This document discusses the use of magnets in orthodontics. It begins by providing background on magnets, including their properties, types of magnetic materials, and how magnets are used in daily life and medicine. The document then discusses various magnetic appliances that can be used in orthodontics, including magnetic activators, twin blocks, and rare earth magnets. It covers the advantages of magnets in orthodontics, such as reduced patient cooperation and discomfort. The document also discusses some disadvantages, such as corrosion of magnets and concerns about biological effects of magnetic fields. In summary, the document provides an overview of magnets and their various applications and considerations for their use in orthodontic treatment.

1. Dr, SHAFEEQ RAHMAN.
CIDS

2. magnets in orthodontics

3. CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Properties of magnet
3.Types of magnetic material
4.Biologic concepts of magnetic
material
5.Magnetic force system
6.Magnet used in orthodontics
7.Magnetic appliances
b)Magnetic activator device
c)Magnetic twin block
d)The propellant unilateral magnetic
appliance (PUMA)
e)Rare earth magnets and impactions
f) Functional orthopedic magnetic
appliances
g)Magnets and fractured tooth
h)Magnetic retainer
i)Magnets for closing spaces
8.Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION
• We live in an environment of magnetic fields both natural and
artificial.
• We are exposed to magnetic fields at home, in automobiles, by
wearing wrist watches and walking under high" power lines.
• The authorities on bio magnetic fields concluded no adverse bio
effects were to be expected from magnetic fields on human
environment.
• These proven reports had given entry to magnets in the field of
medicine and dentistry several decades ago.

5. What is Magnet ?
• The word magnet in Greek meant "stone from Magnesia",
• A magnet in general is defined as a substance that attracts iron
and other similar substance.
• A magnet contains two poles :
 North pole (N)
 South pole (S)

6. • When two poles of two magnets are brought near each other either
they attract each other or repel each other depending on polarities
of magnets.
• As the law of magnets states "like poles repel each other and
unlike poles attract each other."
• That means two N-pole and two S-poles repel each other and a 'N'
pole and a 'S' pole attract each other.
• Magnets form part of a great variety of electronic and electrical
appliances and instruments

7. History

8. • In dentistry magnets were used first as implants for denture
retention by Behran and Egan in 1953.
• The use of magnets for orthodontic tooth movement was first
described by Blechman and Smiley who bonded earth magnets
made of II Aluminium - nickel -Cobalt to the teeth of adolescent
cats to produce tooth movement.
• Other rare earth magnets, Samarium. - Cobalt, introduced by
Becker in 1970

9. Magnets in Our Daily Life
• People rely on magnets for industrial and commercial use.
• Since scientists began creating very strong magnets using
electricity, magnets have become essential to the medical
and electronic sectors.

10. Magnets in Health and Medicine
• Magnets are found in some commonly used medical equipment
such as X-rays and MRI machines.
• MRIs use powerful magnetic fields to charge protons in the
body.
• The machine monitors the body with a specific radio frequency.
• Some medical practitioners also prescribe magnetic therapy for
treatment of a variety of ailments, including arthritis and poor
blood flow. In this therapy, patients wear magnets on wrist
bracelets, necklaces and in shoe insoles.

11. Classification of Magnets
1.Natural Magnets
2. Artificial magnets:
Bar magnet
Magnetic needle
Horse shoe magnet
Magnetic compass or Tracing compass
3.The basis of magnetic properties:
Paramagnetic Substances
Ferromagnetic Substances
Diamagnetic Substances
4.Other Classification
Temporary Magnet
Permanent Magnet

12. Classification of Magnets..
1. Natural Magnets:-
Pieces of magnetite are known as natural magnets. About the
12th century people began using these natural magnets, which
they called lodestones on leading stones as the first magnetic
compasses.
2. Artificial magnets:-
A piece of iron or steel to which attractive and directive
properties of lodestone magnetite are imparted, is called artificial
magnet.

13. KINDS OF ARTIFICIAL MAGNETS
• Bar magnet:
• It is a rectangular steel bar, at the ends of which are marked letter N
and S.
• The N stands for geographic north and S stands for geographic
south.
• Magnetic needle:
• It is a very thin magnetized steel needle mounted on a sharp pivot.
• When suspended freely its ends point in geographic north-south
direction.

