adults. Early detection of tumor is a must in order to reduce the death rate. For tumor
detection various image techniques can be used. In this paper we mainly concentrate on the images
obtained from MRI scans. In MRI images, the tumor may appear clearly, but for further treatment
the physician need to be a qualified and well experienced person. In order to help the radiologist in
detection computer-aided diagnosis was developed. The generation of a CAD system consists of
several processes and among them segmentation is considered to the most important process. Image
Segmentation is a process of partitioning an image into multiple segments. The main objective of
segmentation is to represent the image into a simplified form so as to increase the efficiency and
accuracy of the system. Therefore the segmentation of brain tumor can be considered as an important
role in the medical image process. Hence in this paper we concentrate on the recently used
segmentation techniques for the detection of tumor using MRI images.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Human brain is the most complex structure where identifying the tumor like diseases are extremely challenging because differentiating the components of a brain is complex. In this paper, pillar k-means algorithm is used for segmentation of brain tumor from magnetic resonance image (MRI).Generally, the brain tumor is detected by radiologist through analysis of MR images which takes longer time. The pillar k-means algorithm’s experimental results clarify the effectiveness of our approach to improve the segmentation quality, accuracy, and computational time. Classify, the tumor from the brain MR images using Bayesian classification.
Comparison of Image Segmentation Algorithms for Brain Tumor DetectionIJMTST Journal
This paper deals with the implementation of Simple Algorithms for detection of size and shape of tumor in brain using MRI images. Generally, CT scan or MRI that is directed into intracranial cavity produces a complete image of brain. This image is visually examined by the physician for detection & diagnosis of brain tumor. However this method of detection resists the accurate determination of stage & size of tumor. To avoid that, this project uses computer aided method for segmentation (detection) of brain tumor by applying Fuzzy C-Means, K-Means, Gaussian Kernel and Pillar K-means algorithms. This segmentation process includes a new mechanism for clustering the elements of high-resolution images in order to improve precision and reduce computation time. The system applies FCM, Gaussian kernel and K-means clustering to the image later optimized by Pillar Algorithm. It designates the initial centroids’ positions by calculating the Euclidian distance metric between each data point and all previous centroids. Then it selects data points which have the maximum distance as new initial centroids. This algorithm distributes all initial centroids according to the maximum accumulated distance metric. In addition, it also reduces the time for analysis. At the end of the process the tumor is extracted from the MRI image and its exact position and the shape is also determined. This paper evaluates the proposed approach for Brain tumor detection by comparing with K-means, Fuzzy C means, Gaussian Kernel and manually segmented algorithms. The experimental results clarify the effectiveness of proposed approach to improve the segmentation quality in aspects of precision and computational time.
SVM Classifiers at it Bests in Brain Tumor Detection using MR Imagesijtsrd
This paper presents some case study frameworks to limelight SVM classifiers as most efficient one compared to existing classifiers like Otsu, k-means and fuzzy c-means. In general, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) are more dominant imaging technique for any brain lesions detection like brain tumor, Alzheimer' disease and so on. MR imaging takes a lead technically for imaging medical images due to its possession of large spatial resolution and provides better contrast for the soft tissues like white matter (WM), gray matter (GM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The usual method used for classification of lesions in brain images consists of pre-processing, feature extraction, feature reduction and classification. Early detection of the tumor region without much time lapse in computation can be achieved by using efficient SVM classifier model. Brain tumor grade classifications with the assistance of morphologically selected features are extracted and tumor classification is attained using SVM classifier. The assessment of SVM classifications are evaluated through metrics termed as sensitivity, exactness and accuracy of segmentation. These measures are then compared with existing methods to exhibit the SVM classifier as significant classifier model. Dr. R Manjunatha Prasad | Roopa B S"SVM Classifiers at it Bests in Brain Tumor Detection using MR Images" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18372.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/18372/svm-classifiers-at-it-bests-in-brain-tumor-detection-using-mr-images/dr-r-manjunatha-prasad
A robust technique of brain mri classification using color features and k nea...Salam Shah
The analysis of MRI images is a manual process carried by experts which need to be automated to accurately classify the normal and abnormal images. We have proposed a reduced, three staged model having pre-processing, feature extraction and classification steps. In preprocessing the noise has been removed from grayscale images using a median filter, and then grayscale images have been converted to color (RGB) images. In feature extraction, red, green and blue channels from each channel of the RGB has been extracted because they are so much informative and easier to process. The first three color moments mean, variance, and skewness are calculated for each red, green and blue channel of images. The features extracted in the feature extraction stage are classified into normal and abnormal with K-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN). This method is applied to 100 images (70 normal, 30 abnormal). The proposed method gives 98.00% training and 95.00% test accuracy with datasets of normal images and 100% training and 90.00% test accuracy with abnormal images. The average computation time for each image was .06s.
