This project deals with the numerical analysis of 2 stroke engine scavenging in two cases. One with an existing condition (Flat headed pistons) and another with a new design (Dome headed piston) .The numerical analysis is done with help of CFD software ANSYS FLUENT 14.5. Here, the modeling of engine piston with flat headed type and with dome headed types was done in workbench. In ANSYS FLUENT after the geometrical design, for the dynamic motion meshing is used and set up species transport model also. At first the scavenging effect of flat headed piston is analyzed. Later the simulation of piston with dome headed type was also checked. Analyzing the variations from each and selected the best method for scavenging. Finally the scavenging efficiency is calculated for both type arrangements.
Optimization of time step and cfd study of combustion in di diesel engineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Controller design for gantry crane system using modified sine cosine optimiza...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this research paper is to design a control system to optimize the operating works of the gantry crane system. The dynamic model of the gantry crane system is derived in terms of trolley position and payload oscillation, which is highly nonlinear. The crane system should have the capability to transfer the material to destination end with desired speed along with reducing the load oscillation, obtain expected trolley position and preserving the safety. Proposed controlling method is based on the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with a series differential compensator to control the swinging of the payload and the system trolley movement in order to perform the optimum utilization of the gantry crane. Standard sine cosine optimization algorithm is one of the most-recent optimization techniques based on a stochastic algorithm was presented to tune the PID controller with a series differential compensator. Furthermore, the considered optimization algorithm is modified in order to overcome the inherent drawbacks and solve complex benchmark test functions and to find the optimal design's parameters of the proposed controller. The simulation results show that the modified sine cosine optimization algorithm has better global search performance and exhibits good computational robustness based on test functions. Moreover, the results of testing the gantry crane model reveal that the proposed controller with standard and modified algorithms is effective, feasible and robust in achieving the desired requirements.
Optimization of Design Parameters for Crane Hook Using Finite Element AnalysisIJRTEMJOURNAL
The Crane hooks are very at risk segments that are regularly utilized for mechanical purposes.
In this way such segments in an industry must be produced and composed in an approach to convey most extreme
execution without failure. Failure of a crane hook essentially relies upon three central point i.e. measurement,
material, overload. The undertaking is worried towards expanding the safe load by fluctuating the cross-sectional
measurements of the four distinct segments and diverse materials. The chose areas are square, circle, and
trapezoidal. The territory stays consistent while changing the measurements of the four unique segments. The
crane hook is demonstrated utilizing catia programming. The pressure and life investigation is finished utilizing
ANSYS 18.1 workbench. The ordinary worry along add up to misshaping, stress and life’s according to the
materials considered. It is discovered that trapezoidal cross segment yields most extreme load of 4000 KG to 5000
KG for steady cross segment zone among four cross segment.
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
In cylinder cold flow cfd simulation of ic engine using hybrid approacheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Numerical analysis of heat sinks for led lighting moduleseSAT Journals
Abstract
LEDs provide efficient lighting solutions. Their main advantages are efficiency, reliability and durability. Although LEDs operate cooler than conventional incandescent bulbs, it is necessary to achieve maximum heat transfer in order to maintain or improve their efficiency and lifespan. Heat sinks in LED modules provide a path for heat to flow from the source to the outside ambience. Heat sinks with different fin geometries are analyzed to determine its influence on thermal performance and airflow around the fins. By comparing different fin geometries, the thermal performance and airflow are compared and analyzed. It was found that the airfoil fins with reverse orientation offers the minimum resistance. Airfoil is the most commonly used shape in applications where aerodynamics is of major importance.
Keywords: Light-emitting diodes, Thermal performance, Cooling, Numerical Analysis
Optimization of time step and cfd study of combustion in di diesel engineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Controller design for gantry crane system using modified sine cosine optimiza...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this research paper is to design a control system to optimize the operating works of the gantry crane system. The dynamic model of the gantry crane system is derived in terms of trolley position and payload oscillation, which is highly nonlinear. The crane system should have the capability to transfer the material to destination end with desired speed along with reducing the load oscillation, obtain expected trolley position and preserving the safety. Proposed controlling method is based on the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with a series differential compensator to control the swinging of the payload and the system trolley movement in order to perform the optimum utilization of the gantry crane. Standard sine cosine optimization algorithm is one of the most-recent optimization techniques based on a stochastic algorithm was presented to tune the PID controller with a series differential compensator. Furthermore, the considered optimization algorithm is modified in order to overcome the inherent drawbacks and solve complex benchmark test functions and to find the optimal design's parameters of the proposed controller. The simulation results show that the modified sine cosine optimization algorithm has better global search performance and exhibits good computational robustness based on test functions. Moreover, the results of testing the gantry crane model reveal that the proposed controller with standard and modified algorithms is effective, feasible and robust in achieving the desired requirements.
