Magnesium bromide (MgBr2) is a white, hygroscopic chemical compound of magnesium and bromine. It readily absorbs moisture from the air due to its hygroscopic nature. MgBr2 can be synthesized by reacting hydrobromic acid with magnesium oxide and crystallizing the product. When dissolved in water, MgBr2 dissociates into magnesium ions (Mg2+) and bromide ions (Br-). MgBr2 is commonly used as a drying agent due to its ability to absorb water. Other hygroscopic salts like calcium chloride and calcium sulfate are also widely used as desiccants.
This document provides information about cesium formate brine, including its uses, benefits, and the company that produces it. Specifically:
- Cesium formate brine is a high-density, non-toxic brine used for drilling, completing, and suspending deep gas wells. It can have densities up to 143 pcf.
- Using cesium formate brine improves economics by allowing faster drilling and completions while improving well safety. It also maximizes reservoir production and definition.
- Cabot Corporation produces cesium formate brine from pollucite ore in Canada. It has been used in over 250 deep gas wells worldwide since 1999.
Drill and complete wells faster with clear formate brines John Downs
Clear formate brines drill and complete oil wells and gas wells much faster than conventional drilling muds and completion fluids. Formate brines reduce HPHT well drilling and completion times by weeks.
Batch sedimentation
What is sedimentation…?
Goals of gravity s sedimentation
Applications of sedimentation
zone settling velocity
Factors affecting zone settling velocity
Design of Zone Settling Tanks
What is Thickener and Clarifiers…?
Thickener Area Calculation
Types of clarifier
Q913 rfp w3 lec 12, Separators and Phase envelope calculationsAFATous
This document outlines course material on reservoir fluid properties, separators, and phase envelope calculations. It covers topics such as PT flash processes, mixture saturation points, phase envelope determination using Michelsen's technique, and separator calculations to optimize pressure and determine stock tank oil properties. Examples of phase envelopes are shown for oil and gas condensate mixtures, illustrating properties like critical points. The document provides information to understand fluid behavior relevant to production operations.
This document provides information about an advanced chemical engineering thermodynamics course, including:
1) The course covers basic definitions, concepts, relationships for pure components and mixtures including pvT relationships and thermodynamic property relationships.
2) Relevant textbooks are listed for reference.
3) Methods for determining pvT properties of pure components and mixtures are discussed, including experimental determination, databases, equations of state, and process simulators.
4) The Lydersen and Pitzer methods for corresponding states are summarized, which use critical compressibility factor and acentric factor respectively as third parameters to determine compressibility factor from reduced temperature and pressure.
MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE - CAUSTIC SODA USING ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS (MEMBRANE C...Ankush Gupta
This document summarizes the process of manufacturing chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis. It includes:
- A process flow diagram of the membrane cell process used to separate NaCl into NaOH, H2, and Cl2 via electrolysis.
- Material and energy balances calculations for each unit operation including the membrane cell, evaporator, and dryer. These calculate chemical reactions, flows, heating needs and efficiencies.
- The process achieves 70.28% conversion of NaCl and 27.37% yield of NaOH from the reacted NaCl. Waste streams and energy requirements are also quantified.
This document provides information about cesium formate brine, including its uses, benefits, and the company that produces it. Specifically:
- Cesium formate brine is a high-density, non-toxic brine used for drilling, completing, and suspending deep gas wells. It can have densities up to 143 pcf.
- Using cesium formate brine improves economics by allowing faster drilling and completions while improving well safety. It also maximizes reservoir production and definition.
- Cabot Corporation produces cesium formate brine from pollucite ore in Canada. It has been used in over 250 deep gas wells worldwide since 1999.
Drill and complete wells faster with clear formate brines John Downs
Clear formate brines drill and complete oil wells and gas wells much faster than conventional drilling muds and completion fluids. Formate brines reduce HPHT well drilling and completion times by weeks.
Batch sedimentation
What is sedimentation…?
Goals of gravity s sedimentation
Applications of sedimentation
zone settling velocity
Factors affecting zone settling velocity
Design of Zone Settling Tanks
What is Thickener and Clarifiers…?
Thickener Area Calculation
Types of clarifier
Q913 rfp w3 lec 12, Separators and Phase envelope calculationsAFATous
This document outlines course material on reservoir fluid properties, separators, and phase envelope calculations. It covers topics such as PT flash processes, mixture saturation points, phase envelope determination using Michelsen's technique, and separator calculations to optimize pressure and determine stock tank oil properties. Examples of phase envelopes are shown for oil and gas condensate mixtures, illustrating properties like critical points. The document provides information to understand fluid behavior relevant to production operations.