A Wavelet Based Automatic Segmentation of Brain Tumor in CT Images Using Opti...CSCJournals
This paper presents an automated segmentation of brain tumors in computed tomography images (CT) using combination of Wavelet Statistical Texture features (WST) obtained from 2-level Discrete Wavelet Transformed (DWT) low and high frequency sub bands and Wavelet Co-occurrence Texture features (WCT) obtained from two level Discrete Wavelet Transformed (DWT) high frequency sub bands. In the proposed method, the wavelet based optimal texture features that distinguish between the brain tissue, benign tumor and malignant tumor tissue is found. Comparative studies of texture analysis is performed for the proposed combined wavelet based texture analysis method and Spatial Gray Level Dependence Method (SGLDM). Our proposed system consists of four phases i) Discrete Wavelet Decomposition (ii) Feature extraction (iii) Feature selection (iv) Classification and evaluation. The combined Wavelet Statistical Texture feature set (WST) and Wavelet Co-occurrence Texture feature (WCT) sets are derived from normal and tumor regions. Feature selection is performed by Genetic Algorithm (GA). These optimal features are used to segment the tumor. An Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) classifier is employed to evaluate the performance of these features and by comparing the classification results of the PNN classifier with the Feed Forward Neural Network classifier(FFNN).The results of the Probabilistic Neural Network, FFNN classifiers for the texture analysis methods are evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on a series of brain tumor images. The results illustrate that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods.
Classification of Brain Cancer is implemented
by using Back Propagation Neural network and Principle
Component Analysis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of brain
cancer affected patients are taken for classification of brain
cancer. Image processing techniques are used for processing
the MRI images which are image preprocessing, image
segmentation and feature extraction is used. We extract the
Texture feature of segmented image by using Gray Level Cooccurrence
Matrix (GLCM). Steps involve for brain cancer
classification are taking the MRI images, remove the noise by
using image pre-processing, applying the segmentation
method which isolate the tumor region from rest part of the
MRI image by setting the pixel value 1 to tumor region and 0
to rest of the region, after this feature extraction technique
has been applied for extracting texture feature and feature
are stored in knowledge based, this features are used for
classification of new MRI images taken for testing by
comparing the feature of new images with stored features. We
implemented three classifiers to classify the brain cancer, first
classifier is back propagation neural network which perform
classification in two phase which are training phase and
testing phase, second classifier is the combination of PCA and
BPNN means by using PCA to reduce the dimensionality of
feature matrix and by using BPNN to classify the brain
cancer, third classifier is Principle Component Analysis which
reduce the dimensionality of dataset and perform
classification. And finally compare the performance of that
classifiers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
MALIGNANT AND BENIGN BRAIN TUMOR SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION USING SVM WITH WEIGHTED KERNEL WIDTH
1. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.8, No.2, April 2017
DOI : 10.5121/sipij.2017.8203 25
MALIGNANT AND BENIGN BRAIN TUMOR
SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION USING
SVM WITH WEIGHTED KERNEL WIDTH
Kimia rezaei1
and Hamed agahi2
1
Corresponding author: Department of Electrical Engineering,
Fars science and research branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
2
Associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran
ABSTRACT
In this article a method is proposed for segmentation and classification of benign and malignant tumor
slices in brain Computed Tomography (CT) images. In this study image noises are removed using median
and wiener filter and brain tumors are segmented using Support Vector Machine (SVM). Then a two-level
discrete wavelet decomposition of tumor image is performed and the approximation at the second level is
obtained to replace the original image to be used for texture analysis. Here, 17 features are extracted that
6 of them are selected using Student’s t-test. Dominant gray level run length and gray level co-occurrence
texture features are used for SVM training. Malignant and benign tumors are classified using SVM with
kernel width and Weighted kernel width (WSVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifier. Classification
accuracy of classifiers are evaluated using 10 fold cross validation method. The segmentation results are
also compared with the experienced radiologist ground truth. The experimental results show that the
proposed WSVM classifier is able to achieve high classification accuracy effectiveness as measured by
sensitivity and specificity.
