1. RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR RICE
IMPROVEMENT
DR. P.VIVEKANANDAN
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

2. Why Rice?
 Four-fifths of rice produced is consumed by
small-scale farmers in most developing
countries.
 It supplies over seventy percent of their daily
calories/protein intake.
 It is consumed by 5.6 billion people world wide.
 Unlike wheat and maize 80 percent of rice is
consumed by people.
 It contains large amounts of calories, high
protein content, high utilization process
(vitamin digestion and absorption).
 It contains vitamin A, zinc and iron.
2

3. Rice Cultivation
Rice is cultivated and eaten mostly in
the “rice bowl” region, which consists of
Asia and middle/near east countries.
Rice has been cultivated over nine
thousand years i.e., is highly variable
and adaptable.
Grown in the lowlands of India to as high
as three thousand meters in Nepal.
3

4. FACTS – WORLD SCENARIO
 Staple food for 21% of world population
 Cultivated in 114 countries across 6 continents
 92% of rice is produced and consumed in Asia
 Largest area in India followed by China
 It is expected that 60% more rice should be produced in
2030 than in 1995
 Area 156 m ha; Production 650 mt. (2007)
 Thailand exports about 7.6 million tonnes a year.
Vietnam is second, with 3.7 million tonnes.
 Highest productivity in Egypt (10t/ha) and Australia (8.2
t/ha).
4

5. FACTS - INDIAN SCENARIO
 Staple food for 65% of the total population.
 Constitutes 52% of total food grain
production.
 Area 44 m.ha; Production 131 mt.
 Productivity 3 t/ha.
 Demand is set to increase to 180 million
tonne by 2020.
 Varieties 632, Hybrids 17
 Basmati export 8.47 mt.
 Largest area and production in WB & UP
5

6. Basic statistics, India
Details 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000
Area
harvested (m
ha)
41.1 42.7 42.8 44.6 44.6 44.6
Yield (t/ha) 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.0
Production
(m t)
95.8 111.5 115.4 128.9 132.3 134.2
Rice imports
(t)
61,100 66,038 52 6,635 50,094 na
Paddy
imports (t)
0 0 80 3 3 na
Rice exports
(L t)
3.15 5.05 49.1 49.6 25.7 na
Paddy
exports (t)
1,020 7 2,444 1,878 0 na
6

7. RICE AREA
7

8. RICE PRODUCTION
8

9. Eco-System wise rice in India
Irrigated area,
54.60%
Low land,
2.60%Semi deep,
10.90%
Shallow low
land, 18.70%
Rainfed
upland,
13.20%
Low land, 1.10%
Rainfed upland,
7.80%
Shallow low
land, 13.30%
Semi deep,
7.80%
Irrigated area,
70.00%
Area Production
9

10. RICE YIELD
10

11. From the 1960s to the 1980s, rice
productivity kept up with rising population.
In the 1990s, rice production began to
grow more slowly than population. (Source:
FAOSTAT, 1998)
Population in the World
Current: over 6 billion
2030: about 8 billion 11

12. RICE
IMPORT vs. EXPORT
12

13. FACTS – TAMIL NADU SCENARIO
 Area 19.1 lakh ha; Production 79.5 lakh tonnes
 Productivity 4.14 t/ha.
 Paddy accounted for 34.0% of the total cropped
area in the state during 05-06.
 High productivity in Dindugal & Erode districts.
 Rice is cultivated in varied climatic, soil and
stress conditions.
 Major area is in Thaladi / Pishanam seasons.
13

14. Rice area in Districts
District Area (in ha) % to the State
Villupuram 1,68,435 8.2
Nagapattinam 1,58,100 7.7
Thiruvarur 1,56,098 7.6
Thanjavur 1,54,901 7.5
Thiruvannamalai 1,42,744 7.0
Ramanathapuram 1,27,395 6.2
Kancheepuram 1,14,720 5.6
Cuddalore 1,14,291 5.6
Trivellore 96,994 4.7
Pudukottai 95,986 4.7
Sivagangai 89,924 4.4
State 20,50,455 100.0
14