This document provides information about an advanced chemical engineering thermodynamics course, including:
1) The course covers basic definitions, concepts, relationships for pure components and mixtures including pvT relationships and thermodynamic property relationships.
2) Relevant textbooks are listed for reference.
3) Methods for determining pvT properties of pure components and mixtures are discussed, including experimental determination, databases, equations of state, and process simulators.
4) The Lydersen and Pitzer methods for corresponding states are summarized, which use critical compressibility factor and acentric factor respectively as third parameters to determine compressibility factor from reduced temperature and pressure.
MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE - CAUSTIC SODA USING ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS (MEMBRANE C...Ankush Gupta
This document summarizes the process of manufacturing chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis. It includes:
- A process flow diagram of the membrane cell process used to separate NaCl into NaOH, H2, and Cl2 via electrolysis.
- Material and energy balances calculations for each unit operation including the membrane cell, evaporator, and dryer. These calculate chemical reactions, flows, heating needs and efficiencies.
- The process achieves 70.28% conversion of NaCl and 27.37% yield of NaOH from the reacted NaCl. Waste streams and energy requirements are also quantified.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module-1Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of petroleum engineering. It outlines the key topics that will be covered, including what petroleum engineering entails, how petroleum is formed and its chemical composition, fractional distillation processes for crude oil, the history of oil production in Nigeria, and an overview of production sharing contracts. The learning objectives are to understand the basics of the petroleum engineering field and various upstream oil and gas industry concepts and processes.
This document discusses stoichiometry and its related concepts. It begins by listing the topics to be covered, including Dalton's atomic theory, the laws of stoichiometry, the mole concept, and stoichiometric calculations. It then goes into detail explaining Dalton's atomic theory and its drawbacks. It also explains the five laws of stoichiometry - conservation of mass, definite proportions, multiple proportions, reciprocal proportions, and Gay-Lussac's law of gaseous volumes. Finally, it discusses Avogadro's hypothesis and its applications in determining atomicity, molecular formulas, and the relationship between molar mass and vapor density.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.4 Interphase mass transfer
This document discusses filtration and cake filtration principles. It begins by defining filtration and the mechanisms involved. It describes cake filters and how a filter cake forms on the filter medium. The key principles of cake filtration are that resistance increases over time as the cake builds up, requiring either decreasing flow rate or increasing pressure drop to maintain flow. The pressure drop comes from both the filter medium and the cake. Parameters like flow rate, pressure drop, and cake thickness are important to cake filtration.
Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) studies chemical reaction rates and mechanisms and reactor design. It is important for many industries like chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. The document discusses mole balance equations for batch reactors, continuously stirred-tank reactors (CSTR), plug flow reactors (PFR), and packed bed reactors (PBR). It also covers reaction rates and examples.
This document provides an example problem and solution for calculating pressures during well control using the driller's method and wait and weight method. It gives step-by-step calculations for determining pressures at various points when a gas kick occurs at the casing seat or at the surface. The example involves a well with a depth of 10,000 feet, and calculations are shown for determining pressures at 4,000 feet and at the surface when circulating kicks with the initial mud or a heavier kill mud.
This document discusses various topics related to surface chemistry including adsorption, catalysis, and colloids. It begins by defining surface chemistry and adsorption. Important characteristics of adsorption include it being specific and spontaneous. Factors that affect adsorption are then outlined. The document also discusses desorption, sorption, physisorption and chemisorption. It then covers catalysis, including the adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, it defines and compares true solutions, colloids, and suspensions.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Subject: 2.4 Plate efficiencies.
This document discusses using a steady state gas permeameter to measure the permeability of samples such as oil well cores and tight gas sandstones. The steady state gas permeameter measures the drop in pressure and flow rate through a sample during testing. Software then uses Darcy's Law to compute the permeability. The apparatus includes a steady state gas permeameter. References are provided on steady state permeability measurement and properties of rocks at high temperatures and pressures.
it is a mass transfer operation use in chemical industries
it is a simple diffusion of solid to liquid phase and foam a new concentrate liquid solution
it is base on simple diffusion how to work in industries this operation
it is use for pharma, seeds and oil industries.
This document discusses stoichiometric calculations for volumetric analysis and titrations. It provides characteristics that reactions used for titrations should satisfy, such as having a known stoichiometry and being quantitative. It also discusses standard solutions, back titrations, and calculations using molarity and normality. Examples are provided for calculating unknown concentrations based on titration data and balanced chemical equations.
