This document discusses malaria, including its definition, causes, transmission, life cycle, signs and symptoms, high risk groups, investigations, treatment, nursing management, complications, and preventive measures. It addresses malaria as a major public health concern in Zambia, especially among pregnant women and children under 5. The document aims to help students understand and manage patients with malaria.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite transmitted through mosquito bites. The most common cause in Ghana is Plasmodium falciparum, which has an incubation period of 10-15 days. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, blood cell count and examining blood films for parasites. Nursing management focuses on psychological support, rest, nutrition, hygiene, medication administration and monitoring for complications. Prevention emphasizes reducing mosquito habitats and exposures through insecticide, bed nets and protective clothing.
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi infection. It has a typical 2-3 week fever and involves lymphoid tissues. Man is the only reservoir and infection spreads through contaminated food, water, or direct contact. Control involves identifying and treating cases and carriers, improving sanitation, and immunizing at-risk groups. Both Vi polysaccharide and live attenuated Ty21a vaccines provide protection.
peuperal infection pdf for bsc nursing studentsMANJUPAUL7
Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the genital tract that occurs after delivery. It includes endometritis, endomyometritis, and endoparametritis. Predisposing factors include malnutrition, anemia, prolonged rupture of membranes, and operative deliveries. Common organisms include Doderlein's bacillus, Candida albicans, E. coli, Group A and B streptococci, and anaerobic bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, monitoring vital signs, and potentially surgery for complications like abscesses or retained tissue.
ENTERIC FEVER AND MALARIA.pptx pediatrics lectureAwais irshad
Typhoid fever, also called enteric fever, is caused by salmonella bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in places where few people carry the bacteria. It also is rare where water is treated to kill germs and where human waste disposal is managed
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It presents with a sustained fever for 2-3 weeks and can lead to serious complications involving the intestines or other organs if left untreated. Humans are the only reservoir, transmitting the bacteria through feces and urine. Controlling transmission requires identifying infected individuals and carriers, providing proper treatment, ensuring sanitary conditions for food and water, and implementing vaccination programs. Identifying and managing chronic carriers who can shed bacteria for many years remains a challenge to fully eliminating typhoid.
1. Dysentery is an intestinal infection characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhea containing blood or mucus. It is mainly caused by Shigella bacteria or Entamoeba histolytica protozoa.
2. Symptoms of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella include frequent, small bowel movements with blood and mucus while amoebic dysentery caused by E. histolytica presents with milder diarrhea that may contain blood.
3. Treatment involves rehydration, antibiotics to kill the causative organism, and preventing spread through proper hygiene and isolation techniques.
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause dehydration and nutritional deficiencies. It defines hyperemesis gravidarum as persistent, uncontrollable nausea and vomiting beyond 20 weeks of pregnancy. Risk factors include a family history, multiple pregnancies, and obesity. Treatment focuses on rehydration through IV fluids, antiemetics to control vomiting, and nutritional supplementation. Complications can include weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and in severe cases, retinal detachment or metabolic acidosis.
Severe malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum and can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. It is characterized by impaired consciousness, generalized convulsions, respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, abnormal bleeding, and hypoglycemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears or RDTs to detect the parasite. Treatment consists of intravenous artesunate or quinine along with antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and supportive care. Complications like cerebral malaria, renal failure, shock, and severe anemia also require specific management to prevent high mortality rates.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite transmitted through mosquito bites. The most common cause in Ghana is Plasmodium falciparum, which has an incubation period of 10-15 days. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, blood cell count and examining blood films for parasites. Nursing management focuses on psychological support, rest, nutrition, hygiene, medication administration and monitoring for complications. Prevention emphasizes reducing mosquito habitats and exposures through insecticide, bed nets and protective clothing.
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi infection. It has a typical 2-3 week fever and involves lymphoid tissues. Man is the only reservoir and infection spreads through contaminated food, water, or direct contact. Control involves identifying and treating cases and carriers, improving sanitation, and immunizing at-risk groups. Both Vi polysaccharide and live attenuated Ty21a vaccines provide protection.
peuperal infection pdf for bsc nursing studentsMANJUPAUL7
Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the genital tract that occurs after delivery. It includes endometritis, endomyometritis, and endoparametritis. Predisposing factors include malnutrition, anemia, prolonged rupture of membranes, and operative deliveries. Common organisms include Doderlein's bacillus, Candida albicans, E. coli, Group A and B streptococci, and anaerobic bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, monitoring vital signs, and potentially surgery for complications like abscesses or retained tissue.