15. High Productivity Districts
(> 2,500 Kg/ha.)@
S.No. District Yield (Kg/ha)
1. Dindigul 4,911
2. Namakal 4,812
3. Kanyakumari 4,687
4. Erode 4,601
5. Madurai 4,574
6. Thirunelveli 4,434
7. Thiurachirapalli 4,334
8. Thoothkudi 4,328
9. Salem 4,301
@Triennium average for the years
1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-01
15

16. Tamil Nadu - Rice area (ha)
season wise
Season 2008-09 2007-08 2005-06 2004-05
Kuruvai 3,45,004 2,95,280 3,21,865 3,04,597
Samba 14,41,304 13,75,510 15,31,382 14,37,803
Navarai 1,45,295 1,18,380 1,97,208 1,30,422
All
season
19,31,603 17,89,170 20,50,455 18,72,822
Kuruvai … 16.6%
Samba … 75.8%
Navarai … 7.6%
16

17. RICE SCENARIO IN KERALA
Year Area
(L.ha)
Production(L.T) Productivity
(t/ha)
1964 8.05 16.6 2.07
1968 9.26 21.0 2.27
1980 8.02 19.4 2.41
1985 6.78 17.5 2.57
1987 6.04 15.6 2.58
1990 5.59 16.3 2.92
1994 5.03 14.6 2.91
1997 4.04 11.4 2.82
2000 3.48 11.3 3.24
2003 2.92 9.4 3.21 17

18. MILESTONES OF RICE VARIETIES IN
TAMIL NADU
 1921- GEB24 - Outstanding rice variety developed in
PBS, Coimbatore.
 1929 - ADT8 - First variety by hybridization .
 1949 - CO25 Hybrid Sirumani – Long duration
variety.
 1952 - TKM6 - Universal donor for stem borer.
 1964 - ADT27 Radio Rice - replaced all short
duration varieties.
 1978 - TKM9 Red rice cosmopolitan variety.

19.  1981 - ADT36 Popular short duration variety.
 1982 - CO43 Popular medium duration variety.
 1986 - ASD16 Short bold rice variety.
 1994 - CORH1 First hybrid rice in Tamil Nadu.
 1998 - ADT43 Short duration fine grain rice
variety.
 2008 - CO49 Similar to BPT 5204 in quality.
 2011 - C0 4 Hybrid rice release
MILESTONES OF RICE VARIETIES IN
TAMIL NADU (Contd.,)
19

20. POPULAR INTRODUCTIONS IN
TAMIL NADU
Ponni - Mahsuri (1972) Fine grain
CR 1009 – Ponmani, Savithri (1982) Long duration
variety
Improved White Ponni – Mahsuri Boothi (1986) –
Popular fine grain variety
IRRI, Philippines
IR 8 (1966) High yield
IR 20 (1970) Cosmopolitan
IR 36 (1981) Multiple resistance
IR 50 (1983) Fine rice
IR 64 (1989) Multiple resistance
20

21. LOCAL LAND RACES
PBS, Coimbatore
 Gobi anaikomban CO4 (1926) - Donor for blast
 Sadai Samba CO6 (1926) - Fine grain
 Arupapatham Kodai CO13 (1940) -Suitable for popped rice
 Chinna Vadan samba CO17 (1941) – Semi dry rice
 Vellaikar CO18 (1941) – Cold tolerant
 Chengleput sirumani CO19 (1941) – Good cooking quality
 Rangoon samba CO23 (1944) – Samba variety
 Thiruchengodu samba CO32 (1964) – Location specific
variety
21

22. LOCAL LAND RACES
TRRI, ADUTHURAI
Nellore samba ADT 5(1925) – Samba variety
Poongar ADT9 (1932) – Kuruvai variety
Korangu samba ADT 10 (1932) – Suitable for cold
rice
Muthu samba ADT17 (1938) – Submergence
tolerance
Vadan samba ADT 21 (1940) – Saline and alkaline
tolerance
Matta kuruvai ADT26 (1964) – salinity tolerance,
red rice
22