Optimization of Design Parameters for Crane Hook Using Finite Element AnalysisIJRTEMJOURNAL
The Crane hooks are very at risk segments that are regularly utilized for mechanical purposes.
In this way such segments in an industry must be produced and composed in an approach to convey most extreme
execution without failure. Failure of a crane hook essentially relies upon three central point i.e. measurement,
material, overload. The undertaking is worried towards expanding the safe load by fluctuating the cross-sectional
measurements of the four distinct segments and diverse materials. The chose areas are square, circle, and
trapezoidal. The territory stays consistent while changing the measurements of the four unique segments. The
crane hook is demonstrated utilizing catia programming. The pressure and life investigation is finished utilizing
ANSYS 18.1 workbench. The ordinary worry along add up to misshaping, stress and life’s according to the
materials considered. It is discovered that trapezoidal cross segment yields most extreme load of 4000 KG to 5000
KG for steady cross segment zone among four cross segment.
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
In cylinder cold flow cfd simulation of ic engine using hybrid approacheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Numerical analysis of heat sinks for led lighting moduleseSAT Journals
Abstract
LEDs provide efficient lighting solutions. Their main advantages are efficiency, reliability and durability. Although LEDs operate cooler than conventional incandescent bulbs, it is necessary to achieve maximum heat transfer in order to maintain or improve their efficiency and lifespan. Heat sinks in LED modules provide a path for heat to flow from the source to the outside ambience. Heat sinks with different fin geometries are analyzed to determine its influence on thermal performance and airflow around the fins. By comparing different fin geometries, the thermal performance and airflow are compared and analyzed. It was found that the airfoil fins with reverse orientation offers the minimum resistance. Airfoil is the most commonly used shape in applications where aerodynamics is of major importance.
Keywords: Light-emitting diodes, Thermal performance, Cooling, Numerical Analysis
The presentation was made at the "Business Meet on Applications of solar drying systems in domestic, industrial and commercial applications", SPRERI, Anand, India.
It presents the advantages of CFD as a design tool to design better solar drying systems.
For my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Optimization techniques for harmonics minimization in cascaded hybrid multile...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of power electronics have made possible the worldwide application of converters in dc power source utilization, uninterruptible power supplies, electric motor speed control, switched mode power supplies, flexible alternating current transmission systems devices including static synchronous compensator and their controls. Power semiconductor devices such as converters have been emerged as powerful devices in the power industries. As such, harmonics free output of inverters is assuming extreme importance. Over the past decades, depending upon the topologies and control strategies, numerous optimization techniques have been proposed for desired output waveform. This paper presents a review of optimization techniques used for multilevel inverters. The pros and cons of optimization techniques are discussed. The objective of these optimization techniques is to find out the optimum firing angles of multilevel inverters, which results in minimum harmonics. As a preferred option for proposed work, reduction of total harmonic distortion with the aid of particle swarm optimization technique to multilevel inverters is suggested.
Keywords: Power Converters, Multilevel Inverters (MLI), Cascaded Hybrid Bridge (CHB), Modulation, Switching Frequency, Harmonic Distortions.
Flow Modification over Rotor Blade with Suction Boundary Layer Control TechniqueIJERA Editor
The efficiency of transonic aircraft engines depend upon the performance of compressor rotor. To increase
compressor rotors performance flow separation around rotor blades must be delayed and controlled. The aim
was to control the flow separation of blades using suction boundary layer control method.
Rotor blade has been modelled in designing software CATIA and then a suction surface has been created on
blade and then import these geometries to ANSYS-CFX 14.5 for computational analysis of flow around blades.
Suction slot has been applied at the trailing edge of suction surface and Shear stress transport model has been
used for computational analysis.
Two different suction mass flow rates 1 kg/s and 1.5 kg/s have been used here and boundary layer separation
effects have been changed and this could be readily seen that the velocity vectors have reattached, preventing
the boundary layer separation at the suction surface of the blade.