14. Horse shoe magnet:
• It derives its name, because it is bent in the form of horseshoe. The
horseshoe magnet is more powerful than bar magnet, because both
north and South Pole face each other and hence attractive logic
doubled.
Magnetic compass or Tracing compass:
• It consists of a very small magnetic needle, mounted on a sharp pivot
and enclosed in a small cylindrical aluminum box, at the base of which
are marked geographic positions. It is covered from top with thin
circular glass. It is commonly employed for tracing magnetic lines of
force of a magnet

15. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES ON THE BASIS OF MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES
1. Ferromagnetic Substances: 2. Paramagnetic Substances 3.Diamagnetic Substances
Strongly affected by a magnet
can be easily magnetized to form strong
magnetised into three classes.
Eg:-Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt and their
alloys
very feebly attracted by a strong
magnet.
Eg:-Platinum, manganese.
aluminium, zinc, certain kinds of
plastics, wood etc.
feebly repelled by either of the
poles of a strong magnet.
Copper, gold, bismuth, antimony,
water etc

16. Other Classifications
• The are made from soft iron
• They behave like magnet only as long as there is
inducing magnet.
• They can be magnetized to a very high degree
Temporary Magnet
Permanent Magnet
• They are made from steel.
• They act as magnet, even on the removal of inducing
magnet.
• They cannot be magnetized to a very high degree.
• They have a very poor magnetic retention.

18. MAGNETISATION
• magnetization or magnetic polarization is the vector
field that expresses the density of permanent or induced
magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material.
• Magnetization also describes how a material responds to
an applied magnetic field as well as the way the material
changes the magnetic field, and can be used to calculate
the forces that result from those interactions.
• Physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as
the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume.
• It is represented by a pseudovector M.

19. METHODS OF MAGNETISATION
Electrical MethodDouble Touch MethodSingle Touch Method
Direct current flows
through a solenoid, a
magnetic field is
created.
The more times you rub the
permanent magnet over
your ferromagnetic object,
the more powerful your
temporary magnet will
become
two permanent magnets are
taken to magnetize the
ferromagnetic material,
operating in opposite
directions.

20. METHODS OF DEMAGNETIZATION
Electrical Method By Heating By Rough Handling
Due to the increased
vibrations of the magnetic
particles in the magnet
and thus causes them to
lose their alignment. and
thus demagnetised.
By hammering magnetic
particles in the magnet
to lose alignment thus
its magnetism.
Place the magnet in a
solenoid connected to and
alternating current source
and remove the magnet
slowly will demagnetise the
piece magnet.

21. MAGNETIC FIELD
• The space surrounding a magnet within which the magnet has its
influence is called magnetic field.
• When there is an electric current flowing there is always a magnetic
field.
A static field is formed in the case of direct current, and time varying field
is produced by alternating current sourcesSTATIC
TIME
VARYING
A time varying magnetic field, which has periodic variations in intensity,
induces eddy currents within the body.

22. when one magnet is placed on paper, and iron filings are sprinkled around it.
two magnets placed on a piece of paper with their like poles facing each
other, and iron filings are sprinkled around them.
two magnets placed on a piece of paper with their opposite poles facing
each other, and iron filings are sprinkled around them.

23. MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE
the metal sphere is outside the magnet's magnetic field lines.metal sphere on a magnet's field lines near one of its poles.
• The lines that we have mapped out around the magnet, called the
magnetic lines of force,

24. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
• All magnets have magnetic fields around them.
• The field emerges from one pole of the magnet conventionally known as the North Pole and
returns to the other or South Pole.
• A magnetic field induces changes in the medium surrounding the magnet, such as air. This is
called the flux density of the magnet
• The flux produced by the magnets causes them to attract or repel other magnets, and attract
other materials containing iron.
• The force produced by any two magnets is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
f α 1/d2
• Thus, the force between two magnets falls dramatically with distance.

25. COULOMB’S LAW
• All magnets obey this law which states that the force between two magnetic poles is
proportional to their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.

26. CURIE POINT Pierre Curie(1859-1906)
• Rare earth magnets tend to loss their magnetism at room
temperature.
• Pierre Currie observed that magnets tend to lose their
properties if subjected to a specific temperature which
causes their domain to return to random distribution.
• This point of temperature is called Currie Point.
• In Orthodontics, this has been overcome by using magnets
which are combined with other elements so that they can be
incorporated in appliances and also be heat sterilized.

27. HIGH FORCE TO VOLUME RATIO
• Introduction of new magnetic alloys allowed the use of permanent magnets in
dentistry.
• These rare earth magnets, which belong to Lanthinide series, are 20 times
stronger than , Aluminium- Nickel - cobalt.
• Thus for the same force magnitude a 20 time smaller magnetic unit can be
applied with rare earth magnets because the oral cavity dictates the size of the
appliance, the increase in F/V ratio (also known as Miniaturizing Effect)makes
the use of magnets in dentistry a beneficial modality.

28. • Conventional appliances such as coils, springs, elastics etc,
react according to Hookes Law, where, force (F) is
proportional to a constant such as the elastic modulus(E),
time and the distance (d).
• The rare magnets give maximal force at short distance in
comparison to elastics, which attain maximum force on more
distance for example on mouth opening.