23. LOCAL LAND RACES
RRS, AMBASAMUDRAM
Kuruvai kalayan ASD4 (1945) – Rainfed rice
Karthigai samba ASD5 (1945) – Late planting
Thooyamalli ASD8 (1951) – Very early, suitable
for kar nursery
Kolavalai ASD10 (1952) – Submergence
tolerance
Arikiravi ASD 13 (1965) – Red rice, suitable for
idly preparation
23

24. LOCAL LAND RACES
RRS, TIRURKUPPAM
Pisini TKM1 (1950) – Dry cultivation
Sembalai TKM2 (1950) – Dry cultivation
Manakkattai TKM5 (1952) – Puttu rice
Kullakar TKM7 (1953) – Direct sown red rice
24

25. AEROBIC RICE
 High yielding rice grown in non puddle and non flooded
aerobic condition
GENOTYPE REQUIREMENT
♣ Moderate tiller number}
♣ High harvest index } Irrigated cultivars
♣ Input responsiveness }
♣ Early weed competitiveness } Upland Cultivars
♣ Tolerance to water deficit }
♣ Commercially grown in Brazil & Northern China
25

26. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION
(SRI)
BASIC CONCEPTS:
Adequate space between plants
promote root growth.
Increase in beneficial soil
microbes and aeration promote
plant growth.
Impounding water in rice field is not
necessary for yield increase.
26

27. TECHNIQUES OF SRI
 Young seedlings (15 days)
 Square planting of seedlings
 Rotary / Cono weeder to control weeds
 Alternate wetting and drying improves yield
 Need based ‘N’ application through leaf colo
chart
27

28. BENEFITS OF SRI
 Improved water & fertilizer saving technology
 High yield per unit area
 Cost effective technology
 Promoted by Govt. of Tamil Nadu for adoption
28

29. MECHANIZATION IN RICE
CULTIVATION
Scarcity of Agricultural laborers
Timely cultural operations enhances
yield
Cost effective
29

30. RICE TRANSPLANTER
 Power operated Chinese / Korean
/ Japanese models
 8 rows covered / pass
 Spacing - Row to Row 23 cm
Plant to Plant 14 cm (or) 17 cm
 Transplants 3 acres per day of 8
hours
 Labor requirement 2 Men and 5
women
 Cost of transplanter – Chinese
make 2 ZT – 38-8 Rs1.5 lakhs
 Government subsides for farmers
30

31. RICE TRANSPLANTER
31

32. WHY HYBRID RICE?
 To make India self sufficient it is needed to improve
productivity
 To break the yield barriers
 Current rate of population growth
 Enhancing the yield per unit land area is the only way to
solve food shortage problem
 Rice still has great yield potential
 Using hybrid vigor is one of the best ways
 Commercial success of hybrid rice in China
32

33. Hybrid Rice in China
 Yuan Long Ping initiated hybrid rice research
in China (1964) – Father of Hybrid Rice
 Identification of WA male sterile cytoplasm
(1970)
 China’s super hybrid yields 17 t/ha
 Yearly planting area: 15 million ha
 Average yield of hybrid rice: 7.0t/ha
 Average yield of inbred rice: 5.6t/ha
 Yield advantage: over 20%
 60 million more people can be fed each year.
33

34. HYBRID RICE OUT SIDE CHINA
COUNTRY AREA (Lakh ha.)
Vietnam - 4.8 (Sub tropical zone)
India - 2.0 (Tropical zone)
Philippines - 0.9
Bangladesh - 0.2
Myanmar - 0.1
Korea (Temperate zone), Indonesia, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Malaysia
Egypt, Columbia, Brazil, United states
34

35. HYBRID RICE IN INDIA
Initiated by ICAR in 1989
Strengthened with the assistance from UNDP/FAO
(1991)
National Hybrid Rice Net work – 12 centres
DRR, Hyderabad – Co-ordinating Centre
LEAD CENTRES
 North - Kapurthala (Punjab)
 South – Mandya (Karnataka)
35