Dimensioning of a Furling System for a Small Wind TurbineFlorian Roscheck
This presentation describes how to design a furling system for a small wind turbine. It reviews three different approaches to furling system design from literature and then presents the design approach that was used for designing the furling system of the HOLI 300 small wind turbine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of prestressed concrete girdereSAT Journals
Abstract Bridge construction today has achieved a worldwide level of importance. Bridges are the key elements in any road network Use of prestressed concrete I girder bridge is gaining popularity in bridge engineering fraternity because of its better stability, serviceability, economy, aesthetic appearance and structural efficiency. This paper concerned idea about prestressed concrete.In the method of prestressing two types are consider that pre tensioning and post tensioning .At the time of prestressing different losses are consider. These are the losses due to elastic shortening, friction losses, relaxation losses, losses due to creep and shrinkage. In this way total amount of losses in pretensioning and post tensioning calculate and detailed information has given in this report. The objective is to minimize the total cost in the design process of the bridge system considering the cost of materials like steel, concrete, tendons etc. For a particular problem the design variables considered for the cost minimization of the bridge system, are depth of girder, various cross sectional dimensions of the girder, number of tendons, A programme is developed for analysis and designing an low cost prestressed girder in MATLAB R2010a software. The optimtool is used to find out minimum cost of structure Illustrative case of prestressed girder presented and discuss by using active set method from optimtool. Optimization problem is characterized by considering design variables and bound constraints are according to AASHTOO Standards ,IRC 21-2000 bridge specifications .The proposed cost optimization approach is compared with an existing project which leads to a considerable cost saving while resulting in feasible design. Keywords: Post tension I girder, Conventional design, Optimal design, MATLAB Software etc…
The paper presents the operating principle and the constructive solution of a rotating machine with two profiled rotors. The influence of the rotating piston height on the driving power of the machine is revealed.
Numerical Simulation of Combustion Behavior of DI Diesel Engine with Conjunct...Khatir NAIMA
Currently, computational fluid dynamics has become an effective supplement to experimentation in the analysis and development of various engineering systems including internal combustion engines. In fact, multi-dimensional modelling of IC engines is less extensive and less time consuming than experimentation. In this aim, CONVERGE code was used to study the combustion behavior in a DI engine with various mesh control techniques including embedding and Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR). The simulation covers the compression, spray, combustion and expansion. A single spray plume and 1/6th of the combustion cylinder (60 degrees) is simulated. In light of the simulation results it is extremely recommended to use AMR approach in conjunction with embedding around the nozzle for running engine simulations.
The lecture was delivered by me for IIChE students chapter on the theme of Student-Industry Interaction at Bharati Vidyapeeth on 8th Feb'14. Foe my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Investigation of the Structural Variation after the Intercalation of Cetylpyr...IJERA Editor
A new hybrid material using vanadium pentoxide xerogel in different concentration of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (V2O5CPC) is investigated. The insertion was accompanied by XRD, FTIR and SEM characterization. These studies revealed the presence of a lamellar structure for the V2O5CPC hybrid material in all concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride. The intercalation reaction was evidenced on basis of the increase in the d-spacing as well as the displacement of the infrared bands toward lower energy levels. The CPC intercalation occurred by reorganize intermittently forming two domains within the matrix.
Performance Monitoring of Vibration in Belt Conveyor SystemIJERA Editor
We are always using some kind of machines in our daily life starting from fan, refrigerator and washing machines at home. In case of industries of industrial machinery items condition monitoring is important to know onset impending defects. There are so many types of indicating phenomenon such as vibration, heat, debris in oil, noise and sounds which emanate from these in efficiently running machines. This paper presents the vibration related fault identification and maintenance of belt conveyor systems (BCS). After analyzing the spectrum and vibration readings, it was observed that a combination of parallel and angular misalignment between motor & gear box was present causing high axial and radial vibration. The defect was rectified by mechanical maintenance activities and latter the vibration was found reduced within limit. Also the vibration readings were taken after rectification. The above results are presented in this paper.