29. No interruption of magnetic force lines by intermediate
media
• Another unique feature of magnetic forces is that any media interposed between two
magnets cannot bar the passage of magnetic force lines.
• Intraoral magnets are attracted to each other even if soft or hard tissues arc interposed in
the gap between the two magnets
• e.g:- impacted canine.

30. No friction in attractive force configuration
• Attracting magnets arc useful in controlling the three spatial
dimensions.
• This feature is called centripetal orientation.
• When an attractive force configuration is used, friction forces
like arch wire in the slot arc excluded. (Darendeliler).
• But in the use of repulsive forces, Muller Prongs guiding
elements, arc used for centripetal orientation.
• But these may induce friction in the appliance and may call for
increase in force threshold to compensate for the loss from
friction. (e.g:- AVC appliance)

31. NO ENERGY LOSS
• Elastics are the best examples of force systems that deteriorate over a short time.
• The viscoelastic properties of elastics are prone to relaxation.
• In contrast rare earth magnets can maintain energy, if protected against Corrosion,
thermal (Curie temperature) and other biologic protuberances.

32. TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
In various dental applications the following materials have been used
Platinum - Cobalt (Pt-Co)
Aluminum -Nickel -Cobalt (AI-Ni-Co)
Ferrite
Chromium- Cobalt -Iron
Samarium Cobalt (Sm Co)
Neodymium-Iron-Boron( Nd2Fe 14B)

33. • The first three above mentioned magnets were expensive and bulky and were used with
their limitations till rare earth cobalt magnets were developed in 1970.
• Finally Samarium Cobalt rare earth magnets were found to be suitable for orthodontic
use .
• Iron-Boron was introduced which are 70% more powerful than a same size Sm – Co
magnets but are susceptible to corrosion and very brittle.

34. Samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets
• Developed in the 1960s and 1970s.
• Relatively high Curie temperatures, (500-750 degrees ).
• Superior magnetic properties when compared to other rare
earth magnets except Neodymium-Iron-Boron magnets.
• It is a powdered, metallurgically processed inter-metallic
alloy of cobalt and rare earth metals.
• Even with a flat shape there is hardly any demagnetization
making it ideal and small for orthodontic use.

35. • The force necessary in orthodontics can be obtained from a small sized of the magnet
(measurable in millimeters)
• Magnetic properties are invariable in course of time i.e., high - resistance to
demagnetization with time.
• Corrosion resistance is high comparatively since they are parylene coated to prevent
leaking of toxic substances.
• They can also be encased in stainless steel jackets.
• Hence they are difficult to process but can be filed slightly with dental tools.

36. NEODYMIUM-IRON-BORON MAGNETS
• A neodymium magnet the most widely used type of rare-
earth magnet.
• Neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent
magnet commercially available
• NEODYMIUM-IRON-BORON MAGNETS produce
extremely high magnetic flux densities relative to their size.
• They are accepted as the magnet of choice in orthodontics.

37. TYPES OF NEODYMIUM-IRON-BORON MAGNETS
most suitable material since it is cheaper & has sufficient
resistance to corrosion
Neo 1i
withstand demagnetization at higher temperatures. But poor
resistance to corrosion
Neo 3i
Neo 5i
newest & most sophisticated. Superior energy production &
resistance to demagnetization

38. ADVANTAGES
• High energy product value as compared to samarium cobalt magnets
• Better bio compatibility
• High energy product implies stronger forces of attraction

39. DISADVANTAGES
• Very susceptible to corrosion
• Risk of destroyed magnetic properties and forces
• To avoid liberation of cytotoxic product into the oral cavity it is necessary to coat these
magnets with parylene and then embed them into the acrylic blocks

40. Biological safety of magnets
In vitro Testing to evaluate toxic and
carcinogenic effectLevel 1
Testing on animalsLevel 2
Clinical trialsLevel 3
To evaluate biological safety 3 levels of testing are conducted

41. Aim of testing biological safety??
EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS
EVALUATE THE TOXIC EFFECT OF MATERIAL USED AND
THEIR CORROSION PRODUCTS

42. ADVANTAGES OF MAGNETS
• It eliminates patient cooperation, as it is totally operator controlled.
• It produces less pain & discomfort.
• Continuous force is exerted.
• Treatment time is reduced.
• Magnetic tooth movement is biologically more acceptable with reduced periodontal
disturbance, root resorption and caries.
• No friction.
• Appliance adjustments are minimal; therefore it takes less chair time.
• Better force, working range control is achieved by maintaining the distance between
magnets.
• Better directional force control

43. • Magnets suffer significantly from tarnish and corrosion.
• Tarnish and corrosion products are cytotoxic.
• Concerns have been expressed on the bioeffects of static magnetic
fields.
• Bulk of magnets is still a concern in space limiting applications.
• Cost is also an unfavorable factor.
• Bitterness.
DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNETS

44. LOCAL EFFECTSWHOLE BODY
EXPOSURE
(SYSTEMIC EFFECTS)
EFFECTS OF MAGNETS

45. Whole body exposure
(Systemic Effects)
• Peter neurath(1974): observed no toxic effects by exposing animals to magnetic field
strength of coercive force of 108 oersted/cm2.
• WHO reports(1993): suggests that static magnetic fields up to 2T shows no significant
health effects However short term exposure to static fields greater than 5T may produce
detrimental health effects.
• Cerny(1979) : SmCo magnets have no effects on blood cells
• Blechman(1985) : No increase in urinary Cobalt levels measured at 6 months interval

46. • Kawata(1987) : No significant changes in Ascorbic acid,and Citric acid concentrations
in blood( but after application of force by conventional orthodontic treatment there is
decrease in blood and adrenal gland concentration of Ascorbic acid and it is related to
stress

47. Local effects
• Haberdital(1967): increase in reaction rate of metallo-enzyme catalase when a cell is
exposed to a static magnetic field
• Basset et al(1977) : used electromagnetic fields clinically to enhance the calcification
process in bones.
• Momma et al(1977) : permanently implanted magnets to mobilize eyelids affected by
facial nerve paralysis
• Repacholi(1985) : certain magnetic fields may stimulate enzyme systems, cell turnover
and osteogenesis in vitro in vivo

48. MAGNETIC FORCE SYSTEMS IN
ORTHODONTICS

49. • This invention involves the orthodontic movement of live teeth in the mouth by using
the forces of magnets.
• A magnet is attached to the teeth by conventional methods such as adhesive bonding or
dental appliances.
• The magnets are placed on the teeth in such a manner to employ the attraction and
repulsion characteristics of a magnetic field

50. • The magnets may be attached anywhere on a tooth, but preferably in an inconspicuous
position.
• The magnets themselves may have tapered edges to insure the teeth move to the proper
position.
• In the movement of a single tooth normally a magnet will be attached to the single tooth
with the other magnet which creates the repulsion or attraction force being attached to
several teeth in combination.

51. • Relocating impacted teeth (Vardimon et al 1991)
• Expansion of arch (Alexander, in 1987)
• Distalization / mesialisation of teeth (Anthony Gianelly & others, 1988)
• Class II correction with functional appliance (Ali Darendeliler, 1993)
• Intrusion of posterior teeth in open bite cases (Delligner,1986)
• Closure of diastema (Muller, 1984)
• Uprighting and derotation of teeth
• Extrusion of fractured teeth (Bondemark and Kurol, 1997)
Magnetic force delivery systems are now popularly used for;

52. RARE EARTH MAGNETS AND IMPACTION
• The cause of impaction, in particular of the palatally impacted maxillary canine, is
related to aberration in the eruption process, and not due to arch length deficiency.
• Thus a shorter root of the upper lateral incisor frequently can cause palatal impaction of
the upper canine because of a lack of guidance.
• This calls for the application of a therapeutic procedure by which the normal eruption
mechanism can be simulated.
Vardimon AD1, Graber TM, Drescher D, Bourauel C

53. • Conventional traction methods have been found to be associated
with gingiva inflammation, bone recession, reduced attached
gingiva, periodontal pockets, exposed cementoenamel junction,
and root resorption of the impacted and adjacent teeth.
• Magnetic traction can avoid these side effects.
• The use of two attracting magnets in the treatment of unerupted
teeth was described by Sadler, Meghji and Murray ( BJO 1989).
• One magnet was bonded to the impacted tooth, while a second
stationary magnet was incorporated in a removable acrylic
appliance.
• The location of the stationary magnet decided the direction of
force.
• Activation was done by repositioning the magnet on the plate
occlusally.
Vardimon AD1, Graber TM, Drescher D, Bourauel C

54. • Vardimon et al (AJO-DO 1991) introduced a magnetic attraction system, with a
magnetic bracket bonded to an impacted tooth and an intraoral magnet linked to
a Hawley type retainer.
• Vertical and horizontal magnetic brackets were designed, with the magnetic axis
magnetized parallel and perpendicular to the base of the bracket, respectively.
• The vertical type is used for impacted incisors and canines, and the horizontal
magnetic bracket is applied for impacted premolars and molars.
Vardimon AD1, Graber TM, Drescher D, Bourauel C

55. • In deep impaction, the Nd2Fe14B magnetic bracket was cold-
sterilized before surgery, and the surgical flap was then sutured
over the bonded magnetic bracket.
• Attraction was initiated 1 to 2 weeks after healing. Thus tooth
emergence into the oral cavity replicated normal eruption
conditioning.
• The system operated at an attractive force level of 0.2 to 0.5 N.
• No side effects were observed in a restricted number of treated
cases, and treatment time was reduced.
Vardimon AD1, Graber TM, Drescher D, Bourauel C

