Gas exchange in plants
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Plants obtain oxygen through their leaves for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Gases diffuse into the intercellular spaces of leaves through pores called stomata, located on the underside of leaves. The stomata open and close via changes in turgor pressure of guard cells surrounding each stoma, regulating gas exchange. When guard cells are turgid from water uptake, stomata open to allow gas diffusion; loss of water deturgidizes guard cells and closes the stomata.
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Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
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9.1 transport in the xylem of plants
The document discusses plant transpiration and water transport. It covers:
1. Transpiration occurs through stomata in leaves and is driven by water evaporation and tension forces.
2. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves through xylem vessels. The cohesive properties of water and xylem structure allow transport under tension.
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Plant transpiration
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants through their stomata. It allows plants to transport water and minerals throughout their systems and cool their leaves. The rate of transpiration is affected by environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity, wind, and soil water availability. Plants have adaptations like thick cuticles, small leaves, and sunken stomata that help reduce water loss through transpiration.
Transport in plants AS Biology [jm]
Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
Explain the absorption process in roots
Describe transport mechanisms
Part II
List factors that affects rate transpiration
Describe xerophyte properties
List the series of events that leads to translocation
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A leaf consists of the following layers from top to bottom: cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis, and pores called stomata. Stomata are pore-like openings found on the underside of leaves that allow gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to diffuse in and out. They are surrounded by guard cells that open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss from the leaf. Keeping stomata open all the time would cause excessive water loss, threatening plant survival.
Plant Organs
Plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves which are composed of tissues and serve specific functions. Roots function to anchor plants, absorb water and minerals, store food, and conduct fluids. Stems provide support, transport water and nutrients, and can store food. Leaves capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Flowers evolve from stems and leaves and produce fruits containing seeds.
Translocation in plants
Translocation is the transport of organic substances like sugars through the phloem tissue of plants. Assimilates are produced by plant cells and loaded into sieve tube elements, with help from companion cells, for long-distance transport. Sugars move from sources, like leaves, where they are produced by photosynthesis, to sinks, like roots and fruits, where they are unloaded. Pressure gradients are created by active loading of sucrose into sieve tubes to drive mass flow of phloem sap from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
Transpiration
This document is a report on transpiration prepared by Halala Rahman Qadir for the Biology Department at the University of Salahaddin College of Education. The report defines transpiration as the movement of water through a plant and evaporation from its surfaces. It describes the three main types of transpiration - cuticular, lenticular, and stomatal. Several internal and external factors that influence transpiration rate are also outlined, including temperature, humidity, leaf size, and soil moisture. The document provides examples of average water loss through transpiration for different plant types.
Plants organ system
Plants have several major organ systems that allow them to survive and reproduce. These include roots that absorb water and minerals, stems that provide structure and transport nutrients, leaves which perform photosynthesis, and reproductive structures like flowers and seeds. Plant tissues include meristematic tissues that facilitate growth and permanent tissues that carry out specialized functions. Together these organ systems and tissues enable key plant processes and allow plants to sustain life on Earth.
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xylem and phloem
Xylem contains tracheids and vessels which are dead cells with lignified walls that transport water and minerals throughout the plant. Tracheids are elongated cells with thickened walls, while vessels are formed from rows of cells with dissolved walls to form continuous channels. Phloem contains sieve tubes, companion cells, bast fibers, and parenchyma. Sieve tubes are long thin-walled cells joined end to end to transport food, while companion cells are associated with sieve tubes and remain connected via pores. Bast fibers are dead sclerenchyma fibers in phloem, while parenchyma is ordinary plant tissue.
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Respiration in plants involves the breakdown of organic molecules to release energy. There are two types - external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the plant and environment through stomata, lenticels and general surfaces, and cellular respiration which breaks down food within cells. Cellular respiration can be aerobic, using oxygen to fully oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide and water with a net ATP gain, or anaerobic which incompletely breaks down glucose through fermentation without oxygen. The steps of aerobic respiration include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain which generates the most ATP. Factors like temperature, oxygen levels and substrate type affect the rate of respiration.
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Tropisms refer to directional growth responses in plants. These include phototropism, the growth response to light, and geotropism, the growth response to gravity. In phototropism, shoots grow towards light (positive phototropism) while roots grow away from light (negative phototropism). In geotropism, shoots grow away from gravity (negative geotropism) while roots grow towards gravity (positive geotropism). These directional growth responses are regulated by the plant hormone auxin.
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1. What are some of the problems that early land plants had to overc.pdf
1. What are some of the problems that early land plants had to overcome to successfully colonize
the land?
2. What was the most critical factor for the transition from life in the seas to life on land?
3. What are the requirments of photosymtheic organsms?
4. Are mitochondria and chloroplasts symbionts?
5. What evidence is there that mitochrondria and chloroplasts might be symbionts?
6. What advantages did early eukaryotic cells gain from incorporating mitochondria and
chloroplasts into their own cells?
7. What advantages did free-living bacterial cells (like mitochondria & chloroplasts) gain from
living inside eukaryotic cells?
8. Where do the 2 final stages of aerobic respiration take place in relation to mitochondrial
structure?
9. Which molecules & ions cross the mitochondrial membranes during these stages?
10. Which wavelengths (colors of light) does chlorophyll b absorb most strongly ? (refers to the
image below)
11. What color are carotenoids and WHY ?
10
12) Besides the Earth’s crust, what is the largest reservoir of carbon on Earth?
13) How many gigatons of carbon is humanity adding to the atmosphere each year?
14) Describe the state of ‘entropy’ in the a) open system.
15) Describe the state of ‘entropy’ in the b) closed system.
16) At what temp. does this enzyme have the highest ‘rate of reaction’ & what is the value?