ENTERIC FEVER AND MALARIA.pptx pediatrics lectureAwais irshad
Typhoid fever, also called enteric fever, is caused by salmonella bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in places where few people carry the bacteria. It also is rare where water is treated to kill germs and where human waste disposal is managed
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It presents with a sustained fever for 2-3 weeks and can lead to serious complications involving the intestines or other organs if left untreated. Humans are the only reservoir, transmitting the bacteria through feces and urine. Controlling transmission requires identifying infected individuals and carriers, providing proper treatment, ensuring sanitary conditions for food and water, and implementing vaccination programs. Identifying and managing chronic carriers who can shed bacteria for many years remains a challenge to fully eliminating typhoid.
1. Dysentery is an intestinal infection characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhea containing blood or mucus. It is mainly caused by Shigella bacteria or Entamoeba histolytica protozoa.
2. Symptoms of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella include frequent, small bowel movements with blood and mucus while amoebic dysentery caused by E. histolytica presents with milder diarrhea that may contain blood.
3. Treatment involves rehydration, antibiotics to kill the causative organism, and preventing spread through proper hygiene and isolation techniques.
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause dehydration and nutritional deficiencies. It defines hyperemesis gravidarum as persistent, uncontrollable nausea and vomiting beyond 20 weeks of pregnancy. Risk factors include a family history, multiple pregnancies, and obesity. Treatment focuses on rehydration through IV fluids, antiemetics to control vomiting, and nutritional supplementation. Complications can include weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and in severe cases, retinal detachment or metabolic acidosis.
Severe malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum and can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. It is characterized by impaired consciousness, generalized convulsions, respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, abnormal bleeding, and hypoglycemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears or RDTs to detect the parasite. Treatment consists of intravenous artesunate or quinine along with antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and supportive care. Complications like cerebral malaria, renal failure, shock, and severe anemia also require specific management to prevent high mortality rates.
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route by ingesting food or water contaminated by the feces or urine of infected individuals. Clinical features include a sustained high fever over 2-3 weeks along with relative bradycardia and abdominal tenderness. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood or stool cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones. Control relies on identifying and treating carriers, improving sanitation and access to clean water, and administering vaccines to at-risk populations.
- Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes a high fever that lasts 2-3 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Chronic carriers who continue to shed the bacteria in their feces or urine can spread typhoid for many years and are difficult to treat. Proper sanitation, water treatment, handwashing, and vaccination programs are needed to control typhoid outbreaks.
- Two vaccines are available - the Vi polysaccharide vaccine given as a single dose to individuals over 2, and the live attenuated Ty21a vaccine given orally in 3 doses over a week to individuals over 5. Vaccination provides protection for 3 years against
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It is characterized by a continuous fever for 2-3 weeks and involvement of lymphoid tissues. Humans are the only reservoir, transmitting the disease through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with feces or urine of infected individuals. Control involves identifying and treating cases and carriers, improving sanitation and water quality, and vaccinating at-risk populations.
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes symptoms like sustained fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The disease is most common in developing nations with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 2 weeks. Vaccines provide some protection for travelers to endemic areas but immunity is not lifelong. Chronic carriers can harbor the bacteria and require long-term treatment.
This document provides information about typhoid fever, including its pathogenesis, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, management, and a case presentation. Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria and spreads through the fecal-oral route. It commonly presents with fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Treatment involves antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and supportive care. A case is presented of a 30-year-old male trader diagnosed with typhoid fever based on symptoms and a positive widal test who was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and paracetamol.
The GDG stresses that the four-visit focused ANC (FANC) model does not offer women adequate contact with health-care practitioners and is no longer recommended. With the FANC model, the first ANC visit occurs before 12 weeks of pregnancy, the second around 26 weeks, the third around 32 weeks, and the fourth between 36 and 38 weeks of gestation
Acute diarrhea in children is defined as watery stools occurring more than 3 times per day lasting less than 2 weeks. It is a major cause of death in children under 5 worldwide. Risk factors include poor sanitation and hygiene. Etiologies include viral (e.g. rotavirus), bacterial (e.g. E. coli), and parasitic (e.g. Giardia) infections. Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and treating complications like dehydration. Prevention strategies incorporate vaccination, breastfeeding, clean water/food, and handwashing.
pelvic inflammatory disease is the infectious disease in the female upper genital organ and its causes discomfort to the patient and knowledge of this ppt can help the patients and nurses to know the disease process well and can apply this knowledge into their clinical practices
Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium.pdfChantal Settley
Diagnose and manage cystitis.
Reduce the incidence of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage anaemia during pregnancy.
Identify patients who may possibly have heart valve disease.
Manage a patient with heart valve disease during labour and the puerperium.