The document provides an overview of oil production processes, including exploration and drilling, reservoir characteristics, well completion, and artificial lift methods. It discusses the facilities and main process sections involved, and describes in detail the components and functions of wellheads, different types of reservoirs and crude oil, natural gas and condensates extracted. Common artificial lift techniques like rod pumps, downhole pumps, gas lift and plunger lift are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of well workovers, interventions and stimulation methods used to improve production.
This document describes a process for manufacturing oxalic acid from sugar through oxidation using nitric and sulfuric acids. Key steps include:
1. Sugar is oxidized with nitric and sulfuric acids in a reactor at 60-65°C to produce oxalic acid. Nitrogen oxides are also produced.
2. The oxalic acid crystals are separated from the mother liquor containing unreacted acids and water.
3. The nitrogen oxides gas is scrubbed using an alkaline solution. The mother liquor is recycled to subsequent batches.
4. Oxalic acid crystals are dried and cooling water circulates through the reactor jacket to control temperature. Process calculations and equipment specifications are provided.
The document discusses kinetics and reaction rates. It defines kinetics as the branch of chemistry that studies the speed or rate of chemical reactions. It explains that reaction rates can be measured by changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure over time. The rate depends on factors like the nature of reactants, concentration, temperature, catalysts, surface area, and pressure. Reactions may occur in multiple steps through reaction intermediates rather than a single step. The collision theory and concept of activation energy are introduced to explain why certain collisions result in reactions. Reaction coordinate diagrams are used to illustrate the energy changes in reactions.
1. Transport phenomena involves the study of three transfer processes: momentum transfer (fluid flow), heat transfer, and mass transfer.
2. Transfer processes can occur through molecular mechanisms or convective mechanisms. Molecular mechanisms depend only on molecular activity, while convective mechanisms depend on fluid motion.
3. For each transfer process, there is a driving force, a conductance property, and a governing law (Newton's law of viscosity for momentum transfer, Fourier's law for heat transfer, and Fick's law for mass transfer).
This document outlines material and energy balances for different sections of a distillation column. It provides equations for:
1) Overall, component, and energy balances for the top, enriching, and stripping sections of the column, defining terms like reflux ratio, heat removed, and operating lines on diagrams.
2) Conditions for total reflux, where operating lines become vertical, and minimum reflux ratio, where the minimum length of line a is determined using trials to find where the tie line through F intersects ΔD.
3) Material and energy balances relate flow rates, temperatures, concentrations, and heat of different streams using terms like net heat out per mole and moles of component A out per total
This document discusses hard water and soft water. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts that prevent soap from lathering easily, while soft water does not contain these salts and allows soap to lather well. The document also describes the different types of water hardness and various methods to treat hard water, such as boiling, adding washing soda, and ion exchange.
Magnesium carbonate and lithium carbonate are inorganic salts with various applications. Magnesium carbonate is a white solid commonly obtained from mining magnesite and used as an antacid, laxative, and filler in pharmaceuticals. It reacts with acids to form magnesium chloride and carbon dioxide. Lithium carbonate is a white powder extracted from pegmatite crystals and brine to treat conditions like bipolar disorder by inhibiting irregular protein kinase C activity in the brain. It is prepared through reactions of lithium compounds with carbon dioxide or sodium carbonate. Both salts have low solubility in water.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module-1Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of petroleum engineering. It outlines the key topics that will be covered, including what petroleum engineering entails, how petroleum is formed and its chemical composition, fractional distillation processes for crude oil, the history of oil production in Nigeria, and an overview of production sharing contracts. The learning objectives are to understand the basics of the petroleum engineering field and various upstream oil and gas industry concepts and processes.
This document discusses stoichiometry and its related concepts. It begins by listing the topics to be covered, including Dalton's atomic theory, the laws of stoichiometry, the mole concept, and stoichiometric calculations. It then goes into detail explaining Dalton's atomic theory and its drawbacks. It also explains the five laws of stoichiometry - conservation of mass, definite proportions, multiple proportions, reciprocal proportions, and Gay-Lussac's law of gaseous volumes. Finally, it discusses Avogadro's hypothesis and its applications in determining atomicity, molecular formulas, and the relationship between molar mass and vapor density.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.4 Interphase mass transfer
This document discusses filtration and cake filtration principles. It begins by defining filtration and the mechanisms involved. It describes cake filters and how a filter cake forms on the filter medium. The key principles of cake filtration are that resistance increases over time as the cake builds up, requiring either decreasing flow rate or increasing pressure drop to maintain flow. The pressure drop comes from both the filter medium and the cake. Parameters like flow rate, pressure drop, and cake thickness are important to cake filtration.
Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) studies chemical reaction rates and mechanisms and reactor design. It is important for many industries like chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. The document discusses mole balance equations for batch reactors, continuously stirred-tank reactors (CSTR), plug flow reactors (PFR), and packed bed reactors (PBR). It also covers reaction rates and examples.
This document provides an example problem and solution for calculating pressures during well control using the driller's method and wait and weight method. It gives step-by-step calculations for determining pressures at various points when a gas kick occurs at the casing seat or at the surface. The example involves a well with a depth of 10,000 feet, and calculations are shown for determining pressures at 4,000 feet and at the surface when circulating kicks with the initial mud or a heavier kill mud.
This document discusses various topics related to surface chemistry including adsorption, catalysis, and colloids. It begins by defining surface chemistry and adsorption. Important characteristics of adsorption include it being specific and spontaneous. Factors that affect adsorption are then outlined. The document also discusses desorption, sorption, physisorption and chemisorption. It then covers catalysis, including the adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, it defines and compares true solutions, colloids, and suspensions.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Subject: 2.4 Plate efficiencies.
This document discusses using a steady state gas permeameter to measure the permeability of samples such as oil well cores and tight gas sandstones. The steady state gas permeameter measures the drop in pressure and flow rate through a sample during testing. Software then uses Darcy's Law to compute the permeability. The apparatus includes a steady state gas permeameter. References are provided on steady state permeability measurement and properties of rocks at high temperatures and pressures.
it is a mass transfer operation use in chemical industries
it is a simple diffusion of solid to liquid phase and foam a new concentrate liquid solution
it is base on simple diffusion how to work in industries this operation
it is use for pharma, seeds and oil industries.
This document discusses stoichiometric calculations for volumetric analysis and titrations. It provides characteristics that reactions used for titrations should satisfy, such as having a known stoichiometry and being quantitative. It also discusses standard solutions, back titrations, and calculations using molarity and normality. Examples are provided for calculating unknown concentrations based on titration data and balanced chemical equations.
The document provides an overview of oil production processes, including exploration and drilling, reservoir characteristics, well completion, and artificial lift methods. It discusses the facilities and main process sections involved, and describes in detail the components and functions of wellheads, different types of reservoirs and crude oil, natural gas and condensates extracted. Common artificial lift techniques like rod pumps, downhole pumps, gas lift and plunger lift are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of well workovers, interventions and stimulation methods used to improve production.
This document describes a process for manufacturing oxalic acid from sugar through oxidation using nitric and sulfuric acids. Key steps include:
1. Sugar is oxidized with nitric and sulfuric acids in a reactor at 60-65°C to produce oxalic acid. Nitrogen oxides are also produced.
2. The oxalic acid crystals are separated from the mother liquor containing unreacted acids and water.
3. The nitrogen oxides gas is scrubbed using an alkaline solution. The mother liquor is recycled to subsequent batches.
4. Oxalic acid crystals are dried and cooling water circulates through the reactor jacket to control temperature. Process calculations and equipment specifications are provided.
The document discusses kinetics and reaction rates. It defines kinetics as the branch of chemistry that studies the speed or rate of chemical reactions. It explains that reaction rates can be measured by changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure over time. The rate depends on factors like the nature of reactants, concentration, temperature, catalysts, surface area, and pressure. Reactions may occur in multiple steps through reaction intermediates rather than a single step. The collision theory and concept of activation energy are introduced to explain why certain collisions result in reactions. Reaction coordinate diagrams are used to illustrate the energy changes in reactions.
1. Transport phenomena involves the study of three transfer processes: momentum transfer (fluid flow), heat transfer, and mass transfer.
2. Transfer processes can occur through molecular mechanisms or convective mechanisms. Molecular mechanisms depend only on molecular activity, while convective mechanisms depend on fluid motion.
3. For each transfer process, there is a driving force, a conductance property, and a governing law (Newton's law of viscosity for momentum transfer, Fourier's law for heat transfer, and Fick's law for mass transfer).
This document outlines material and energy balances for different sections of a distillation column. It provides equations for:
1) Overall, component, and energy balances for the top, enriching, and stripping sections of the column, defining terms like reflux ratio, heat removed, and operating lines on diagrams.
2) Conditions for total reflux, where operating lines become vertical, and minimum reflux ratio, where the minimum length of line a is determined using trials to find where the tie line through F intersects ΔD.