36. STRATEGIC CENTRES FOR BASIC
RESEARCH
DRR, Hyderabad
CRRI, Cuttack
IARI, New Delhi
ASSOCIATE CENTRES (7)
Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) ,Maruteru (Andhra
Pradesh), Karnal (Haryana) Pant Nagar
(Uttranjal), Faizabad (U P ), Chinsurah
(West Bengal) and Karjat (Maharastra)
36

37. HYBRID RICE NET WORK
MINI NETWORK CENTRES
Basmati hybrids
 New Delhi
 Pantnagar
 Karnal
 Kapurthala
HYBRIDS FOR SHALLOW LOW LANDS
 Cuttack
 Chinsurah
 Faizabad
 Bhubaneswar
37

38. MAJOR OBJECTIVES
 Hybrids with 15-20% yield advantage over best
check
 Optimization of seed production package
 Standardization of package of practices for
cultivation of hybrids
 Conducting basic research relevant to the
project goals.
38

39. CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY
 Virmani and Shinjyo (1988) – 35 cytoplasmic
sources that induces male sterility
 95% of CMS lines used in commercial
hybrids involve wild abortive type
 Effective restorer lines for CMS-GAM, CMS-
Boro and CMS-ARC have been identified
39

40. PROMISING CMS LINES
 IRRI : IR 64608-A, IR 68280-A, IR 68897-A, IR 68899-A,
IR 69628-A
 China : 9601-A
 Malaysia : MH841-A
 DRR :DRR 2A, DRR 3A
 Cuttack : CRMS 6-A, CRMS 31-A
 IARI : Pusa 5-A
 Faizabad : NDCMS 7-A
40

41. PUBLIC SECTOR HYBRIDS
 Tamil Nadu - CORH 1, CORH 2, CORH 3, ADTRH 1
 Andhra Pradesh - APRH 1, APRH 2, DRRH 1, DRRH 2
 Karnataka - KRH 1, KRH 2
 Maharashtra - KJTRH 1, Sahayadri
 Uttar Pradesh - NSD 2
 Uttrangel - PSD 2
 West Bengal - CNRH 3
 New Delhi - Pusa RH 10
41

42. 42
States Public Hybrids Private Hybrids
Uttar Pradesh KRH-2 PHB-71
Pant Shankar Dhan-3 PA-6201
PA-6444
Chattisgarh & Jharkhand INDIRA SONA PA-6201, PA-6444
PUSA RH-10 PAC-837
SURUCHI
Orrisa DRRH-3 AJAY
KRH-2 SURUCHI
JKRH-401
West Bengal DRRH-2 PHB-71
KRH-2 PA-6201
JKRH-401
popular Public & Private Hybrids for
different States
42

43. popular Public & Private Hybrids for
different States
43
States Public Hybrids Private Hybrids
Andhra Pradesh DRRH-2 PA-6444
DRRH-3 PHB-71
Karnataka KRH-2 SURUCHI
PHB-71
Maharashtra SAHYADRI PA-6444
KRH-2 NK-5251
Tamil Nadu CORH-3 PHB-71
Tripura KRH-2 PA-6201
SAHYADRI PA-6444
Bihar KRH-2 PA-6201
SAHYADRI JKRH-401
43

44. HYBRID RICE FOR ADVERSE
ECOLOGIES
Inland Salinity : DRRH 28, JRH 8
Rainfed Upland : DRRH 2, JRH 8
Alkalinity : Suruchi, DRRH2, JKRH 204
Aerobic : PSD 2, KJTRH 2
44

45. PRIVATE SECTOR IN HYBRID RICE
RESEARCH
Pioneer
Mahyco
Pro agro
Biogene
Rasi seeds
Parry mansanto
Indo american
Hindustan lever
JK seeds
Nuzhiveed
Nunhams seed
Advanta india
Amareshwar agri
tech
45