Manage a patient with diabetes mellitus.
Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria and spreads through contaminated food or water. It causes a sustained fever and can lead to serious complications without treatment. The bacteria infect the intestines and spreads through the lymphatic system. Symptoms progress over weeks from fever to abdominal pain and possible rash. Untreated it can lead to intestinal bleeding or perforation. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures and serologic tests. Treatment is with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 2 weeks. Hospitalization may be needed for serious cases or complications. With proper treatment, mortality is less than 1% but resistant strains are a global concern.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Preterm Labor HandoutsReynel Dan
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a condition of unremitting nausea and vomiting that persists after the first trimester of pregnancy. It commonly affects women with high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin. Medical management focuses on correcting electrolyte imbalances, maintaining nutrition, and administering antiemetics. Nursing priorities include monitoring for dehydration and nutritional deficiencies and providing emotional support and education.
Premature labor is the onset of contractions before 37 weeks of gestation. It can lead to neonatal complications and death. Assessment focuses on risk factors for preterm birth. Management includes bed rest, hydration, tocolytic drugs, and glucocorticoids to enhance lung maturity
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection found in tropical and subtropical regions. It causes symptoms like fever, headache, and rashes. While most cases are mild, it can develop into a severe form with complications like bleeding, shock, and organ impairment. There is no specific treatment, only supportive care. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito populations and avoiding bites.
This document provides information on arthropod vector borne diseases. It discusses key topics such as the definition of arthropods and vectors. It also outlines the different modes of disease transmission by vectors including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and various types of biological transmission. Several important vector-borne diseases are described in detail, including the vectors that transmit them, their signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Diseases covered include malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, and more.
This document provides an overview of malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites and is a major public health problem in Kenya. Plasmodium falciparum causes most cases and severe disease.
- Clinical manifestations range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe complications like cerebral malaria, respiratory distress, and low blood counts. Diagnosis involves microscopy or rapid tests to detect the parasite.
- Treatment depends on disease severity. Uncomplicated cases are treated orally with artemether-lumefantrine as first line or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine as second line. Severe malaria requires parenteral artesunate
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of vomiting during pregnancy. It defines hyperemesis gravidarum as excessive vomiting that negatively impacts a pregnant woman's health and daily activities. Risk factors include young or older age, being pregnant with multiples, obesity, and unwanted pregnancy. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, antiemetic drugs, and nutritional supplementation. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for signs of improvement and complications while encouraging small, frequent meals once vomiting is controlled.
This document provides an overview of pediatric acute gastroenteritis. It defines gastroenteritis as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The primary causes are damage to intestinal villi or release of toxins. Clinical features include nausea, diarrhea, fever and dehydration. Dehydration is assessed and treated with oral rehydration solution given orally or intravenously depending on severity. While antibiotics are generally not needed due to most cases being viral, they may be given in severe cases. Probiotics and zinc supplementation can shorten duration of diarrhea. Vaccines and handwashing help prevent gastroenteritis. Complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and hemolytic uremic syndrome
unit 5 Tissue Healing and Repair notes.pptmulenga22
1) Tissue repair involves proliferation of cells from remnants of injured tissue, blood vessels, and fibroblasts to form new tissue.
2) Repair can occur through regeneration of cells or through connective tissue replacement involving scar formation.
3) The extracellular matrix is essential for repair, providing structure and signaling molecules to support cell growth and tissue organization.
SCAR FORMATION AND TISSUE REPAIR notes.pptxmulenga22
There are two main types of tissue repair - regeneration and scar formation. Scar formation is a sequential process involving angiogenesis, fibroblast activation and migration, deposition of connective tissue, and remodeling of the scar over time. Factors like infection, steroids, poor perfusion, and foreign bodies can influence the quality of tissue repair. There are also two types of wound healing - healing by first intention which involves minimal scarring, and healing by second intention which involves more extensive tissue loss and granulation tissue formation leading to a larger scar.
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route by ingesting food or water contaminated by the feces or urine of infected individuals. Clinical features include a sustained high fever over 2-3 weeks along with relative bradycardia and abdominal tenderness. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood or stool cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones. Control relies on identifying and treating carriers, improving sanitation and access to clean water, and administering vaccines to at-risk populations.
- Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes a high fever that lasts 2-3 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Chronic carriers who continue to shed the bacteria in their feces or urine can spread typhoid for many years and are difficult to treat. Proper sanitation, water treatment, handwashing, and vaccination programs are needed to control typhoid outbreaks.