KEYWORDS
Brain tumor, Computed tomography, Segmentation, Classification, Support vector machine.
1. INTRODUCTION
After investigation shows, by this point in lifestyle and living environment of innumerable
effects, cancer and related disease incidence is increasing year by year. Brain is the master and
commanding member of human body. Human brain is at risk of multiple dangerous diseases. A
brain tumor or intracranial neoplasm occurs when some abnormal cells are shaped inside the
brain. Two main types of tumors exist: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors.
Medical image processing has been developed rapidly in recent years for detecting abnormal
changes in body tissues and organs. X-ray computed tomography (CT) technology uses
computer-processed X-rays to produce tomographic images of a scanned object, which makes
inside the object visible without cutting. CT images are most commonly used for detection of
head injuries, tumors, and Skull fracture. Since various structures have similar radio density, there
is some difficulty separating them by adjusting volume rendering parameters. The manual
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26
analysis of tumor based on visual interpretation by radiologist may lead to wrong diagnosis when
the number of images increases. To avoid the human error, an automatic system is needed for
analysis and classification of medical images. Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a
digital image into a set of pixels based on their characteristics and in medical images, texture
contents are considered as pixels characteristics. There are various methods for segmentation.
Here Support Vector Machine (SVM) with kernel function is constructed to segment the tumor
region by detecting tumor and non-tumor areas. The segmentation results are obtained for the
purpose of classifying benign and malignant tumors. Classification is the problem of identifying
to which of a set of categories a new observation belongs, on the basis of a training set of data
whose category membership had been defined. There are various algorithms for classification
using a feature vector containing image texture contents. SVM, which is considered as a
supervised learning system for classification, is used here.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
There are a lot of literatures that focus on brain tumor CT images segmentation, classification and
feature extraction. Chen, X. et al. [1] introduced a super pixel-based framework for automated
brain tumor segmentation for MR images. In this method super pixels belonging to specific tumor
regions are identified by approximation errors given by kernel dictionaries modeling different
brain tumor structures. Nandpuru et al. [2] proposes SVM classification technique to recognize
normal and abnormal brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). First, skull masking applied for
the removal of non-brain tissue like fat, eyes and neck from images. Then gray scale, symmetrical
and texture features were extracted for classification training process. Khaled Abd-Ellah,M. et al.
[3] segmented MR images using K-means clustering then classified normal and abnormal tumors
using SVM with features extracted via wavelet transform as input. Lang, L. et al. [4] used
traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for brain tumor segmentation. It automatically
learns useful features from multi-modality images to combine multi-modality information.
Jahanavi,S. et al.[5] segmented brain tumor MR images using a hybrid technique combining
SVM algorithm along with two combined clustering techniques such as k-mean and fuzzy c-mean
methods. For classification via SVM, feature extraction is performed by using gray level run
length matrix. Kaur,K. et al. [6] proposed a method, distinguishes the tumor affected brain MR
images from the normal ones using neural network classifier after preprocessing and
segmentation of tumors. Kaur, T. et al.[7] proposed an automatic segmentation method on brain
tumor MR images that performs multilevel image thresholding, using the spatial information
encoded in the gray level co-occurrence matrix. Kaur, T et al.[8]proposed a technique which
exploits intensity and edge magnitude information in brain MR image histogram and GLCM to
compute the multiple thresholds. Verma, A. K. et al.[9] decomposed corrupted images using
symlet wavelet then proposed a denoising algorithm utilizes the alexander fractional integral filter
which works by the construction of fractional masks window computed using alexander
polynomial.