56. Advantages
• Better rapport with the patient.
• No manipulation of wires, springs or elastics.
• Since a palatal force is possible, health of the labial cortical plate and zone of attached gingiva
are optimized in buccally erupting canines.
• Can be used in molar and premolar impactions.
• Less adjustments required, less pain to the patient.
• 3 D control over the erupting tooth.
• The stationary magnet on the plate can be placed eccentrically with respect to the intra-oral
bracket, to produce normal eruption and less need for uprighting the tooth later.
• As the magnet is completely sealed off from the oral cavity, there is no chance of
inflammation or infection. Also, normal alveolar bone levels and epithelial attachment are
maintained.
Vardimon AD1, Graber TM, Drescher D, Bourauel C

57. Expansion of arch (Alexander, in 1987)
• Vardimon et al was the first to investigate the use of magnets
to provide the force for maxillary expansion.
• The study compared the effects of magnetic versus mechanical
expansion with different force thresholds and points of force
application.
• The authors demonstrated orthopaedic changes with magnetic
palatal expansion.
• The palatally pinned magnetic appliance induced bodily tooth
movement, the greatest increase in intermolar distance and a
superior repositioning of the maxillopalatine region

58. • Darendeliler et al examined the effect of magnetic forces for
maxillary expansion in human patients of different ages.
• Two types of magnetic expansion device (MED) were used,
bonded in two patients and banded in four other patients.
• Two repelling samarium-cobalt magnets were used to
generate forces between 250 and 500 grams.
magnetic expansion device (MED)

59. MOLAR DISTALISATION
• Several authors have reported on the use of magnets to move
molars distally.
• In 1988 Gianelly et al described a new intra-arch method, where
by distalisation of maxillary first molars was achieved with
repelling magnets in combination with a modified Nance
appliance cemented on the premolars.
• The molars were distalised at a rate of 0.75-1mm per month,
without significant anchorage loss.
• Molar movement was reported to be faster by at least 1mm/month
in the absence of second molars and resulted in less anchorage
loss.

60. EXTRUSION OF FRACTURED TOOTH
• Bondemark (1997)-
Magnet Design
• The magnetic system consisted of either one or two cylindrical parylene- or stainless
steel-coated, neodymium-iron-boron magnets placed in the coronal part of the
remaining root.
• Attractive magnets have been used for orthodontic extrusion.

61. • The magnets were fixed in the root with a thin layer of composite.
• The use of magnets to extrude a traumatised incisor and enhance root
eruption was reported by McCord and Harvie.
• The case report detailed the use of SmCo magnets to extrude the root
of an incisor with a subgingival fracture.
• One magnet was fixed to the root and one embedded in a removable
partial denture.
• Bondemark et al.reported a similar protocol with NdFeB magnets for
the extrusion of crown-root fractured teeth.

62. OPEN BITE
• The first clinical application in this field, the Active Vertical
Corrector, was introduced by Dellinger in 1986.
• Bearing posterior repelling magnets, this appliance was considered
as an 'energized' bite block removable or fixed, with the aim of
achieving intrusion of the posterior teeth by generating 700 grams of
force per magnetic unit.

63. • The author reported that the four cases treated with this appliance showed little
tendency towards re-eruption of the molars, but some labial or lingual tipping of the
maxillary incisors was observed.
• The appliance was recommended for both adults and children, although a more rapid
correction was observed in growing children.

64. MAGNETS FOR CLOSING DIASTEMAS
• This was reported by Muller (1984) who bonded rectangular magnets (SmCo)
delivering 117.5 gms of force of attraction on each maxillary central incisor to close a
midline diastema.
• She also mentioned the possibility of bonding the magnets palatally for better esthetics.
Absence of friction and no reactivations were needed, which were advantageous

65. MAGNETIC APPLIANCES

66. CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC APPLIANCES
 MAGNETIC ACTIVATOR DEVICE (MAD)
• MAD-I
• MAD-II
• MAD-III
• MAD-IV
 SKELETAL CORRECTION WITH FUNCTIONAL
APPLIANCE (FOMA)
• FOMA-II
• FOMA- III
• PUMA - hemifacial microsomia (chate, 1995)
• MAGNETIC TWIN BLOCK (CLARK)
 MAGNETIC BRACKETS (TERUSHIGE KAWATE,
1987)
 AUTONOMOUS FIXED APPLIANCE
 RETAINERS (SPRINGATE, 1991)
 MAGNETIC APPLIANCE FOR TREATMENT OF
SNORING PATIENTS WITH AND WITH AND
WITHOUT OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA.