3) Material and energy balances relate flow rates, temperatures, concentrations, and heat of different streams using terms like net heat out per mole and moles of component A out per total
This document discusses hard water and soft water. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts that prevent soap from lathering easily, while soft water does not contain these salts and allows soap to lather well. The document also describes the different types of water hardness and various methods to treat hard water, such as boiling, adding washing soda, and ion exchange.
Magnesium carbonate and lithium carbonate are inorganic salts with various applications. Magnesium carbonate is a white solid commonly obtained from mining magnesite and used as an antacid, laxative, and filler in pharmaceuticals. It reacts with acids to form magnesium chloride and carbon dioxide. Lithium carbonate is a white powder extracted from pegmatite crystals and brine to treat conditions like bipolar disorder by inhibiting irregular protein kinase C activity in the brain. It is prepared through reactions of lithium compounds with carbon dioxide or sodium carbonate. Both salts have low solubility in water.
MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_ANTIMICROBIAL
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe and the third most abundant on the surface of the globe.
All you have to know about this inflammable gas.
This material deals with type-II settling (Hindered settling), mechanism involved in arresting colloidal particles. Definitons, Types of mixing devices, flash mixing, and flocculators
Preparation of guignets green (hydrated chromium oxide)Mithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for preparing Guignet's green, which is hydrated chromium oxide (Cr2O3.2H2O), a green pigment. It involves heating a mixture of potassium dichromate and boric acid to produce chromium borate, then decomposing this with water to yield hydrated chromium oxide. The specific steps are to weigh and mix the reactants, heat the mixture in a crucible for an hour, boil the resulting product in water to decompose the chromium borate, filter and wash the hydrated chromium oxide product, then dry and weigh it to calculate percent yield. Safety precautions for the reactants and apparatus required are also outlined.
This document discusses cooling water chemistry and chemical treatment. It outlines the sources and typical chemistry of cooling water makeup. Key factors that must be controlled include calcium carbonate, chlorides, pH, and suspended solids. Major cooling water problems are corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Chemicals added to control these include zinc phosphate for corrosion inhibition, scale inhibitors, oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides, and dispersants. Maintaining proper cooling water chemistry limits is important for the effective functioning and protection of cooling systems.
The document discusses various antimicrobial agents including hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, boric acid, and iodine. It provides details on their preparation, chemical and physical properties, assays, and mechanisms of action. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen and is prepared from barium peroxide. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent prepared by heating potassium hydroxide with manganese dioxide. Boric acid is prepared from borax and used as an antiseptic. Iodine and its preparations are also briefly mentioned.
Generally soaps create foam in water, but in present of some materials the foam creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam, and this condition of water is called water hardness.
The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.
The document discusses various water treatment technologies. It describes the goals of water treatment as removing turbidity, chemicals, and pathogens from water sources in an affordable and timely manner. It then outlines different water sources and uses. The document details various impurities found in water and methods to remove them, such as screening, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration and sterilization. It also discusses specific technologies for treating boiler feed water and softening hard water, including internal and external treatment methods.
Here you can find a simple and short note on Pharmaceutical Preformulation studies.
Reference book:
The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachman and Lieberman.
The document summarizes the general characteristics and properties of compounds of alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. It discusses their oxides, hydroxides, halides, oxo-acids, and carbonates. Key points include that the compounds are generally ionic in nature, their physical properties change systematically down the groups (e.g. melting points decrease), and they are generally soluble with high negative enthalpies of formation. Sodium carbonate prepared by the Solvay process is discussed as an important sodium compound used for water softening, laundering, and other industrial applications.
This document discusses various water treatment methods. It begins by introducing hard water and soft water, and the requirements and issues with boiler feed water. It then describes several external and internal water softening methods, including lime-soda, zeolite, and ion exchange. Lime-soda involves using lime and soda ash to precipitate hardness ions from water. Zeolite and ion exchange use ion exchange resins to remove hardness. The document provides details on the principles, processes, equipment used and regeneration for each method. It also discusses other water treatment issues like boiler troubles, scale formation, corrosion prevention and domestic water treatment.
This document discusses hydrides of nitrogen, including ammonia and hydrazine. It provides details on their structures, properties, preparation methods, and uses. Ammonia is a colorless gas that is lighter than air. It is prepared through reactions involving ammonium chloride or metal nitrides. Ammonia is used as a fertilizer and cleaning product. Hydrazine is a reducing agent that exists as a colorless liquid. It is prepared through reactions of sodium hypochlorite with ammonia or urea. Both compounds are discussed in terms of their molecular structures and chemical properties.
