Making use of biodiversity
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Presentation about the topic "Making use of biodiversity". Used to teach A level Biology (IGCSE). Describes the characteristics of a plant cell and the main component of the cell wall (cellulose). Includes slides on water transport and link to videos.
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50 ch37planttransport2008
Transport in plants occurs through xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves using transpiration pull and negative pressure. Phloem transports sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant using bulk flow driven by positive pressure generated by active transport of sucrose into phloem cells. Gas exchange occurs through stomata in leaves for photosynthesis and respiration.
Endospore
Bacterial spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by certain bacteria under stressful conditions. They have a thick coat that allows them to survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxins, and radiation. There are two types of spore formation: endospores form inside the parent cell while exospores bud off externally. Endospores contain dipicolinic acid which makes them highly resistant. Germination occurs in three stages - activation by damage to the coat, initiation by effectors in a rich environment, and outgrowth involving degradation of spore layers and emergence of a new vegetative cell.
Anabaena
Anabaena is a filamentous blue-green algae that can exist planktonically or attach to aquatic organisms. It is found worldwide in fresh and salt water. Cells are prokaryotic and arranged in unbranched filaments. Specialized cells called heterocysts fix nitrogen and produce spores called akinetes for reproduction. Anabaena is economically important for nitrogen fixation in soil, symbiotic relationships, and reclaiming saline soils, though it can also cause harmful algal blooms and death of animals.
Stomatal function and cam photosynthesis
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Spores are a dormant, protective structure formed by certain bacteria during unfavorable environmental conditions. The spore contains the cell's genetic material surrounded by protective shells. This allows the bacteria to survive harsh conditions like heat, desiccation, and chemicals. When conditions improve, the spore can germinate into a vegetative cell. Common spore-forming bacteria include Bacillus and Clostridium species. The process of sporulation isolates the genetic material and builds protective layers, while germination degrades structures and allows outgrowth of a new vegetative cell. Spores play an important role in the survival and spread of diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium species.
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sporulation
This document summarizes the process of sporulation in microorganisms. It describes that spores form as a protective structure during unfavorable conditions and can survive without nutrients. There are two main types of spores - endospores, which form inside the cell, and exospores, which form on the surface. Spores have protective coats, cortex, germ cell wall, and a central core containing DNA. Sporulation is the process where a single cell forms an endospore or exospore, which can later germinate into a new cell under favorable conditions. Key factors like sigma factors regulate genes involved in sporulation and returning to the vegetative state.
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50 ch37planttransport2008
Transport in plants occurs through xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves using transpiration pull and negative pressure. Phloem transports sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant using bulk flow driven by positive pressure generated by active transport of sucrose into phloem cells. Gas exchange occurs through stomata in leaves for photosynthesis and respiration.
Endospore
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Anabaena
Anabaena is a filamentous blue-green algae that can exist planktonically or attach to aquatic organisms. It is found worldwide in fresh and salt water. Cells are prokaryotic and arranged in unbranched filaments. Specialized cells called heterocysts fix nitrogen and produce spores called akinetes for reproduction. Anabaena is economically important for nitrogen fixation in soil, symbiotic relationships, and reclaiming saline soils, though it can also cause harmful algal blooms and death of animals.
Stomatal function and cam photosynthesis
Stomata are pores in plant leaves that can open and close to regulate gas exchange. When open, CO2 can enter for photosynthesis but water vapor can also escape, potentially causing water loss. Most plants open stomata during the day to take in CO2 while risks of water loss are lower. Desert plants face high risks of dehydration if stomata open in the day. Some desert plants use CAM photosynthesis, opening stomata at night to take in and store CO2 as malic acid, then using the stored CO2 for photosynthesis during the day when stomata are closed to minimize water loss. However, limited storage space means CAM photosynthesis rates are lower than in C3 plants
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Endospore
Bacteria can produce several types of spores, including endospores, in response to adverse environmental conditions or the aging of the bacterial colony. Endospores form when part of the bacterial cell containing the nucleoid undergoes dehydration and separates, secreting a thick wall around the endospore primordium. The parent bacterial cell then undergoes autolysis, liberating the highly resistant endospore which can be dispersed by air currents and germinate into a new bacterium. Endospores are resistant to heat up to 100°C and toxic chemicals due to their thick wall, low water content, and presence of dipicolinic acid.
sporulation
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described all details about the bacterial spore and sporulation and shape and position of spore , structurre of bacterial spore.