67. MAGNETIC ACTIVATOR DEVICE (MAD)
• This magnetically active functional appliance was developed by darendelelier (1993).
• It can be used for the correction of
• MANDIBULAR DEVIATIONS - (MAD I)
• CLASS II MALOCCLUSION - (MAD II)
• CLASS III CORRECTIONS - (MAD III)
• SKELETAL OPEN BITE CASES - (MAD IV)
• He uses Samarium Cobalt magnets in attractive and repelling mode to achieve
orthodontic and orthopedic correction.

68. MAD II Appliance
• The components of the removable MAD II appliance are:
• An upper and lower Hawley framework carrying a rectangular magnet,on each side in
the molar- premolar region.
• A midline magnet, at each incisal edge.
• Two vestibular bows.
• An acrylic occlusal bite plane.
• Adams clasps in the upper premolar areas and modified "C" clasps in the lower molar
and bicuspid areas.

69. • Mechanical retention of the appliances against the magnetic forces is obtained
posteriorly by clasps that hook over either molar bands or buttons bonded on the buccal
surface of the molars.
• In the anterior area, a small amount of composite is placed on the labial surface of the
incisors occlusally to the labial bow, so that the bow rests tightly on its composite
support.

70. • A 30° inclination of the occlusal surface (4 ´ 6 mm) of the magnet to the basal surface
(5.2 ´ 4 mm) produces an oblique force vector to correct a Class II malocclusion.
• The 4 mm buccolingual thickness of the magnet is only 1 mm larger than a standard
edgewise bracket, and so gives a size and shape compatible with the vestibular shape

71. • Total magnetic force is 600 to 700 gm
• In Class II cases with normal vertical proportions, the magnets are placed distal to the
upper canine and distal to the lower first premolar

72. • Class II deep bite with magnets in attraction.
• Force direction indicated by arrows.

73. • Class II open bite situation :- Arrows show dental effects produced by magnets in
repulsion and in attraction, probable maxillary and mandibular rotations

74. MAD III
• A MAD III appliance was constructed from a bonded upper
plate and a removable lower plate, each carrying two buccal
magnets .
• Two repelling samarium cobalt magnets, each coated with
vacuum-molded plastic, were also embedded in the acrylic
of the upper plate to form an MED.

75. TREATMENT OBJECTIVE:
maxillary expansion
stimulation of forward
maxillary growth
backward growth
modification of mandible
to obtain a dental and
skeletal class I
relationship
correction of the crossbite
with a bonded MED while
controlling the dental
class III malocclusion
with a mad III appliance.

76. • Pins and tubes were placed to guide the separation of the palate.
• Only one of the repelling magnets could slide on the pins for activation of the MED.
• Self-polymerizing acrylic was added every three weeks to re-establish contact between
the magnets.
• The midpalatal magnets produced 500g of force, which declined to 250g during the
three weeks between activations.

77. • The upper and lower magnets of the MAD III added a total transverse force of as much
as 300g (depending on the interocclusal space), for a total expansion force of as much
as 800g.
• The lower buccal magnets were placed more anteriorly and buccally than the upper
buccal magnets so their attractive force would not interfere with the repulsive force of
the midpalatal magnets.

78. • The upper and lower magnets had a tendency to move toward a fully centered contact,
thus creating a forward force against the maxilla and a backward force against the
mandible.
• The total sagittal force between the upper and lower plates was about 300g initially,
increasing to 600g as the crossbite and Class III condition were corrected.

79. MAD IV
• The Magnetic Activator Device IV (MAD IV) uses anterior attracting magnets as well
as posterior repelling magnets.
• The anterior magnets guide the mandible into a centered-midline position, add an
anterior closing effect, and enhance the anterior rotation of the mandible.
• The MAD IV consists of removable upper and lower plates, each of which contains
three cylindrical neodymium (Nd2Fe17B) magnets coated with stainless steel .

80. • The four posterior magnets, embedded in a repelling configuration, generate an
intrusive force of 300g each, with a bite opening of 5.5-6mm at the first molars.
• The two midline magnets apply an attracting force of 300g.
• The MAD IV is used in cases where the anterior segment of the maxilla is vertically
correct or overdeveloped (gummy smile).
• Because posterior intrusion and mandibular autorotation are needed, the posterior and
anterior magnets are placed in full contact

81. • The MAD IV- is used when an additional extrusive effect is needed in the maxillary
anterior region. The anterior magnets are positioned with a vertical opening of 2-3mm,
while the posterior magnets are placed in full contact
• The MAD IV- is used when only anterior extrusion is needed. The posterior magnets are
omitted, and the anterior magnets are placed with an opening of 1-2mm, depending on
the severity of the anterior open bite

82. Functional orthopedic magnetic appliance (FOMA) II
• Vardimon, (1989) introduced a new functional appliance to correct Class ll
dentoskeletal malocclusions.
• The functional orthopedic magnetic appliance (FOMA) ll uses upper and lower
attracting magnetic means (Nd2Fe14B) to constrain the lower jaw in an advanced
sagittal posture.