The above literature survey illustrates that all the above methods are considered co-occurrence
texture features only and some of the methods are proposed for the purpose of classification only
and some for segmentation only.
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27
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
First, image noises are removed using median and wiener filter. Some features must be extracted
from brain tumor images for the purpose of classifier training. Hence, a two-level discrete
wavelet decomposition of tumor image is performed and the approximation at the second level is
obtained to replace the original image to be used for texture analysis. Here, 17 features are
extracted that 6 of them are selected using Student’s t-test. Dominant gray level run length and
gray level co-occurrence texture features are used for SVM training. Malignant and benign
tumors are classified using SVM with kernel width and weighted kernel width (WSVM) and k-
Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifier. The proposed methodology is applied to real brain CT
images datasets collected from Shiraz Chamran hospital. All images are in DICOM format with a
dimension of 512 × 512. The proposed algorithm is implemented in Matlab software.
3.1 Image Pre-processing and Enhancement
Medical images corrupt through imaging process due to different kinds of noise. Preprocessing
operation is used because it is directly related to the qualities of the segmentation results. In pre-
processing stage, noise and high frequency artifact present in the images are removed because
they make it difficult to accurately delineate regions of interest between brain tumor and normal
brain tissues. The median filter is a nonlinear digital filtering method, often used for noise
reduction on an image or signal [10]. This technique is performed to improve the results of later
processing. Median filter is mostly used to remove noise from medical images. Wienerfilter
produces an estimate of a target random process by means of linear time-invariant filter
[11].Wiener filter is also a helpful tool for the purpose of medical images noise reduction. Here
images noise removing process is carried out by using median filter and wiener filter.
3.2 Tumor Segmentation using SVM Classifier
In this paper, SVM classifier is chosen for tumor identification[12]. SVM is a machine learning
technique combining linear algorithms with linear or non-linear kernel functions that make it a
powerful tool for medical image processing applications. To apply SVM into non-linear data
distributions, the data should be transformed to a high dimensional feature space where a linear
separation might become feasible. In this study, a linear function is used.
Training an SVM involves feeding studied data to the SVM along with previously studied
decision values, thus constructing a finite training set. To form the SVM segmentation model,
feature vectors of tumor and non-tumor area, distinguished with the help of radiologist, are
extracted. 25 points covering tumor area and 25 points covering the non-tumor area are selected.
These points not only cover all the tumor and no-tumor areas but also are enough as an input for
training a SVM classifier due to its powerful learning even through using few numbers of training
inputs. For each point (pixel), two properties of position and intensity are considered to form the
feature vector or training vector. Totally 50 feature vectors are defined as input to the SVM
classifier to segment the tumor shape. Accordingly, there is a 25 × 3 matrix of tumor area and a
25 × 3 matrix of non-tumor area. In segmentation phase, matrix t is given as input to the SVM for
training and pixels are labeled so that their classes can be designated.
( , , ( , ))i i i i i it x y I x y= 1,...,50i = (1)
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28
i represent the number of training vectors.( , )i ix y and ( , )i i iI x y represent the position and
intensity of the selected points, respectively. Pixel selection using Matlab is displayed in Figure 1.
Figure 1. pixel selection using Matlab
3.3 Processing the Segmented Tumor Image on the Basis of 2D Discrete Wavelet
Decomposition
Discrete Wavelet Decomposition is an effective mathematical tool for texture feature extraction
from images. Wavelets are functions based on localization, which are scaled and shifted versions
of some fixed primary wavelets. Providing localized frequency information about the function of
a signal is the major advantage of wavelets.
Here a two-level discrete wavelet decomposition of tumor image is applied, which results in four
sub-sets that show one approximation representing the low frequency contents image and three
detailed images of horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions representing high frequency
contents image[13]. 2D wavelet decomposition in second level is performed on the
approximation image obtained from the first level. Second level approximation image is more
homogeneous than original tumor image due to the removing of high-frequency detail
information. This will consequence in a more significant texture features extraction process.