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The document discusses bacterial spores, including their structure, formation through sporulation, and germination. It notes that spores form a protective structure that allows bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions. There are two types of spores - endospores form inside the cell while exospores form on the surface. Sporulation is triggered by starvation and takes 8-19 hours, concentrating the genetic material within protective coats. Germination occurs when conditions become favorable again and involves activation, initiation through effector recognition, and outgrowth of the new vegetative cell. Spore formation allows some bacteria to survive extreme environments.
Bacterial cytology endospore
Bacterial endospores are highly durable, dehydrated structures formed by certain Firmicutes bacteria during times of nutrient stress. Endospores are formed inside the mother cell and consist of multiple protective layers, including an impermeable cortex and core containing dipicolinic acid and small acid-soluble proteins. This specialized structure allows endospores to survive extreme environmental conditions until nutrients become available again to trigger germination. Important pathogens like Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis are able to form resistant endospores, posing challenges for food safety and medicine.
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Plants obtain oxygen through their leaves for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Gases diffuse into the intercellular spaces of leaves through pores called stomata, located on the underside of leaves. The stomata open and close via changes in turgor pressure of guard cells surrounding each stoma, regulating gas exchange. When guard cells are turgid from water uptake, stomata open to allow gas diffusion; loss of water deturgidizes guard cells and closes the stomata.
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- Bacterial spores are dormant, highly resistant forms of bacteria that form in response to starvation or stress.
- Important spore-forming genera include Bacillus and Clostridium, which include pathogenic species.
- Spores have a protective multilayer structure and properties like low water content that make them highly resistant to heat, chemicals, radiation, and desiccation.
- Spores can germinate into active vegetative cells in response to certain nutrients after a triggering process called activation.
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This document describes the genus Anabaena and Nostoc, which are types of cyanobacteria. Anabaena is known for its intercalary heterocysts and isolated filaments. It is filamentous with occasional heterocysts and akinetes may form. Nostoc forms spherical colonies of filaments embedded in a gelatinous substance. Both genera reproduce through fragmentation and have a wide range of habitats from freshwater to marine environments with varying temperatures and salinities.
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holds the promise for an accurate and non-invasive approach to
assess minimum residual disease as well as treatment
response in the future. However, as ctDNA often makes up only
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coverage.
Here we present a novel research method that is capable of
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requires as little as 20 ng of input DNA and offers a sample-toanswer
turn-around time in under 24 hours. To support the
analysis of this new approach, we have further developed a
novel Bayesian statistics that models the propagation of
potential artifacts introduced during amplification and sampling
effects during sequencing to differentiate false positives
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input DNA) from true mutations that were present at very low
levels in the original research sample.
We successfully applied this new method to detect spike-in
mutant DNA in both cell line (Coriell GM24385) and cfDNA
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Plants obtain oxygen through their leaves for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Gases diffuse into the intercellular spaces of leaves through pores called stomata, located on the underside of leaves. The stomata open and close via changes in turgor pressure of guard cells surrounding each stoma, regulating gas exchange. When guard cells are turgid from water uptake, stomata open to allow gas diffusion; loss of water deturgidizes guard cells and closes the stomata.
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- Bacterial spores are dormant, highly resistant forms of bacteria that form in response to starvation or stress.
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Actinomycetes
Thermophiles
Morphology of Bacteria
Cell wall
Peptidoglycan
Murein
NAG protein in cell wall
Flagella
Plasmids
JSS AHER, Mauritius
Indian Institute
Student notes
Lecture notes
Drawing of bacteria
Types of bacteria
Hugo and Russell's pharmaceutical microbiology book
Bachelor in Pharmacy
MBBS
Medicine
Healthcare
Pharmacy
Cytoplasm
Nucleoids
Inclusion bodies
Glycocalyx
Pathogens
Motility
Cyanobacteria lecture
1) Cyanobacteria were the first algae and dominated as biogenic reefs from 3.5 billion years ago during the Proterozoic era.
2) They were the first organisms to evolve with two photosystems and produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which was important for the evolution of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere.
3) Cyanobacteria can fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through nitrogen fixation, which is important because nitrogen is necessary for life but atmospheric nitrogen is difficult for most organisms to use.