83. Appliance design
• The lower magnetic housing was incorporated into the lower plate on the dental model.
Both upper and lower plates were then bonded to the dental arches.

84. • The upper magnet was subsequently intraorally attached to the upper plate while the
lower jaw was maintained in 3-4 mm advancement and with the two magnets fully
superimposed with no air gap.
• Although statistically not feasible because of the small sample, the mandibular
elongation (Pg'-Co) increased by 22% in the FOMA II and by 28% in the combined
FOMA II + FA over the conventional FA.

85. Functional orthopedic magnetic appliance (FOMA) III
• Vardimon, 1990 developed an intraoral intermaxillary appliance for the treatment of
Class lll malocclusions that exhibit midface sagittal deficiency with or without
mandibular excess.
• FOMA III consisted of upper and lower magnetic plates in an attractive force
configuration bonded to each respective arch

86. • The arch wire was embedded in a molded resin sheet overlying the incisor and molar
crowns, and formation was completed in a vacuum-forming machine.

87. • The upper magnetic housing was attached to a retraction screw .
• The lower magnetic housing was permanently attached to the plate in maximal
proximity to the lingual surface of the central incisors.
• Reactivation was accomplished by periodic (3 to 4 weeks) posterior repositioning of the
upper magnet.

88. • Major advantages of a FOMA III in comparison with Class III elastics are maximum
force at minimum distance (closed mouth) and a sagittal movement (shearing force) at
the end of the attractive pathway for spatially displaced magnets to terminate at a
maximal overlap of unlike poles (maximal magnetic interface).
• Inclining of the magnetic interface at 15° to the occlusal plane a horizontal force vector
of about 100 gm and a vertical force vector four times greater were produced.

89. FIXED MAGNETIC APPLIANCE
• A fixed magnetic appliance was introduced by Varun Kalra and Charles' Burstone(1989).
• The appliance consists of an upper and a lower acrylic splints with Samarium Cobalt
magnets in stainless steel casting embedded in them in the repelling mod

90. Hypotheses of study
• There were two hypothesis for this study.
1) if all erupted teeth in the upper and lower arches could be intruded with an appliance,
the mandible would auto-rotate upward and forward into the interocclusal space created.
2) if this appliance could displace the condyle downward and forward, away from the
posterior part of the glenoid fossa, stimulation of condylar growth might occur.
• Both these effects, an increase in length of the mandible and an upward and forward
autorotation of the mandible, would be beneficial in treating class II malocclusions
associated with increased lower facial height and a retrusive mandible.

91. Appliance design
• Working bite was taken with the mandible in centric relation.
• Opened 7 to 8mm in the permanent first molar region.
• Upper and lower acrylic splints that were bonded on the occlusal halves of the
permanent first molars, deciduous molars or premolars, and canines.
• Samarium cobalt magnets measuring were placed in a stainless steel case 0.007- inch
thick and embedded into the upper and lower acrylic splints in a repelling mode.

92. • In addition 0.028 inch wire was embedded in the acrylic
• This wire rested on the lingual surfaces of the four permanent incisors and was
individually bonded to them; thereby intrusive forces were transmitted to the entire
arch.
• A fixed appliance was designed that hinged the mandible open and exerted an intrusive
force on the teeth.

93. TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
An increase in length of the mandible
Intrusion of teeth
Upward and forward autorotation of the mandible
Reduction of A-B to occlusal plane
Improvement in the angle of facial convexity
Creation of temporary buccal crossbite caused by the shearing force of
repelling magnets.

94. AUTONOMOUS FIXED APPLIANCE
• A class II bimaxillary protrusion case, were treated with magnets, was reported by
Darendeliler and Joho (1992).
• He used upper and lower magnets of Sm-Co bonded to the individual teeth at
appropriate level forming the autonomous fixed appliance.
• The individual magnets delivering a force of 20-30 gms, closed all the diastemas
present.

95. OBJECTIVES
Correction of the skeletal class II
Correction of the mandibular deviation
Correction of a cusp-to-cusp relationship in the buccal segments
Closure of a few spaces in the upper bicuspid areas.

96. MAGNETIC TWIN BLOCK
• Clark used SmCo & NdFeB in his Twin block. The magnets were
embedded in the inclined surface of the Twin blocks.
• In attractive mode they ensured the Twin blocks are always in
contact even at night.
• When used in repelling mode it reduces the need for reactivation
by inducing additional forward posture of mandible.