- Two vaccines are available - the Vi polysaccharide vaccine given as a single dose to individuals over 2, and the live attenuated Ty21a vaccine given orally in 3 doses over a week to individuals over 5. Vaccination provides protection for 3 years against
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It is characterized by a continuous fever for 2-3 weeks and involvement of lymphoid tissues. Humans are the only reservoir, transmitting the disease through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with feces or urine of infected individuals. Control involves identifying and treating cases and carriers, improving sanitation and water quality, and vaccinating at-risk populations.
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes symptoms like sustained fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The disease is most common in developing nations with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 2 weeks. Vaccines provide some protection for travelers to endemic areas but immunity is not lifelong. Chronic carriers can harbor the bacteria and require long-term treatment.
This document provides information about typhoid fever, including its pathogenesis, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, management, and a case presentation. Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria and spreads through the fecal-oral route. It commonly presents with fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Treatment involves antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and supportive care. A case is presented of a 30-year-old male trader diagnosed with typhoid fever based on symptoms and a positive widal test who was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and paracetamol.
The GDG stresses that the four-visit focused ANC (FANC) model does not offer women adequate contact with health-care practitioners and is no longer recommended. With the FANC model, the first ANC visit occurs before 12 weeks of pregnancy, the second around 26 weeks, the third around 32 weeks, and the fourth between 36 and 38 weeks of gestation
Acute diarrhea in children is defined as watery stools occurring more than 3 times per day lasting less than 2 weeks. It is a major cause of death in children under 5 worldwide. Risk factors include poor sanitation and hygiene. Etiologies include viral (e.g. rotavirus), bacterial (e.g. E. coli), and parasitic (e.g. Giardia) infections. Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and treating complications like dehydration. Prevention strategies incorporate vaccination, breastfeeding, clean water/food, and handwashing.
pelvic inflammatory disease is the infectious disease in the female upper genital organ and its causes discomfort to the patient and knowledge of this ppt can help the patients and nurses to know the disease process well and can apply this knowledge into their clinical practices
Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium.pdfChantal Settley
Diagnose and manage cystitis.
Reduce the incidence of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage anaemia during pregnancy.
Identify patients who may possibly have heart valve disease.
Manage a patient with heart valve disease during labour and the puerperium.
Manage a patient with diabetes mellitus.
Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria and spreads through contaminated food or water. It causes a sustained fever and can lead to serious complications without treatment. The bacteria infect the intestines and spreads through the lymphatic system. Symptoms progress over weeks from fever to abdominal pain and possible rash. Untreated it can lead to intestinal bleeding or perforation. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures and serologic tests. Treatment is with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 2 weeks. Hospitalization may be needed for serious cases or complications. With proper treatment, mortality is less than 1% but resistant strains are a global concern.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Preterm Labor HandoutsReynel Dan
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a condition of unremitting nausea and vomiting that persists after the first trimester of pregnancy. It commonly affects women with high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin. Medical management focuses on correcting electrolyte imbalances, maintaining nutrition, and administering antiemetics. Nursing priorities include monitoring for dehydration and nutritional deficiencies and providing emotional support and education.
Premature labor is the onset of contractions before 37 weeks of gestation. It can lead to neonatal complications and death. Assessment focuses on risk factors for preterm birth. Management includes bed rest, hydration, tocolytic drugs, and glucocorticoids to enhance lung maturity
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection found in tropical and subtropical regions. It causes symptoms like fever, headache, and rashes. While most cases are mild, it can develop into a severe form with complications like bleeding, shock, and organ impairment. There is no specific treatment, only supportive care. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito populations and avoiding bites.
This document provides information on arthropod vector borne diseases. It discusses key topics such as the definition of arthropods and vectors. It also outlines the different modes of disease transmission by vectors including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and various types of biological transmission. Several important vector-borne diseases are described in detail, including the vectors that transmit them, their signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Diseases covered include malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, and more.
This document provides an overview of malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites and is a major public health problem in Kenya. Plasmodium falciparum causes most cases and severe disease.
- Clinical manifestations range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe complications like cerebral malaria, respiratory distress, and low blood counts. Diagnosis involves microscopy or rapid tests to detect the parasite.
- Treatment depends on disease severity. Uncomplicated cases are treated orally with artemether-lumefantrine as first line or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine as second line. Severe malaria requires parenteral artesunate
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of vomiting during pregnancy. It defines hyperemesis gravidarum as excessive vomiting that negatively impacts a pregnant woman's health and daily activities. Risk factors include young or older age, being pregnant with multiples, obesity, and unwanted pregnancy. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, antiemetic drugs, and nutritional supplementation. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for signs of improvement and complications while encouraging small, frequent meals once vomiting is controlled.
