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1. TYPES,
CLASSIFICATION
AND PROPERTIES
OF MAGNETS
Submitted by: Bhoomika. B. V
Ashwini
Devi Sneha

2. Magnets are
broadly
divided into
two groups,
namely
1.
•Natural Magnet :
Earth, iron ore,
magnetite, and
other iron-pyrites
etc
2.
•Artificial Magnet :
Electromagnets
and Permanent
Magnets

3. Electromagnets
The electromagnets are magnets
which work when electricity is
applied to them and have no power
of their own to act without
electricity.
They are used in electric
machines, generators and
motors and are utilized in
various industries.
They are used for loading and
unloading iron equipment on
ships, for magnetic cranes, and
magnetic brakes in trams.

4. Electromagnets
• They are also used for separating iron scraps from other non-magnetic
substances, as well as in amplifiers, armatures, bells, buzzers, circuit
breakers, contact rectifiers, electronics, loud speakers, radios, storage
devices, tele-communications, transformers etc.
• Surgeons use them for extracting iron splinters from eyeballs and other
parts of the body.

5. Permanent Magnets
As their name shows, they remain permanently magnetized once they are charged with electric
current and are used without electricity applied to them every time they are put to use.
They do not loose their magnetism if they are properly preserved with keepers attached to them
for many years.
If not stocked with keepers, these may, however, lose some force of their magnetism. But these can
be remagnetized and the decreased force of their strength can be restored.
If they are recharged every 5-6 years, they work for 100 years – even more.

6. Different shapes, sizes, designs and strength
• Permanent magnets are made of different alloys and are of different shapes,
sizes, and designs.
• These also have different magnetic strength. The Strength of the magnets
depends upon the proportion, quantity and quality of the different metallic
alloys which are mixed for making them.
• The sizes differ according to the requirements and the purposes for which they
are made.
• Generally permanent magnets are made for industrial, commercial and
educational purposes but some of them can be utilized for medical purposes
also.

7. Classification
of magnets
according to
shape
The most commonly manufactured
and used shapes and designs of
permanent magnet are:
• Bar Magnet
• Cylindrical solid magnet
• Cylindrical magnets with holes
• Ring magnets
• Rectangular magnets with holes and
without holes
• Chuck magnets

9. Classification of magnets according to shape
7. Arc or crescent magnets
8. U- shaped magnets
9. Horse-shoe magnets
10. Square magnets with holes or without holes
11. Cup shape covered magnets

11. Classification
of Magnetic
Materials
There is a very wide range of magnetic materials from
which permanent magnets may be made.
The materials differ in the nature of their elements and
their composition.
Each of them has its own values, its own characteristics
and consequently its own uses.
The different metallic alloys from which magnets are
made are called magnetic materials or magnetic
substances.

12. Physical
properties of
magnets
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Dia-magnetic
Magnetic permeability
Antiferromagnetic materials

13. Ferromagnetic
These magnets have got large values of
magnetic permeability and are, therefore,
capable of high degree of magnetization.
They include metals which are found to be
attracted by magnets or magnetic fields. Such
substances are : iron, steel, nickel and cobalt.
Steel retains magnetism for a long time, where
as soft iron loses it earlier.
Soft iron is used in electromagnets and steel is
used for permanent magnets.

14. Antiferromgnetism
It is refer to a phenomenon in which the
magnetic interaction between any two
dipoles align themselves anti-parallel to
each other.
Since all dipoles are of equal magnitude,
the net magnetization is zero.
Like ferromagnetic materials
antiferromagnetic materials also possess
dipole moment due to spin of the electron.
The opposite alignment of adjacent dipoles
due to an exchange interaction.

15. Paramagnetic
These substances represent the materials
which are feebly attracted when placed in a
magnetic field.
In a non-uniform field, paramagnetic
substances will experience an attractive
force towards the strongest part of the
field.
These include aluminium, chromium,
copper sulphate, manganese, palladium,
potassium, and tungsten etc.

16. Diamagnetic
These substances are the materials which are not attracted
by magnets.
They have a tendency to move from stronger to weaker parts
of magnetic field and are characterized by negative
susceptibility.
These include, antimony, bismuth, copper, diamond, gold,
mercury, silver, Sulphur, tin and zinc.
Gases and liquids are also found to belong to the classes of
paramagnetic or diamagnetic substances.
Air and oxygen are found to be paramagnetic while alcohol,
hydrogen, nitrogen, and water are diamagnetic in their
properties.

17. Ceramic
magnets
Magnets made from synthetic material are called
ceramic ferrite or graphite magnets.
The ceramic or ferrite magnets are manufactured from
oxides of ferric and barium, with certain doping agents
which differ from manufacturer to manufacturer.
Ceramic magnets are used for the purpose of:
Communications, electricals, electronics, transport, and
miscellaneous like belts, door-latches, filters, magnetic
games, magnetic separators, novelties, plastic materials
and stationery items.
.

18. Advantages
Retention of magnetism for a very long
time.
High stability to demagnetizing field
and temperature changes.
About 60 percent weight as compared
to metallic magnets.
Available at lower costs.
No “keepers” necessary for long
preservation.

19. Magnetic Permeability
Magnetic permeability is a diagnostic physical property which characterizes the degree of
induced magnetism a material experiences under the influence of an external magnetic
field.
It is a property that basically allows magnetic lines of force to pass through a
material.
Magnetic permeability of a material can also be said to be its magnetization
capability.
This helps in determining how much of magnetic flux can the material support
which will pass through it.

20. Magnetic Field
• Magnetic field is the portion of space near a magnetic body or a current-carrying
body in which the magnetic forces due to the body or current can be detected.
• They can be generated within the vicinity of a magnet, by an electric current, or
a charging electrical field.
• They are dipolar in nature, which means that they have both a north and south
magnetic pole.
• The standard international unit used to measure magnetic fields is the Telsa,
while smaller magnetic fields are measured in terms of Guass ( 1 Telsa = 10000
Guass).

21. Measurement of magnetic field
Magnetic fields are measured using magnetometers or guass meters.
There are 3 basic approaches to measurement devices using hall
effect, Faraday’s law or nuclear magnetic resonance.
Hall meters are the most common and vary significantly in price from
simple home use devices to engineering and scientific level systems.