46. PRIVATE SECTOR IN HYBRID RICE
RESEARCH
Major producers
 Bayer Bio Sciences
 Pioneer Overseas Corporation
 Mahyco Ltd.
 Syngenta India Ltd.
 JK Agri Genetics Ltd.
 Advanta India Ltd.
46

47. FOR COMMERCIAL
EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS
 Increased vigour of F1 over parents
 Stable male sterility System
 Crossability - Seed set
 Fertility Restoration
 Reliable and Economic Seed Production
47

48. TO INCREASE OUT CROSSING RATE
 Spikelets Male : Female (1: 3)
 Density of effective pollen 10/m2
 Complete exertion of panicle
 Short and narrow flag leaf
 Female parent should be shorter than male
parent
48

49. ♠ 2006 release
♠ 115 days duration
♠ Yield : 6.5 t/ha (24% over ADT 43)
♠ Medium slender, White rice
♠ Tolerant to Blast and RTD
♠ Resistant to GLH
♠ Non aromatic, non sticky
♠ Synchronized flowering of parents
CORH3(TNRH 87)
49

50. GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL SEED
PRODUCTION
 Seed and Pollen parents with synchronized anthesis
 Seed parent with long exerted stigma, longer duration and
wide angle of flower opening
 Pollen parent with high residual pollen
 Optimum row ratio
 Use of GA3
 Supplementary Pollination
 Selection of appropriate season
50

51. THREE STEPS IN HYBRID RICE SEED
PRODUCTION
♣ Multiplication of cms line (A/B)
♣ Multiplication of B & R lines
♣ Production of hybrid seed (A/R)

52. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
High seed yield in dry season
Daily mean temperature 24 - 30°c
Day – night temperature difference
8 - 10°c
Sunshine and wind velocity
Free from rain for 7-10 days at
flowering
52

53. ISOLATION
Space isolation : 100m
Time isolation : 25 days
Barrier isolation :
 Vegetative barrier- Sesbania
 Mechanical barrier - Plastic sheet – 2 mts. in
height
53

54. SEEDS AND SOWING (CORH3)
Male sterile line - 125 days (20 kg/ha
Restorer line - 125 days (10 kg/ha)
Nursery - 30 cents (1kg/cent)
54

55. STAGGERED SOWING OF PARENTS
‘R’ line to be divided into three equal
parts and to be sown first
Second sowing of r line on 3rd day of
sowing
Third sowing of R line and entire A
line on 6th day of sowing
55

56. TRANSPLANTING
Female : Male ratio … 8 : 2 seedling / hill
A line …one (2 to 3 tillers)
R line … two – three
Spacing
A line … 10 x 15 cm
R line … 30 x 15 cm
A & R lines … 20 cm
Age of seedling … 25 days
56

57. SYNCHRONISATION
Flowering duration
A line … 8 to 12 days
R line … 6 to 8 days
A line to flower one to two days earlier
than R line
2% urea delay flowering
2% DAP hasten flowering
57

58. GA3 APPLICATION
 75 g/ha (45g/ha at 20% flowering, 30g/ha 24
hrs after first spray)
 Higher dose (150 g/ha) increases seed yield
 Spray between 8 to 10 am or 4 to 6 pm
 Enhances panicle and stigma exertion
 Increases effective tillers, flag leaf angle and
grain weight
 Reduces ill filled grains enhances seed set and
seed yield
58

59. GA3 APPLICATION
 Keep 3 – 5cm water in field while spraying
 Mix GA3 in alcohol
 Wet season require more GA3
 Indica type require more than japonicas
 30°c is the best. if temperature goes down
more GA3 is required
 If population is more / unit area, increase the
quantity of GA3
59

60. SUPPLEMENTARY POLLINATION
Rope pulling
Rod shaking
 At anthesis (10-12 noon) for 7
days.
 Anthers dehisce and spread pollen
widely.
60

61. ROGUING
Removal of pollen shedders in ‘A’ line
2 – 3 times before heading and daily
from heading to dough stage
61

62. HARVEST
Harvest R line first at maturity
Final rouging of A line before harvest
Harvest A line (hybrid seed) thresh,
clean dry and store at 12% moisture
62