The document summarizes a lab report on observing physical and chemical changes. The lab involved experiments with copper chloride, magnesium, hydrochloric acid, barium chloride, glass, and sodium bicarbonate. Key results included copper chloride turning blue when stirred in water, magnesium burning brightly and leaving ash, and reactions between acids and bases producing gases. The conclusion distinguished physical changes that alter a substance's form from chemical changes that produce new substances through chemical reactions.
Permanganometry, iodometry in analytical technique, P K MANIP.K. Mani
This document provides information about various redox titration methods including permanganometry, dichromatometry, iodometry, and iodimetry. It discusses the standard redox potentials and reaction equations for potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, and other oxidizing agents. The document also describes procedures for standardizing and preparing standard solutions of these titrants. Specific applications discussed include the titration of iron(II), nitrites, and arsenite.
Soluble colloidal manganese dioxide: Formation, identification and prospects ...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Soluble colloidal MnO2 was prepared by the reduction of KMnO4 by three reducing agents as MnSO4,
Na2S2O3 and HCOOHin neutral aqueous solutions at 25°C. Under suitable conditions, these solutions were
dark brown in color and found to remain stable and transparent for several weeks. The obtained colloid was
characterized by spectrophotometric and coagulation methods. The spectral behavior of soluble colloidal
MnO2 was studied. The λmax was 390 nm when MnO2 was prepared by the reduction of KMnO4 by MnSO4.
Both the λmax and the molar extinction coefficient depended on the method of preparation of colloidal
MnO2. The formation of MnO2 was confirmed by the determination of the oxidation state of Mnspecies in
MnO2. The behavior of as-prepared colloidal solution obeys Beer-Lambert law, if the concentrations of the colloidal particles are assumed to be equal to Both spectral analysis and that using Rayleigh’s law confirmed the existence of colloidal MnO2. The observed coagulating efficiency depends not only on the concentration of electrolyte but also on the charge carried by the cation of the electrolyte. Stability of the colloidal particles in the aqueous solutions is determined by the negative charge on the surface of the colloidal particles.
Hard water prevents soap lather formation due to calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types of hardness - temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling but permanent requires chemical treatment. Hard water causes issues for washing, cooking, industries and boilers. In boilers, hard water leads to scale and sludge formation, reducing efficiency. Water can be softened externally using lime-soda process, zeolite process or ion exchange, or internally in boilers using various conditioning methods like phosphates and carbonates. These methods convert hardness ions to insoluble precipitates or soluble complexes to prevent scale.
Water can be hard or soft depending on the amount of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. Hard water causes scale buildup and reduces cleaning product efficiency. There are several methods to remove hardness from water including lime-soda softening, cation exchange, distillation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. Lime-soda softening uses lime and soda ash to precipitate minerals out of solution. Cation exchange uses zeolites to replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. What chemical can be added to a hygroscopic
substance to prevent it from absorbing any water?
There's no way to modify most hygroscopic substances to be not hygroscopic
without fundamentally changing their character. In industry we add desiccants as a
sort of sacrificial hygroscopic substance, we seal against water impingement, and
we will heat to drive off water.
The one limited case I can think of is for a hydrophilic polymeric substance with an
expandable matrix (obviously not black powder), where we could reach a point
where no further water could be absorbed by crosslinking the polymer to a
greater degree. However, this is something that occurs during synthesis, not after,
it isn't a matter of a single chemical, and for that matter greater amounts of
crosslinks modify the physical and chemical properties of the polymer.
3. Magnesium bromide (MgBr2) is a chemical compound of magnesium and bromine
that is white and deliquescent.
Synthesis
Magnesium bromide can be synthesized by reacting hydro bromic acid with
magnesium oxide and crystallizing the product. It can also be made by reacting
magnesium carbonate and hydro bromic acid, and collecting the solid left after
evaporation.
4. Properties
Chemical formula MgBr2 (anhydrous)
MgBr2·6H2O (hexahydrate)
Molar mass 184.113 g/mol (anhydrous)
292.204 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance white hygroscopic hexagonalcrystals (anhydrous) colorless monoclinic crystals
(hexahydrate)
Density 3.72 g/cm
3
(anhydrous)
2.07 g/cm
3
(hexahydrate)
Melting point 711 °C (1,312 °F; 984 K) 172.4 °C, decomposes (hexahydrate)
Boiling point 1,250 °C (2,280 °F; 1,520 K)
Solubility in water 102 g/100 mL (anhydrous)
316 g/100 mL (0 °C, hexahydrate)
Solubility ethanol: 6.9 g/100 mL
methanol: 21.8 g/100 mL
5. if you dissolve the salt magnesium bromide (MgBr2) in water, the magnesium
atoms and the bromine atoms dissociate from each other as positively-charged
magnesium ions (Mg2+) and negatively charged bromide ions (Br1-).