3.4 Feature Extraction
Texture is the term used to characterize the surface of an object or area. Texture analysis is a
method that attempts to quantify and detect structural abnormalities in various types of tissues.
Here dominant gray-level run length and gray-level co-occurrence matrix method is used for
texture feature extraction.
The dominant gray-level run length matrix [14] is given as:
[ ]( , ) ( , | , )d p i j dϕ θ θ= 0 gi N< ≤ , max0 j R< ≤ (2)
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29
Where gN is the maximum gray level and maxR is the maximum run length. The function
( ),p i j θ calculates the estimated number of runs in an image containing a run length j for a gray
level i in the direction of angle θ. Dominant gray-level run length matrices corresponding to θ =
0°, 45°, 90° and 135° are computed for approximation image derived from second level wavelet
decomposition. Afterward, the average of all the features extracted from four dominant gray level
run length matrices is taken.
A statistical method of analyzing texture considering the spatial relationship of pixels is the gray-
level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) [15]. The GLCM functions characterize the texture of the
given image by computing how often pairs of pixel with certain values and in a specified spatial
relationship occur in an image. The gray-level co-occurrence matrix is given as:
[ ]( , ) ( , | , )d p i j dϕ θ θ= 0 gi N< ≤ , 0 gj N< ≤ (3)
Where Ng is the maximum gray level. The element ( , , )p i j d θ is the probability matrix of two
pixels, locating within an inter-sample distance d and direction θ that have a gray level i and gray
level j. Four gray-level co-occurrence matrices, with θ = 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° for direction and
1and 2 for distance, are computed for approximation image obtained from second level wavelet
decomposition. Then, 13 Haralick features [16] are extracted from each image’s GLCM and the
average of all the extracted features from four gray-level co-occurrence matrices is taken.
3.5 Feature Selection
Feature selection is a tool for transforming the existing input features into a new lower dimension
feature space. In this procedure noises and redundant vectors are removed. Here, Two-sample
Student’s t-test is used for feature selection which considered each feature independently [17]. In
this method, significant features are selected by computing the mean values for every feature in
benign tumor class and malignant tumor class. Then, mean values of both classes are compared.
The T-test presumed that both classes of data are distributed normally and have identical
variances. The test statistics can be calculated as follows:
var var
/ b m
b m
b m
t x x
n n
= − + (4)
Where, bx and mx are mean values from benign and malignant classes. bvar and mvar represent
variances of benign and malignant classes. bn and mn show the number of samples (images) in
each class. This t value followed Student t-test with ( )2b mn n+ − degrees of freedom for each
class.
In statistics, the p-value is a function of the observed sample results, used to test a statistical
hypothesis and figuring out that the hypothesis under consideration is true or false. Here, the p-
6. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.8, No.2, April 2017
30
value is calculated based on test statistics and degrees of freedom [18]. Then, the optimal features
are selected on the basis of the condition P < 0.001.
As a result the best textural features selected from the dominant gray-level run length matrix are
long-run low-gray-level emphasis (LLGE), long-run high-gray-level emphasis (LHGE), also
features extracted from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix are energy, contrast, variance and
inverse difference moment (IDM). the feature parameters are represented as follows:
LLGE: ∑∑
= =
=
M
i
N
jr
ijjiP
n
LLGE
1 1
22
/).,(
1
(5)
LHGE: ∑∑
= =
=
M
r
N
jr
jijiP
n
LRGE
1 1
22
.).,(
1
(6)
Energy: ∑=
ji
jiPE
,
2
),( (7)
Contrast: ∑ ∑ ∑
−
=
=−
= =
=
1
0 1 1
2
2 ),(
Ng
n
Ng
nji
i
Ng
j
jipnf (8)
Variance: ∑∑ −=
i j
jipif ),()( 2
4 µ (9)
Inverse Difference Moment (IDM):
( )
( )∑∑ +
=
i j
jip
ji
f ,
,1
1
25
(10)
3.6 Classification using k-NN Classifier
In this paper, the main objective of classification is the identification of benign and malignant
tumors in brain computed tomography images. The k-nearest neighbor classifier is a
nonparametric supervised classifier that performs propitious for optimal values of k. k-NN
algorithm consists of two stages of training and testing. In training stage, data points are given in
n-dimensional space [19]. These training data are labeled so that their classes can be specified. In
the testing stage, unlabeled data are given as input and the classifier generates the list of the k
nearest data points (labeled) to the testing point. Then the class of the majority of that list is
identified through the algorithm.