17) Is this an enzyme found in humans? Why or why not?
Solution
1. Early land plants faced a number of challenges when they began to colonize terrestrial
territories.In order for plants to invade land, they had to contend with several challenges in the
terrestrial environment. One of the challenges to living on land is the acquisition and
conservation of water. Once plants moved onto land, they faced the problem of desiccation, or
drying out. Most plants, except those that live in moist habitats such as mosses, obtain all their
water through their roots. They have a number of adaptations that help them to conserve the
water that they take in. These include a waxy cuticle, a covering over the surface of stems and
leaves that helps prevent water from either entering or leaving the plant. Plants also have
stomata, which are specialized openings that help regulate water loss. When the plant loses too
much water to the atmosphere, the cells of the stomata close the opening, thus greatly reducing
water lost through evaporation. Stomata are found in leaves, and allow carbon dioxide to enter
the plant for photosynthesis and oxygen produced by photosynthesis to leave the plant.
Reproducing on land is another challenge that the ancestors of plants had to overcome. A major
problem is the transfer of gametes from one individual to another without drying up in the
process. The most primitive land plants haven\'t overcome this challenge, which is why these
types of plants, such as the mosses, still live in moist areas. There sperm must swim to the egg so
they require the presence of water in order to get gametes from one individual .
vdocument.in_ppt11-transport-in-plants-igcse-coordinated-sciences-viewtitle-1...
vdocument.in_ppt11-transport-in-plants-igcse-coordinated-sciences-viewtitle-1...MaryAnniverMaquiling
This document discusses how plants transport nutrients and water throughout their bodies. It explains that plants have specialized tissues called xylem and phloem which transport water, minerals, and sugars respectively. Xylem transports materials upwards from the roots to the leaves, while phloem transports sugars made in leaves throughout the plant. The document also describes how transpiration creates a pull that drives water transport through plants.9.2 transport in angiospermophytes
The root system provides a large surface area for water and mineral uptake through branching and root hairs. Mineral ions move to the roots through diffusion, fungal hyphae, or mass flow in water. Plants absorb minerals through active transport against a concentration gradient. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves and stems, which creates a pull carrying water and minerals through xylem vessels. Transpiration is regulated by guard cells and affected by light, temperature, wind and humidity. Phloem transports sugars and amino acids between plant parts.
Transport in Plants
The document discusses how plants obtain nutrients and transport them throughout their bodies. Plants get minerals, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and sunlight from their environment. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil, while leaves facilitate gas exchange via diffusion and transpiration. Nutrients are transported within the plant via vascular bundles containing xylem and phloem cells specially adapted for transporting water, minerals, and sugars respectively.
Guttatuion
Guttation is the process by which drops of xylem sap appear on the tips or edges of leaves, usually at night. It occurs through specialized pores called hydathodes, and is caused by root pressure forcing water into the leaves. The water contains minerals and other compounds. Transpiration also involves water movement through plants but occurs during the day through stomata and results in water vapor loss rather than liquid droplets. While both processes move water, guttation provides little benefit to plants and may sometimes injure them by depositing salts.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of plants and allows them to produce their own food. It is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and glucose (food). Chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are where photosynthesis takes place, using light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose, with glucose being stored as a plant's food source. Photosynthesis provides both food for plants and oxygen for animals and humans to breathe.
9.2 transport in angiospermophytes
The root system provides a large surface area for uptake of water and minerals through branching and root hairs. Minerals move into the root through diffusion, fungal hyphae, or mass flow with water and are absorbed into roots by active transport. Terrestrial plants support themselves with thickened cell walls, turgor pressure, and lignified xylem. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves and stems, which establishes a transpiration stream that transports water and minerals through the xylem.
cape biology unit 2-_transport_systems_in_plants
Plants have sophisticated transport systems to move water and nutrients throughout the plant. Water and dissolved minerals are transported up the xylem vessel through root, stem, and into the leaves. Transpiration through leaf stomata creates a pulling force that draws water up the xylem. Sugars produced by photosynthesis are actively transported down the phloem to areas in need, such as roots and growing parts. The mass flow mechanism uses energy from active transport and transpiration to circulate fluids between the xylem and phloem.
stomatalregulation-141211094949-conversion-gate01.pdf
This document discusses stomatal regulators in plant physiology. It describes the structure and function of stomata, guard cells, and the leaf cuticle. It explains that guard cells open and close the stomata to control gas exchange and transpiration. The key factors that influence stomatal aperture are described as light, temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and water content. The mechanisms of stomatal opening and closing are summarized, involving ion transport and changes in turgor pressure in the guard cells. The roles of the plant hormone ABA and environmental stresses like drought in triggering stomatal closure are also covered.
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Gas exchange in plants
- 1. Gas Exchange in Plants SBI 3U
- 2. Plants need Oxygen too. • Plants obtain the gases they need through their leaves. • They require oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/LearnNet/cfb/images/12A.jpg
- 3. The gases diffuse into the intercellular spaces of the leaf through pores, which are normally on the underside of the leaf – stomata. From these spaces they will diffuse into the cells that require them. The Epidermis of a leaf.
- 4. http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/randerson/Lynn's%20Bioslides/27.jpg Stomatal opening and closing depends on changes in the turgor of the guard cells. When water flows into the guard cells by osmosis, their turgor increases and they expand. If the guard cells loose water the opposite happens and the pore closes.
- 9. Lenticels – pores in the bark of stems http://sciencecity.oupchina.com.hk/biology/student/glossary/img/l enticels.jpg http://www.treedictionary.com/DICT200 3/IMAGES/LENTICELS%20BIRCH.jpg
- 10. http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/archives/leaf.jpg http://www.biotopics.co.uk/plants/leafst.html
- 15. Transport in plants SBI 3U