When water molecules surround the magnesium ions, what side of each water
molecule will be directed towards them, the hydrogen or oxygen side? The oxygen
side will be directed towards the magnesium ions because the magnesium ions
have a positive charge that will attract the negatively charged side of the water
molecule.
6. Anhydrous Magnesium bromide is very hygroscopic and forms a series of
crystalline hydrate Mgbr2.nH2o.
It is water-soluble and somewhat soluble in alcohol
7. Physical Properties
Melting point : 711°C
Boiling point : 1158°C
Physical state at room temperature: crystalline
solid
Colour : white
Density : 3.72g/cm³
Solubility in water : 102g/100mL
Electrical conductivity : poor in solid , good in
liquid
[ ]Br
x
X
[ ]Mg Br[ ]
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ionic
Compound
8. Interesting or special characteristics of MgBr2
☻ Magnesium bromide (MgBr2) is water soluble and somewhat
soluble in alcohol.
☻ It can be found naturally in small amounts in some minerals such
as: bischofite and carnallite, and in sea water, such as that of the
Dead Sea.
☻ Magnesium bromide can be synthesized by reacting hydrobromic
acid with magnesium oxide and crystallizing the product. It can
also be made by reacting magnesium carbonate and hydrobromic
acid, and collecting the solid left after evaporation.
☻ An alternative route is adding magnesium to a solution of liquid
ammonia and sodium bromide, then evaporating the solvent off
and collecting the precipitate.
Chemical Properties
Potential Hazard : Irritant
9. Magnesium Bromide Hexahydrate
Compound Formula Br2H12MgO6
Molecular Weight 292.204 g/mol
Appearance Colorless Monoclinic Crystals
Melting Point 165 °C (329 °F)
Boiling Point N/A
Density 2 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O Very Soluble in H2O; Soluble in EtOH
Exact Mass N/A
Monoisotopic Mass 289.885101
Charge N/A
10. Magnesium Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Mg
Molecular Weight 184.11
Appearance White light brown solid
Melting Point 711° C (1,312° F)
Boiling Point N/A
Density 3.72 g/cm3
Exact Mass 183.819671
Monoisotopic Mass 181.821717
11. • Magnesium Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nano powder forms may be
considered. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. Most metal
bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical
analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications.
Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding carbon disulfide
(CS2) and chlorine
• MgBr2 A deliquescent salt in the form of colorless hexagonal crystals that are
soluble in water and absolute alcohol.
12. Rheological and calorimetric study of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide-sodium salicylate
wormlike micelles in aqueous binary systems.
• It is known that additives like glycerol and sucrose lead to the swelling of aqueous bilayer Lα
phases. The swelling of the Lα phases can be explained by the increase of the refractive
index of the mixed solvent, which lowers the van der Waals attraction between the bilayers.
Afterwards, the undulation forces between the bilayers can push them apart. This hypothesis
was previously extended to wormlike micelles (WLM) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
(CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal). These types of self-assembly structures have
viscoelastic properties, and the zero shear viscosity of these solutions is dependent on the
molar ratio NaSal/CTAB,
• XPERIMENTS: Herein, we present the zero-shear viscosity diagrams of NaSal and CTAB with
glycerol, sucrose, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-butanediol and urea combined with water. Additionally,
isothermal titration calorimetry was used to obtain the variations of enthalpy for formation of
WLM of TTAB and NaSal in mixtures of water and such additives.
13. • Bromides are chemical compounds containing bromide, the anion of bromine with a -1 charge. The
bromide form of any metal is generally soluble in water, and thus bromides are frequently used as
soluble sources of the metals they contain.
• Neodymium Bromide (NdBr)Bromides are often used when the chloride or nitrate form of a given
element is hazardous. This has become increasingly the case with the advent of new green chemistry
and hazardous materials legislation such as the REACH program in the European Union. For example,
bromides are now being used in many catalytic, electronic, coating and biomedical applications in
replacement of other soluble forms for this reason.