63. DISSEMINATION OF TECHNOLOGY
Strong commitment and support from
Government and Scientists
Co-operation among Research Programs,
Seed Production and Extension
International Collaboration and Co-ordination
63

64. HYBRID RICE FOR FOOD SECURITY
Usable land is becoming
scarce
Population is steadily
increasing
64

65. CONSTRAINTS
♣ Cultivable area is decreasing alarmingly.
♣ Scarcity of irrigation and underground water source.
♣ Discharge of industrial effluents into rivers / irrigation
channels causes environmental pollutions.
♣ Decreased use of organic manures resulting in
reduction of fertility of soils .
♣ Minor pests become major and cause crop losses.
65

66. ADT 46
 Parentage: ADT 38 / CO 45
 Duration: 135 days
 Season: Late Samba/ Thaladi/ Pishanam
 Yield : 6178 Kg / ha( 5 to 8 % higher yield than ADT 38, ADT
39 and CO 43)
Special features
 Semi dwarf, non lodging and high yielding
 Long slender white rice
 with acceptable cooking and organo leptic qualities
 High hulling (79.6 %), milling (72.0%) and head rice recovery
(61.5%)
 Field resistant to stem borer and leaf folder
 Moderately resistant to RTD and Brown spot
66

67. ADT (R) 47
 Parentage : ADT 43 / Jeeragasamba
 Duration (days) : 118
 Season : Sornavari (April-May), Kar (May-
June), Kuruvai (June-July)
 Grain yield : 6200 kg / ha
Special features
 High yielder
 More number of tillers with long compact panicles
 Medium slender white rice
 Moderately susceptible to stem-borer, leaf hopper, WBPH
and
sheath blight
67

68. ADT (R) 48
 Parentage : IET 11412 / IR 64
 Duration (days) : 94 (direct seeding), 99 (Transplanting)
 Season : Late kuruvai (June-July)
 Grain yield : 4800 Kg / ha
 Special features
 Very early
 Long slender white rice, better than MDU 5 in quality (head
rice
recovery, amylose content, gel consistency and organo-leptic
test).
 Resistant to stem-borer, green leaf hopper and gall midge
68

69. ADT (R) 49
2011 release
Parentage : CR 1009 / Jeeraga samba
Duration : 130 – 135 days
Season : Late samba / Thaladi
Grain yield : 6173 Kg / ha (10% over BPT
5204)
Special features
 Medium slender white rice
 1000 grain weight 14 g
 Head rice yield 71.3%
 Resistant to RTD
 Moderately resistant to Bl, ShR, ShBl, BS
and LF 69

70. CO(R) 48
 Parentage : CO 43 / ASD 19
 Duration (days) : 130 – 135
 Season : Thaladi
 Grain yield : 6007 kg / ha
Special features
 Medium slender white fine rice similar to Improved White
Ponni
 Intermediate amylose content, gelatinization temperature and
high linear elongation ratio on cooking
 Superior cooking quality
 Moderately resistant to stem borer and hoppers, blast, RTD
and sheath blight
70

71. CO (R) 49
 Parentage : C 20 / RNR 52147
 Duration : 130-135 days
 Season : Late Samba / Thaladi
 Grain yield : 6286 Kg/ha (11.2% increase over BPT 5204)
Special features
 Moderately resistant to blast and Rice Tungro Disease (RTD)
 Moderately resistant to yellow stem borer and Green Leaf
Hopper (GLH)
 Medium slender white fine rice similar to BPT 5204
 Intermediate amylose content, intermediate gelatinization
temperature and high linear elongation ratio on cooking
 Superior cooking quality
 Suitable for late samba / thaladi seasons
71

72. CO (R) 50
 Parentage: Co 43 x ADT 38
 Duration: 130 – 135 days
 Season: Late samba / Thaladi
 Grain yield: 6338 kg / ha
Special features
 Moderately resistant to SB, LF, GM, Bl, Shbl,
BS and RTD.
 Medium slender grain with intermediate
amylose, soft gel consistency and
moderate GT
 Good quality cooked rice
72