Cyanobacteria
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
Algae
Algae range in size from microscopic to over 700 feet long. They are photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae reproduce both sexually and asexually and are classified into phyla based on their pigments, food storage, and cell wall composition. The major phyla are brown, red, and green algae. Algae are ecologically important as primary producers and oxygen generators. They also have many uses including food, hydrocolloids, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment.
Algae notes
Algae are either plants or protists that live in or near water. They lack specialized root, stem, and leaf structures and must live in water to obtain nutrients and oxygen and remove waste through diffusion rather than an internal transport system. Adaptations for living in water include being thin enough not to dry out and having simpler reproductive cycles where gametes can swim to fertilize each other. Their divisions are categorized based on their pigments.
Phycology of algae
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that range in size from microscopic to 60 meters in length. They play important ecological roles as oxygen producers and as a food source. Algae are economically important as sources of biofuel, food, and pharmaceutical products. They can be isolated from soil or water samples and cultured using media such as F/2 or Beneck's broth. Growth is measured by cell counting or dry weight. Strains are selected based on traits like size, lipid content, and resistance to contamination. Large-scale cultivation can occur in open ponds or photobioreactors, with closed systems providing better control of growth conditions.
Lect 1 biochemiical
1) Biophysics is the science that explains biological systems and processes using the principles of physics. It spans scales from molecules to whole organisms.
2) Key biological processes like diffusion, osmosis, viscosity and surface tension are governed by fundamental physics laws and concepts. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of higher water potential to lower water potential.
3) Diffusion and osmosis play important roles like facilitating the movement of substances into and out of cells. The behavior of plant and animal cells differs when placed in solutions of varying water potentials due
Biology sol review 2014
This document provides a summary of key biology concepts across multiple topics. It begins with an overview of water properties including polarity, hydrogen bonding, and other characteristics. It then covers carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Additional sections summarize cells and organelles, prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes, cellular processes like photosynthesis and respiration, DNA vs. RNA, evolution, taxonomy, and diversity of life including the main kingdoms.
Chapter 4 prokaryotic profiles micro 1
- Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles. They have no nucleus, and their DNA is located in the nucleoid region.
- Bacteria come in different shapes determined by heredity, including coccus, bacillus, spirillum, and spirochetes. They can be motile with flagella or non-motile.
- The bacterial cell contains a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleoid region with circular DNA. Transport across the membrane includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
How plants colonized the land and evolution
Plants first evolved in water and later adapted to colonize land. They developed traits like sporopollenin walls to prevent spores from drying out, cellulose cell walls, and vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients. Land plants are thought to have evolved from charophyte algae based on similarities in chloroplasts, cell walls, sperm, and molecular evidence. Seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms protected embryos in seeds and reproduced using pollen, allowing them to diversify and dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
Mks cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
Mks cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
zooxanthellae
Zooxanthellae are single-celled algae that live symbiotically inside the tissues of corals and other invertebrates. They produce food for their hosts through photosynthesis. This mutualistic relationship is essential for coral reef formation, as it allows corals to grow skeletons and build reef structures. However, environmental stresses like high temperatures can cause corals to expel the zooxanthellae, leading to coral bleaching. While bleached corals can sometimes recover by regaining their symbiotic algae, severe or prolonged bleaching often damages or kills coral reefs.
Class xi ch 2
This document provides information on various kingdoms and types of organisms. It discusses key characteristics of Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia kingdoms. Within these kingdoms, it describes important groups like cyanobacteria, mycoplasma, chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime moulds, protozoans, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes. It also summarizes generalized life cycles of fungi and alternation of generations in plants.
PLANT&WATERRELATION_EdDSE602lessonl.pptx
Water is essential for plant growth and survival. It moves through plants passively in response to water potential gradients. Water potential is influenced by solute concentration and pressure. Transpiration creates negative pressure (tension) in the xylem, pulling water up from the roots. Cohesion of water molecules and adhesion of water to cell walls allows an unbroken water column to ascend over 100 feet tall. Specialized xylem cells called tracheids and vessel elements form conduits for long-distance water transport.