k-NN algorithm:
1. Define a suitable distance metric.
2. In training step, all the training data set P are put in pairs.
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{ }( , ), 1,...i iP y C i n= = (11)
Where iy is a training pattern in the training data set, iC is its class and n is the number of
training patterns.
3. In testing step, the distances between testing feature vector and training data are computed.
4. The k-nearest neighbors are chosen and the class of the testing example is specified.
The result of classification in testing stage is used to evaluate the precision of the algorithm. If it
was not satisfactory, the k value can be changed till achieving the desirable result.
3.7 Classification using SVM Classifier
Support vector machine algorithm depends on the structural risk minimization principle.
Compared with artificial neural networks, SVM is less computationally complex and function
well in high-dimensional spaces. SVM does not suffer from the small size of training dataset and
obtains optimum outcome for practical problem since its decision surface is specified by the inner
product of training data which enables the transformation of data to a high dimensional feature
space. The feature space can be defined by kernel function K(x, y). The most popular kernel is the
(Gaussian) radial basis function kernel, which is used here and is defined as follows:
( )
2 2
, exp( / 2 )k x y x y σ= − − (12)
Whereσ is the kernel width and chosen by the user. For the purpose of diminishing the coexisting
over-fitting and under-fitting loss in support vector classification using Gaussian RBF kernel, the
kernel width is needed to be adjusted, to some extent, the feature space distribution. The scaling
rule is that in dense regions the width will be narrowed (through some weights less than 1) and in
sparse regions the width will be expanded (through some weights more than 1) [20]. The
Weighted Gaussian RBF kernel is as follows:
2
( , ) exp( _ ( ) _ ( ) )k x y weight x weight y x yλ λ λ= − × × × − (13)
Where _ weightλ is a variable changing in a very small range around 1.
3.8 Segmentation Performance Evaluation
The performance result of segmentation is evaluated by computation of segmentation accuracy.
The segmentation accuracy is calculated as the direct ratio of the number of tumor pixels
common for ground truth and the output of the segmented tumor to the total ground truth tumor
pixels. The ground truth is indicated from the boundary drawings of the radiologist. segmentation
accuracy and segmentation error are as fallows:
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32
Segmentation accuracy = (no. of pixels matche / total no. of tumor
pixels in ground truth) 100×
(14)
3.9 Classification Performance Evaluation
In order to compare the classification results, classifiers performances were evaluated using round
robin (10-fold cross-validation) method [21]. In this method, the total number of data is divided
into 10 subsets. In each step one subset is left out and the classifier is trained using the
remainders. Next, the classifier is applied to the left out subset to validate the analysis. This
process is iterated until each subset is left out once. For instance, in the n-sample images, the
round robin method trains the classifier using n − 1 samples and then applies the one remaining
sample as a test sample. Classification is iterated until all n samples have been applied once as a
test sample. The classifier’s accuracy is evaluated on the basis of error rate. This error rate is
defined by the terms true and false positive and true and false negative as follows:
/ ( ) 100sensetivity TP TP FN= + × (15)
/ ( ) 100specificity TN TN FP= + × (16)
( )/ ( )accuracy TP TN TP TN FP FN= + + + + (17)
Where TN is the number of benign tumors truly identified as negative, TP is the number of
malignant tumors truly identified as positive, FN, malignant tumors falsely identified as negative
and FP, benign tumors falsely identified as positive. Sensitivity is the ability of the method to
recognize malignant tumors. Specificity is the ability of the method to recognize benign tumors.