73. Co 51
 Parentage ADT 43 / RR 272 – 1745
 Duration 105 -110 days
 Grain yield 6623 kg/ha (11% increase over ADT 43)
 Highest yield obtained 11,377 Kg/ha at Nallampalli of Dharmapuri
District
Special features
 Shorter duration
 High yielding semi dwarf rice variety
 Moderately resistant to Blast, Brown Plant Hopper and Green
Leaf hopper
 White medium slender rice with high milling (69%) and head
rice recovery (63%)
 Intermediate amylose content (22%), gelatinization
temperature and soft gel consistency
73

74. PARAMAKUDI (R) 4
 Parentage : Pantdhan 10 / IET 9911
 Duration : 100-105 days
 Season : Samba (September – October)
 Grain yield : 3.7 tonnes / ha (14.7% increase over PMK 3)
 Area of adoption : Ramanathapuram & Sivagangai
districts
Special features
 Semi dwarf, erect, non - lodging
 Drought tolerant
 Long slender white rice with high head rice recovery (62.1%)
 Short duration - a week earlier than PMK (R) 3
74

75. TPS 5
 Parentage: ASD 16/ADT 37
 Duration: 118 days
 Season: Kar and Late Pishanam
 Yield: 6301 Kg/ha
 Highest yield obtained: 11,567 Kg/ha (Mohanoor, Namakkal District)
 % increase over ASD 16 : 13.21 per cent
 Area of adoption :Throughout Tamil Nadu during Kar andLate
Pishanam
season except Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai
Special features
 Moderately resistant to stem borer, leaf folders and hoppers
 Intermediate amylose , gelatinization temperature and soft gel
consistency
 Suitable for first season (Kar) and late planting and second season
(Pishanam) in Tamil Nadu
75

76. TKM 13
 Parentage: WGL 32100 / Swarna
 Duration: 130 days which is 7 10 days earlier than BPT 5204.
 Grain yield: 5938 kg/ha which is 6.2 and 10.1 per cent
increase over CO (R) 49 and BPT 5204 respectively.
Special features:
 Medium slender fine grain with lesser 1000 grain weight (13.5
g).
 Moderately resistant to leaf folder, stem borer, green leaf
hopper, blast, rice tungro disease, brown spot and sheath rot.
 High milling yield (75.5%) and head rice yield (71.7%), which
is on
par with the check variety BPT 5204.
76

77. MDU 6
 Parentage: MDU 5 / ACM 96136
 Duration: 110 - 115 days
 Yield: 6118 kg/ha in irrigated condition. Highest
yield of 9388 kg/ha was recorded at
Ayyampalayam, Erode District
Special features:
 Long slender which rice with intermediate amylose
content, gelatinization temperature and high
linear elongation ratio on cooking, superior cooking
quality with good taste and highly suitable for raw
rice, variety rice, aval and pori making.
 Suitable for cultivation as transplanted rice
throughout Tamil Nadu 77

78. Recent approaches in Rice
Research
Golden rice with high beta carotene
Aerobic rice
Organic rice
Transform rice into C4 plant
Aromatic rice
Medicinal rice
78

79. FUTURE STRATEGY
 Development of inter sub-specific hybrids
 Exploitation of yield genes from varietal groups
and wild species
 Yield improvement in rain fed eco system
 Genotypes suitable to aerobic rice cultivation
 Adoption of SRI Technology
79

80. INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF RICE 2004
" The rice that feeds Asia's poorest is also their biggest single expense,
so cheap rice means more money for other essentials such as
Education."
RICE IS LIFE
Without rice There is no life
Celebrate rice Celebrate life
RICE IS LIVELIHOOD
Rice gives jobs to farmers, Scientists, millers and Vendors
RICE IS SCIENCE
Scientists help farmers to grow better and more rice using
less water and land
80

81. 81