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Ultrastructure and Morphological Classification of Bacteria.pdf
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Making use of biodiversity
- 1. Chemical tolerant: Venus flytrap http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Ve nus_Flytrap#p004p9np Cold tolerant: Arctic poppy Dry and heat tolerant: sanguaro cactus Fire tolerant: giant sequoia Altitude tolerant : White Bark Pine PLANTS Masters of adaptation
- 2. PLANTS Can we live without them? What do we use them for? EDIBLE MEDICINAL BUILDING CLOTHING DYES, PAINTS, INKS AND PAPER FERTILIZERS FIRE AND LIGHTING …
- 4. How do they manage? Mix stiffness + flexibility • Cellulose • Tubes from specialized cells • Stiffness lignin
- 6. Cellulose fibrils Plant cell wall
- 7. Cellulose versus Starch Glycosidic bond 1,4 Glycosidic bond 1,4 CelluloseStarch
- 8. Cellulose versus Starch CHARACTERISTIC STARCH CELLULOSE Glucose ALPHA BETA Orientation Same Opposite Number of glucose 200-5000 Up to 10000 TYPE OF BOND Glycosidic 1,4 Glycosidic 1,6 (branch) Glycosidic 1,4 Branching Yes No Property Energy storage Strength Can we digest? Yes No
- 10. Cellulose microfibrils/macrofibrils Microfibrils Hydrogen bonds A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule.
- 11. THE GLUE: Hemicelluloses and pectins (polyssacharides)
- 12. Uses of pectin • Gelling sugar • Medicinal: increases viscosity (against diarrhea) • Cosmetic: stabilizer
- 13. What happens if plants does not form cellulose then?
- 17. How do they manage? Mix stiffness + flexibility • Cellulose • Tubes from specialized cells • Stiffness lignin
- 18. Can you name the three main plant tissues? • Dermal tissues • Ground tissue • Vascular tissue
- 19. Dermal Tissue • Generally a single layer of cells • The "skin" of the plant • Primarily parenchyma cells • Main role is protection of the plant Ground Tissue • Makes up the bulk of the plant • Predominately parenchyma • Diverse functions including photosynthesis, storage, and support Vascular Tissue • Involved in the transport of water, ions, minerals, and food • Also has a secondary role in support • Composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma, schlerenchyma
- 20. 1 vascular bundle: Xylem vessels Phloem sieve tubes Sclerenchyma tissue
- 21. Xylem vessels Characteristics • Large cells/thick cell walls • Waterproofed (lignin) • Tonoplast breaks: autolysis (dead)
- 22. Xylem vessels (lignification) Lignin is a complex organic polymer
- 23. Phloem sieve tubes Characteristics • Sieve tubes have no nucleus, ribosomes or vacuoles • Depend on companion cells • Connected by sieve plates
- 24. Xylem Phloem Cells Dead Xylem vessels Living Phloem sieve tubes Cell wall Thick Thin Cell wall composition Lignin Cellulose Permeability Impermeable Permeable Cytoplasm None Cyt lining Transports Water/Mineral Nutrient Carried to Leaves Growing parts and storage organs Direction of flow Upwards Up and down
- 25. Activity Identification of vascular bundles and their components in Arabidopsis samples
- 26. Environmental conditions influences development Long day Short day
- 27. Water transport in plants https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60SgZgK3Gss Introduction video
- 28. Water transport in plants: important concepts Transpiration: water evaporation from the plant (at the leaves and trough stomata) Water potential: tendency of water to move from one area to another (Ψ). Caused by osmosis, gravity and surface tension of water. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/surface-tension-and- adhesion Transpiration: water vapor goes out of the leaves trough stomata Xylem: transports water from the root (high water potential) to the leaves (low water potential) Adhesion: Attraction of water molecules to a surface Cohesion: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules Phloem: transports carbohydrates and aminoacids produced in the leaves to other organs Translocation: transport of sucrose or other solutes from leaves to other parts of the plant COHESION-TENSION THEORY
- 29. Important Water properties • Cohesion and surface tension • Solvent properties • Thermal properties • Density and freezing properties What else does xylem transports? • Inorganic ions: nitrate ions (important for aminoacids synthesis, chlorophyll, nucleic acids, ATP…) • Insufficient amounts of inorganic ions cause symptoms in plants Magnesium: yellow leaves Calcium: stunted growth
- 30. Brassica oleracea wild Brassica oleracea mutant cauliflower Brassica oleracea mutant cauliflower microscopic detail Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana mutant “cauliflower” Arabidopsis thaliana mutant cauliflower microscopic detail Model species/cultivated species