14. Drying agents (also called desiccants) come in various forms and have found
widespread use in the foods, pharmaceuticals, packing, electronics and many
manufacturing industries. A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or
sustains a state of dryness in its vicinity. Ideally, it is chemically stable and chemically
inert (i.e., silica). Unfortunately, this is not always the case in the chemistry lab because
the drying agent comes into direct contact with the solvent and the chemical.
Commonly used drying agents in organic laboratories are calcium chloride
(CaCl2), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) calcium sulfate (CaSO4, also known as Drierite)
and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), all in their anhydrous form. How do they
work? All four of them readily form hydrates at low temperatures according to
15. Hygroscopy and Deliquescence
Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials are both able to absorb moisture from
the air. However, hygroscopy and deliquescence don't mean precisely the same
thing. Hygroscopic materials absorb moisture, but deliquescent materials absorb
moisture to the extent the substance dissolves in water. Deliquescence may be
considered an extreme form of hygroscopy.
A hygroscopic material will become damp and may stick to itself or become
cakey, while a deliquescent material will liquefy.
16. Mixing hopper is a special equipment to prepare suitable drilling fluid by adding
chemicals and then changing the fluid density, viscosity.
Mud mixing hopper has two types, one is cyclone mixing hopper which is also
called swirl mixing hopper with features such as high mixing efficiency and fast
feeding speed. And the other is jet mixing hopper that has high mixing efficiency
and high pressure at outlet, especially working with shear pump.
17. To be hygroscopic means a substance is able to absorb or adsorb water from its
surroundings. Typically, this occurs at or near ordinary room temperature. Most
hygroscopic materials are salts,
When water vapor is absorbed the water molecules are taken into the molecules of
the substance, often resulting in physical changes, such as increased volume.
Color, boiling point, temperature, and viscosity may also change. When water
vapor is adsorbed, the water molecules remain on the surface of the material.
18. Zinc Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Zn
Molecular Weight 225.19
Appearance White Powder
Melting Point 394° C (741.2° F)
Boiling Point 697° C (1,287° F)
Density N/A
Exact Mass N/A
Monoisotopic Mass 221.765808
Charge N/A
19. Zinc/Calcium Bromide
•
• Zinc/calcium bromide is a two salt (CaBr2 ZnBr2) clear, solids free brine fluid of 19.2 lbs/gal
density used in completion fluids. It is used in completion fluids and offers the following
features and benefits:
• It is non-damaging to the formation,
• It is thermally and chemically stable, and
• It can be blended with other solutions containing bromides and chlorides.
• Zinc/calcium bromide can be used with other bromides and chlorides to prepare non-
damaging fluids with densities ranging from 15.1 to 19.2 lbs/gal
20. Zinc Bromide
• Zinc Bromide is a clear, solid-free brine fluid with minimum density of 19.2
lbs/gal. It is used in completion fluids and offers the following features and
benefits:It is non-damaging to the formation,
• It is thermally and chemically stable, and
• It can be blended with other solutions containing bromides and chlorides.
• Zinc Bromide can be used with other bromides and chlorides to prepare non-
damaging fluids with densities ranging from 15.1 lbs/gal to 19.2 lbs/gal.
21. Calcium Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Ca
Molecular Weight 199.89
Appearance -10 mesh beads
Melting Point 730° C (1,346° F)
Boiling Point 1,935° C (3,515° F)
Density 3.353 g/cm3
Exact Mass 199.79722
Monoisotopic Mass 197.799266
Calcium Bromide Properties (Theoretical)
22. Manganese Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Mn
Molecular Weight 214.75
Appearance Powder or chunks
Melting Point 698 °C (1288 °F)
Boiling Point 1027 °C (1881 °F)
Density 4.385 g/cm3
Exact Mass 214.772678
Monoisotopic Mass 212.774725
23. Calcium Bromide
•Calcium bromide (CaBr2) is a single salt clear brine fluid of 14.2 lbs/gal density. Calcium
bromide has the following features/benefits:It is non-damaging to the formation,
•It is thermally and chemically stable,
•It can be blended with other solutions containing bromides and chlorides, and
•It contains 52 percent by weight calcium bromide in solution.
Calcium bromide can be used with calcium chloride brines and dry calcium chloride to
formulate non-damaging fluids of densities from 11.7 lbs/gal to 15.1 lbs/gal.
24. Zinc Phosphate
Compound Formula O8P2Zn3
Molecular Weight 386.08
Appearance White powder and/or chunks
Melting Point 900 °C
Boiling Point °C
Density 3.998 g/cm3
Exact Mass 383.69117
Monoisotopic Mass 381.69428