This document provides an overview of pediatric acute gastroenteritis. It defines gastroenteritis as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The primary causes are damage to intestinal villi or release of toxins. Clinical features include nausea, diarrhea, fever and dehydration. Dehydration is assessed and treated with oral rehydration solution given orally or intravenously depending on severity. While antibiotics are generally not needed due to most cases being viral, they may be given in severe cases. Probiotics and zinc supplementation can shorten duration of diarrhea. Vaccines and handwashing help prevent gastroenteritis. Complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and hemolytic uremic syndrome
unit 5 Tissue Healing and Repair notes.pptmulenga22
1) Tissue repair involves proliferation of cells from remnants of injured tissue, blood vessels, and fibroblasts to form new tissue.
2) Repair can occur through regeneration of cells or through connective tissue replacement involving scar formation.
3) The extracellular matrix is essential for repair, providing structure and signaling molecules to support cell growth and tissue organization.
SCAR FORMATION AND TISSUE REPAIR notes.pptxmulenga22
There are two main types of tissue repair - regeneration and scar formation. Scar formation is a sequential process involving angiogenesis, fibroblast activation and migration, deposition of connective tissue, and remodeling of the scar over time. Factors like infection, steroids, poor perfusion, and foreign bodies can influence the quality of tissue repair. There are also two types of wound healing - healing by first intention which involves minimal scarring, and healing by second intention which involves more extensive tissue loss and granulation tissue formation leading to a larger scar.
7394415-Lymphocyte-Development power pointmulenga22
Lymphocytes develop through distinct stages in the bone marrow and thymus. B cells progress from pro-B cells to pre-B cells as they rearrange immunoglobulin genes and express a B cell receptor. In the thymus, T cell progenitors develop from double negative to double positive cells as they rearrange and express a functional T cell receptor. Both B and T cells undergo positive and negative selection to ensure tolerance to self-antigens before activation and differentiation upon antigen recognition in lymphoid tissues. Genetic defects can disrupt specific stages of lymphocyte development.
5.ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (1).pptxmulenga22
Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to antigens. They have two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The variable regions at the tips of the Y allow antibodies to bind to specific antigens, while the constant regions define the antibody's class. There are five antibody classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) that have different structures and functions such as activating complement or binding to mast cells. Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone and have identical specificity, unlike polyclonal antibodies from multiple clones.
The adaptive immune system provides tailored and specific responses to pathogens through lymphocytes like T and B cells. It overcomes limitations of innate immunity by being non-specific, having poor regulation and amplification, and lacking self-discrimination. The adaptive response recognizes specific antigens through antigen receptors on lymphocytes. This leads to clonal expansion of effector and memory cells that provide rapid responses upon re-exposure. Adaptive immunity involves cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by antibody-producing B cells. It provides immunological memory for long-term protection against pathogens.
2.innate and adaptive immunity power pointmulenga22
This document provides an overview of the immune system and immunology. It begins with acknowledging universities that contributed to the field. Chapter 1 defines key terms like immunity and immunology. It describes the innate and adaptive immune systems, and their components. The history of immunology is reviewed, from ancient practices like variolation to major scientific discoveries. Innate immunity is described in more detail, including external barriers like skin and internal responses like phagocytosis. Acute phase reactants that contribute to innate responses are also outlined.
The document discusses the roles of various stakeholders in improving food and nutrition security through mobilization and consultation. It identifies stakeholders like schools, parents, community leaders, development agencies, religious leaders, and different types of extension workers. It provides examples of how each stakeholder can contribute to promoting better farming techniques, education, access to resources, and healthy behaviors to increase food security. Stakeholder consultation is important as it increases accountability, assesses policy support/opposition, and empowers communities.
1. Mounting media are used to hold specimens in place between a slide and coverslip for viewing under a microscope.
2. There are two main types - aqueous media for unstained or special stained specimens, and resinous media for routinely stained specimens.
3. An ideal mounting medium has a high refractive index similar to the specimen, dries without cracking or fading stains, and hardens the slide.
Here are the steps to calculate your daily protein needs:
1. What is your current weight in pounds? Let's say 150 lbs
2. What is your current activity level?
- Sedentary (no regular exercise): 0.5-0.7g protein/lb
- Active (exercise 3x/week): 0.8-1g protein/lb
- Very active (exercise most days): 1-1.5g protein/lb
3. What is your desired outcome from eating more protein?
- General health: 0.5-0.7g protein/lb
- Muscle gain/fat loss: 1-1.5g protein/lb
4
This document discusses various laboratory techniques for diagnosing parasitic infections through direct examination and immunological and molecular methods. Direct examination involves examining samples like urine, stool, sputum, biopsies and aspirates microscopically for parasites, eggs or larvae. Concentration techniques are used when infections are light. Serological tests detect antibodies against parasites and are useful when direct detection is not possible. Molecular techniques like PCR and DNA probes allow sensitive detection of parasites. Together, these approaches allow confirmation of suspected parasitic infections.