Accuracy is the proportion of correctly identified tumors from the total number of tumors.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed method is applied to real brain CT images. The data set consists of volume CT data
of 20 patients (10-benign, 10- malignant).Number of slices varies across the patient’s 4-6 benign
slices and 4-6 malignant slices. In total there were 100 slices(50-benign, 50- malignant).All
images were with a dimension of 512 × 512, gray scale and in DICOM format. The proposed
algorithm is implemented in Matlab 2014b.
Result of an input real CT image and the segmented tumor image using SVM classifier is
represented in Figure2.
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Figure 2. Input CT image and segmented tumor using SVM classifier
The quantitative results in terms of performance measures such as segmentation accuracy and
segmentation error for real data of 50 benign slices of 10 patients (5 slices for each patient) and
50 malignant slices of 10 patients(5 slices for each patient), are calculated and tabulated in Table
1.
Table 1. Segmentaion Accuracy of 10 Patients with 100 Slices
Patients Malignant slices (50) Benign slices (50)
Segmentation accuracy
1 88.85 89.83
2 89.09 88.98
3 87.89 88.72
4 88.87 87.98
5 89.79 89.65
6 89.86 87.98
7 88.98 87.86
8 88.79 89.65
9 89.78 88.94
10 89.92 88.57
average accuracy 89.182 88.816
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Tumor image wavelet decomposition in two levels can be observed in Figure 3. First row (L1)
presents the images in first level of decomposition and second row (L2) shows images in second
level of decomposition.
Figure 3. Wavelet Decomposition of Segmented Tumor in two levels
17 features are extracted from the wavelet approximation tumor image of each slice that 6 of
them are selected by means of Student’s t-test. The best textural features selected are long-run
low-gray-level emphasis (LLGE), long-run high-gray-level emphasis(LHGE), energy, contrast,
variance and inverse difference moment (IDM). The feature selection outcome is consistent with
the knowledge of radiologist. For instance, feature variance computes the heterogeneity of a CT
slice and LHGE captures the heterogeneous nature of the texture feature. According to
radiologist, it can be inferred from the presence of heterogeneity that an abnormal slice is
malignant. Feature IDM measures the homogeneity of a slice and feature LLGE demonstrate the
homogeneous nature of the texture feature. Conforming to radiologist, the existence of
homogeneity indicates that an abnormal slice is benign. These six features are given as inputs to
the K-NN, SVM and WSM classifiers.
The performance of classifiers is evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation method and tabulated
in Table2.
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Table 2. Classifier Performances Comparison
Classification accuracy effectiveness is measured by sensitivity and specificity. Compared to K-
NN and SVM with the classification accuracy of 74% and 76% respectively, WSVM performed
better with the accuracy of 77%.The stated results of the comparison of three classifier
performances are represented using a bar graph as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Classifiers Performance Evaluation
5. CONCLUSION
The work in this research involved using SVM with kernel function to classify Brain tumor CT
images into benign and malignant. From the experimental results, it is inferred that the best
classification performance is achieved using the WSVM. Furthermore, these results show that the
proposed method is effective and efficient in predicting malignant and benign tumors from brain
CT images. For future work, the proposed method can be applied to other types of imaging such
as MRI and even can be used for segmentation and classification of tumors in other parts of body.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge Shiraz Chamran hospital for providing the original brain tumor
images in DICOM format.
WSVMSVMK-NNclassifier
78%77%76%sensitivity
76%75%72%specificity
77%76%74%accuracy
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36
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AUTHORS
Dr. Hamed Agahi, has obtained his doctoral degree from Tehran University, Iran. He
has 4 years of teaching experience. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor
and the head of researchers and elite club in Shiraz Azad University, Iran. He has
published many papers in scientific journals and conference proceedings. His research
interests include pattern recognition, image processing, signal processing and machine
vision and applications.
Kimia Rezaei received her Bachelor degree from Fasa Azad University, Iran, and the
Master degree in telecommunications engineering from Shiraz Azad University, Iran.
She has published one paper in national conference in Iran. She is currently working
as Telecommunicatons Engineer in Sahand Telecommunication company in Iran. Her
research interest is focused on pattern recognition and Image processing related
research programs targeted for practical applications.