97. The propellant unilateral magnetic appliance (PUMA):
• Chate (EJO,1995) introduced a new technique for hemifacial microsomia.
• Used for stimulating the autogenous costochondral graft.
• Consists of SmCo magnets embedded in upper & lower acrylic bite blocks in repelling
mode.
• The long axis of the magnets are perpendicular to blocks interface. Encouraging results
were reported.

98. Appliance design
• This involved unilateral blocks of acrylic, in separate upper and lower removable
appliances, with 5 X 5 mm cylindrical gold-plated Samarium Cobalt magnets.
• The upper component had a screw to mechanically advance the block O.25mm
sequentially and once fully opened this entailed the fabrication of a new appliance.
• upper block was advanced, the lower was propelled antero-medially, as the mandible
pivoted around the normal temporomandibular joint.
• Treatment with the PUMA also resulted in improvement of the lower dental midline, as
well as the production of an ipsilateral open bite.
• This was probably due to the unilateral magnetic blocks interrupting the vertical
dentoalveolar development and simulating the growth of the graft.

99. A magnetic appliance for treatment of snoring patients
with and without obstructive sleep apnea
• Bernhold, Bondemark (1998): Socially handicapping
snoring with and without obstructive sleep apnea
(OSAS) is common and has attracted significant
attention in the past 20yrs.
• During sleep, when the masticatory muscles are
physiologically relaxed, there is an obvious risk that
the mandibular complex moves backward and closes
the air flow in the upper airway space.
• In such situations, a magnetic appliance may be
more effective than the conventional passive
functional appliance, because the magnet forces
prevent the closing by providing direct and
continuous mandibular advancement.

100. Appliance Design
• Two intraoral removable occlusal splints with full tooth coverage, one in the maxilla
and one in the mandible, were fabricated from transparent acrylic.
• Full tooth coverage is necessary to prevent unwanted orthodontic tooth movements.
• The total height of the two splints together was between 14 and 18 mm, and the plane
between the splints was inclined sagittally 10° to 15° to produce an oblique force vector
for favoring forward advancement of the mandible.
• In each splint, four parylene coated (poly-para-xylene 250 mm) NIB magnets were
embedded.

101. • The treatment had no aberrant effects of the TMJ status.
• During the use of the magnetic appliance, the mandible rotated downward and backward
and the backward rotation mostly camouflaged the sagittal forward movement of the
mandible.
• There was no significant influence on the hyoid bone position, but the hypopharyngeal
airway space increased, the tongue base was lowered and the contact between the tongue
and soft palate was reduced significantly.

102. MAGNETIC BRACKETS
• Kawata et al, in brief, introduced magnetic brackets, in 1987.
• The magnet was coated with Nickel and chromium to prevent corrosion.
• They were designed to deliver 250 gm of force and to form an ideal arch in both
maxilla and mandible on completion of treatment.

103. • The advent of Sm-co magnet which could be fabricated to minimal size yet delivers
sufficient force for tooth movement was then responsible for design of a magnetic
bracket because of high energy product, resistance to outer demagnetizing fields and
suited to a flat circuit.
• Improved Sm-co magnet can deliver a force of 250 gm compared to 50 gm of older
magnet. At the same time, the volume of material decreased.
• This force magnitude is sufficient to move canines and other teeth.

104. Advantages
• Works effectively
• Less discomfort
• Less stress for patient
• Shorter treatment time when compared to traditional appliance.
• Decreased incidence of periodontal problem, root resorption and caries.
• The magnetic force produces a piezo-electric current, which will remodel alveolar bone.

105. Disadvantages
• Increased cost over traditional brackets
• Magnetic force is not sufficient to move teeth, which are more than 3 mm apart.

106. MAGNETIC RETAINER
• Springate (1991) used micro-magnets made of Neodymium-Iron-Boron- as a
fixed retained palatally in a patient with persistent midline spacing.
• No hindrance in maintaining oral hygiene was an added advantage to this
successful treatment.

107. RECYCLING
• Bondemark & Kurol conducted extensive studies of rare earth magnets used in
orthodontics.
• They concluded that recycling does not affect the biocompatibility & the force stability
of magnets even though the recycling process involved autoclaving.
• They also recommend that new partially encased SmCo magnets be stored in water for
24 hrs before use to reduce the release of cytotoxic components.
• However Darendililer felt that magnets should not be recycled for ethical reasons &
also because they demagnetize during recycling process.

108. Conclusion
• Even though the magnets in various modalities give a promissory result , research
studies are required to evaluate long term stability especially in open bite & class III
cases.
• We always desire safe, simple and rapid techniques to achieve therapeutic objectives.
Rare earth magnets provide an innovative thought but still further investigation is
required to probe in to the biological effects of magnets

109. REFERENCES
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70, 1979
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7,1980.
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treatment. Am. J. Orthod,. 89:428,1986.
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