Gout is a metabolic disease caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. It results in painful inflammation of the joints, most commonly the big toe. Gout occurs when uric acid crystallizes and deposits in cartilage and surrounding tissues. Risk factors include genetics, diet high in purine-rich foods, alcohol consumption, and impaired excretion of uric acid. Treatment focuses on pain relief, reducing inflammation, immobilizing affected joints, and maintaining normal uric acid levels long-term through lifestyle changes and medication.
Water has unique properties due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds give water high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, allowing it to regulate temperatures. Water's cohesion and polarity allow it to dissolve other polar molecules and transport nutrients through plants and animals. The hydrogen bonding of water is essential for biological processes like metabolism, photosynthesis, and maintaining cellular structures.
People who are malnourished are more vulnerable to tuberculosis due to decreased immunity. A healthy diet can aid recovery and have long term benefits. It is recommended to increase intake of vitamins B, A, C, E and minerals like selenium and zinc through foods like leafy greens, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, eggs, fish and nuts. Refined foods, saturated and trans fats, tobacco, alcohol and excessive caffeine should be limited or avoided.
This document provides guidance on general laboratory safety. It discusses proper handling and storage of chemicals, reading and understanding chemical labels and Material Safety Data Sheets, use of protective equipment, emergency procedures, and maintaining a safe work environment. Chemical hygiene plans and codes of ethics for laboratory workers are also summarized to promote safety.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
- DM results from defects in insulin production/action leading to hyperglycemia.
- The prevalence of DM in Nepal is approximately 3.6% overall, higher in urban vs. rural areas.
- The main types of DM are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment methods including diet, exercise, medications, education and potential acute/chronic complications are outlined.
Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose residues stored in granules. Glycogen synthesis involves the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to glycogen chains via glycogen synthase. Branching occurs every 8-12 residues via a branching enzyme. Glycogenesis is regulated by substrate availability and hormones like glucagon and insulin, which activate or inhibit glycogen synthase.
This document discusses different types of vesicle transport in cells, including exocytosis and endocytosis. It provides details on:
- Exocytosis, which is the process by which cells export molecules like proteins and waste products via vesicles fusing with the cell membrane.
- Endocytosis, which is the uptake of molecules into cells via vesicles budding inward from the cell membrane. There are three main types: receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis.
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves specific molecules binding to cell surface receptors and being taken into the cell within clathrin-coated vesicles. It describes the multi-step process and role of the protein clathrin.
-
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. It consists of an energy-requiring phase where glucose is rearranged and two phosphate groups are attached, followed by an energy-releasing phase where each rearranged sugar molecule is converted to pyruvate. Overall, glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, producing two ATP, two NADH, and leaving the cell with energy to perform work.
This document discusses vitamins and minerals that are essential nutrients for livestock. It describes the functions, deficiency signs, and sources of various vitamins like A, D, E, K, B1, B2, and minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts that cannot be synthesized by the body, while minerals are inorganic nutrients also required in small amounts. The document separates vitamins and minerals into different classes based on whether they are fat soluble, water soluble, macro or micro.
Liver cirrhosis is a condition characterized by scarring of the liver that can impair its function. Following a liver cirrhosis diet focused on nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and lean proteins can help patients get needed nutrients, prevent further liver damage, and avoid complications. The diet should provide enough calories and high-quality protein while limiting unhealthy fats, sodium, and alcohol, as these can worsen liver function. Tailoring the diet to individual needs with a doctor or dietitian's guidance is important for optimal management of cirrhosis.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Malaria is a major public health concern in
Zambia, especially among the pregnant
women and children under the age of five
years. It is a leading cause of morbidity and
mortality in Zambia.
• It accounts for 36.7% of all OPD attendances
in Zambia, with 10% pregnant women, 49% of
under five OPD cases attributed to malaria.
(MoH 2009)
3. INTRODUCTION CONT’
• Malaria is also a major cause of admission to
health facilities in Zambia today with an
average of 62.1% of in-patient cases (MoH
2009).
4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the lecture/discussion, the
students should be able to demonstrate an
understanding of malaria and be able to
manage a patient with malaria .
5. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• Define malaria.
• State the causes of malaria.
• State the mode of transmission.
• State the signs and symptoms of malaria.
6. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONT’
• State the treatment for malaria.
• Describe the nursing management of a patient
with malaria.
• State the complications of malaria.
• State the preventive measures of malaria.
7. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Merozoite: The form of malaria parasite that
invades the red blood cells .
• Schizont: The mature form of the malaria
parasite within the red blood cells that
ruptures and releases the merozoites.
• Sporozoites: Infectiously actively moving form
of the malaria parasite which is injected into
the human host.
8. DEFINITION OF TERMS CONT’
• Oocyst: A stage of the parasite within the
mosquito which is produced when the male
and female gametes fuse.
• Ookinete: The actively moving zygote of the
malaria organism that penetrates the
mosquito stomach to form an oocyst under
the outer gut lining.
• Trophozoite: The ring stage.
9. DEFINITION OF TERMS CONT’
• Sporogony: is the sexual phase in the life cycle
taking place in the mosquito.
10. DEFINITION OF MALARIA
• Malaria is protozoa infection caused by a
genus plasmodium species that is transmitted
by an infected anopheles mosquito,
characterized by regular cycles of chills and
fever. (Cook C.G & Zumla A.I 2003)
11. CAUSES
• The four species of plasmodium are:
• Ovale
• Malariae
• Falciparum
• Vivax
12. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• A bite from a blood feeding female infected
anopheles mosquito.
• Blood transfusion of infected donor blood.
• Trans-placental from mother to fetus.
13. LIFE CYCLE
HUMAN HOST
• During a blood meal, a malaria infected
female Anopheles mosquito inoculates
sporozoites into a human host.
• The sporozoites infect liver cells and mature
into schizonts.
14. LIFE CYCLE CONT’
• After 1-2 weeks the schizont rupture releasing
thousands of merozoites into the circulation.
• The merozoites penetrate RBC where they
transform into ring forms.
• These enlarge to become trophozoites.
• Some merozoites develop into male and
female gametes.
15. LIFE CYCLE CONT’
MOSQUITO
• The gametes are ingested by the mosquito.
• The male and female gametes fuse(zygote-
Oocyst in the stomach wall of the mosquito.
• Sporozoites form in the Oocyst.
• The Oocyst ruptures and the sporozoites reach
the salivary glands of the mosquito.
16. LIFE CYCLE CONT’
• At this point if the mosquito bites another
human, the sporozoites will be injected into
that person.
19. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CONT’
MODERATELY SEVERE MALARIA
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Dehydration
• Extreme weakness
20. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CONT’
SEVERE AND COMPLICATED MALARIA
• Severe anemia
• Jaundice
• Drowsiness and lethargy
• Shock
• Respiratory distress
• Unconscious or coma
• Hepatosplenomegally
21. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CONT’
CHILDREN’S GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Poor appetite
• Restlessness
• Cough
• Diarrhoea
• Loss of interest in the surrounding
22. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CONT’
Cold stage
• It is characterized by
• shivering
• Intense feeling of cold.
• lips and fingers are cyanotic, dry and pale
• In children there may be seizures.
23. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CONT’
Hot stage
• Patient feels very hot
• Intense headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
24. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CONT’
Sweating stage
• This stage lasts about 2-4 hours and it is
characterized by
• Profuse sweating
• Temperature falls rapidly below normal
25. INVESTIGATIONS
• medical history
• Rapid diagnostic test
• Blood slide for malaria parasite
• However malaria may be present even when
the microscopy result is negative.
27. TREATMENT
• FIRST LINE OF UNCOMPICATED MALARIA
1. Artemisin
• Artemether 20mgs +Lumefantrine 120 mgs
• Children 5-14kgs – One tablet stat, then 1
tablet after 8hours then 12 hourly for 2days.
28. TREATMENT CONT’
• 35kg and above – Four tablets per dose as
above.
SIDE EFFECTS
• Dizziness
• Palpitation
29. TREATMENT CONT’
2.Sulphadoxine 500mg+ Pyrimethamine 25mg
(SP)
• This is the first line medicine for the treatment
of uncomplicated malaria in children below
5kg.
• It is also recommended for Intermittent
Presumptive treatment in pregnancy.
30. TREATMENT CONT’
• 3 tablets of Sulphadoxine + Pyrimethamine
are given after 16 weeks following LMP.
• Two more doses are given at least 4 weeks
apart during the second and third trimester.
• A total of 3 doses should be given during the
entire duration of pregnancy.
32. TREATMENT CONT’
SEVERE MALARIA
1. ARTESUNATE INJ
DOSE
• 2.4mg/kg body weight IV or IM given on
admission (time=0) then at 12 Hours and 24
Hours, then once a day.
SIDE EFFECTS
• Anorexia
• Dizziness
33. TREATMENT CONT’
2. QUININE
DOSE
• By IV injection : loading dose of 20mg/kg body
weight (Max. 1200mg) diluted in 10ml/kg of
5% or 10% Dextrose ( or isotonic fluid if
hypoglycaemia is excluded) per kg body
weight by infusion over 4 hours.
• Then give a maintenance dose of 10mg/kg
over 4 hours.
36. NURSING MANAGEMENT
COLD STAGE
• Provide the patient with extra linen
• Offer a warm drink
• Close nearby windows
• Provide hot water bottle
• Monitor the temperature changes
37. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
HOT STAGE
• Reduce the number of bed linen.
• Provide cold drink.
• Open nearby windows.
• Use a fan if possible.
• Tepid spongy the patient to reduce
temperature.
• Administer the prescribed antipyretic.
38. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
SWEATING STAGE
• Provide a towel to wipe the sweat.
• Give a bath to promote comfort.
• Provide hydrotherapy.
• Change bed linen to promote comfort.
39. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
ENVIRONMENT
• This should suit the condition of the patient.
• Admit patient in acute bay if condition is
serious for easy observations.
• The environment must be conducive for
temperature regulation.
40. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
• The environment must also be equipped with
the necessary instruments and medical
equipment such as suction machine and
emergency trolley.
41. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
OBSEVATIONS
• Record vital signs 4hourly.
• Monitor fluid intake and output .
• Note the pallor, Jaundice and any other
complaint that the patient may present such
as headache.
42. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
NUTRITION
• Give the patient carbohydrates for
replenishing blood glucose levels.
• Proteins for repair of body tissues.
• Give foods rich in iron to promote
erythropoiesis.
•
43. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
• Maintenance of skin and mucous membrane
integrity.
• The meals must be well prepared and served
attractively to promote appetite.
44. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
HYGIENE
• Change the linen frequently to prevent
pressure ulcers.
• Oral care is done to prevent oral complications
and promote appetite by stimulating the taste
buds.
• Bath the patient, bed bath or plunge bath
depending on the patient’s condition.
45. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
PSYCHOLOGICAL CARE
• Explain the disease process to the patient and the
care taker to allay anxiety.
• Involve the patient and the care taker in the care.
• Allow patient and the care taker to ventilate their
concerns and attend to them appropriately.
• Explain all the procedures carried out to the
patient and care taker.
46. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
REST AND ACTIVITY
• Promote adequate rest by avoiding noise on
the ward to avoid irritating the patient
• Introduce exercises slowly as the patient
recovers from passive to active exercises, this
promotes early ambulation, patient self-
esteem in performing activities of daily living
and prevent bed redden complications like
bed sores or hypostatic pneumonia
47. NURSING MANAGEMENT CONT’
ELIMINATION
• The patient is at risk of renal failure, therefore
provide fluids to promote urination
• Provide a diet rich in fiber/roughage to
prevent constipation
• Offer a urinal or bedpan if patient is not
ambulant
• The patient may also need catheterization if
unconscious.
48. NURSING DIAGNOSES
• Hyperthermia related to the disease
characterized by a body temperature of more
than 37.5 degrees Celsius.
• Risk for fluid volume deficit related to active
fluid out put
• Risk for imbalanced body temperature related
to the disease.
49. NURSING DIAGNOSES CONT’
• Hypothermia related to the disease
characterized by having chills evidenced by a
body temperature below 36.5 degrees Celsius.
• Impaired circulation related to Anemia and
destruction of red blood cells needed for
delivery of oxygen and nutrients in the body.
51. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Long lasting insect side treated nets (ITNs).
• Intermittent presumptive treatment) in
pregnant women. (IPT)
• Indoor residual spray IDR.
• Cutting long grass
• Burying stagnant water
• Closing windows early.
• Wearing long sleeved clothes in the evening.
52. SUMMARY
• We have defined Malaria; we have looked at the
causes, the mode of transmission, the life cycle of
malaria, the signs and symptoms, the high risk
groups, and the investigations that are done to
confirm the diagnosis.
• We have also looked at the treatment, the
nursing management and nursing diagnoses of
malaria. We further looked at the complications
and preventive measures of malaria.
•
53. REFERENCES
• Cook G C & Zumla A.I (2003), Tropical
Diseases, 22nd edition, Elsevier ltd.
• Frazer M. D & Cooper M. A (2012) Myles
textbook for midwives, 14th edition.
• MoH, (2014), Guideline for the Treatment of
malaria In Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.