Reliability Analysis of a 3-Machine Power Station Using State Space ApproachIJERA Editor
With the advent of high-integrity fault-tolerant systems, the ability to account for repairs of partially failed (but still operational) systems become increasingly important. This paper presents a systemic method of determining the reliability of a 3-machine electric power station, taking into consideration the failure rates and repair rates of the individual component (machine) that make up the system. A state-space transition process for a 3-machine with 23 states was developed and consequently, steady state equations were generated based on Markov mathematical modeling of the power station. Important reliability components were deduced from this analysis. This research simulation was achieved with codes written in Excel®-VBA programming environment. System reliability using state space approach proofs to be a viable and efficient technique of reliability prediction as it is able to predict the state of the system under consideration. For the purpose of neatness and easy entry of data, Graphic User Interface (GUI) was designed.
The presentation was made at the "Business Meet on Applications of solar drying systems in domestic, industrial and commercial applications", SPRERI, Anand, India.
It presents the advantages of CFD as a design tool to design better solar drying systems.
For my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Optimization techniques for harmonics minimization in cascaded hybrid multile...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of power electronics have made possible the worldwide application of converters in dc power source utilization, uninterruptible power supplies, electric motor speed control, switched mode power supplies, flexible alternating current transmission systems devices including static synchronous compensator and their controls. Power semiconductor devices such as converters have been emerged as powerful devices in the power industries. As such, harmonics free output of inverters is assuming extreme importance. Over the past decades, depending upon the topologies and control strategies, numerous optimization techniques have been proposed for desired output waveform. This paper presents a review of optimization techniques used for multilevel inverters. The pros and cons of optimization techniques are discussed. The objective of these optimization techniques is to find out the optimum firing angles of multilevel inverters, which results in minimum harmonics. As a preferred option for proposed work, reduction of total harmonic distortion with the aid of particle swarm optimization technique to multilevel inverters is suggested.
Keywords: Power Converters, Multilevel Inverters (MLI), Cascaded Hybrid Bridge (CHB), Modulation, Switching Frequency, Harmonic Distortions.
Flow Modification over Rotor Blade with Suction Boundary Layer Control TechniqueIJERA Editor
The efficiency of transonic aircraft engines depend upon the performance of compressor rotor. To increase
compressor rotors performance flow separation around rotor blades must be delayed and controlled. The aim
was to control the flow separation of blades using suction boundary layer control method.
Rotor blade has been modelled in designing software CATIA and then a suction surface has been created on
blade and then import these geometries to ANSYS-CFX 14.5 for computational analysis of flow around blades.
Suction slot has been applied at the trailing edge of suction surface and Shear stress transport model has been
used for computational analysis.
Two different suction mass flow rates 1 kg/s and 1.5 kg/s have been used here and boundary layer separation
effects have been changed and this could be readily seen that the velocity vectors have reattached, preventing
the boundary layer separation at the suction surface of the blade.
Dimensioning of a Furling System for a Small Wind TurbineFlorian Roscheck
This presentation describes how to design a furling system for a small wind turbine. It reviews three different approaches to furling system design from literature and then presents the design approach that was used for designing the furling system of the HOLI 300 small wind turbine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of prestressed concrete girdereSAT Journals
Abstract Bridge construction today has achieved a worldwide level of importance. Bridges are the key elements in any road network Use of prestressed concrete I girder bridge is gaining popularity in bridge engineering fraternity because of its better stability, serviceability, economy, aesthetic appearance and structural efficiency. This paper concerned idea about prestressed concrete.In the method of prestressing two types are consider that pre tensioning and post tensioning .At the time of prestressing different losses are consider. These are the losses due to elastic shortening, friction losses, relaxation losses, losses due to creep and shrinkage. In this way total amount of losses in pretensioning and post tensioning calculate and detailed information has given in this report. The objective is to minimize the total cost in the design process of the bridge system considering the cost of materials like steel, concrete, tendons etc. For a particular problem the design variables considered for the cost minimization of the bridge system, are depth of girder, various cross sectional dimensions of the girder, number of tendons, A programme is developed for analysis and designing an low cost prestressed girder in MATLAB R2010a software. The optimtool is used to find out minimum cost of structure Illustrative case of prestressed girder presented and discuss by using active set method from optimtool. Optimization problem is characterized by considering design variables and bound constraints are according to AASHTOO Standards ,IRC 21-2000 bridge specifications .The proposed cost optimization approach is compared with an existing project which leads to a considerable cost saving while resulting in feasible design. Keywords: Post tension I girder, Conventional design, Optimal design, MATLAB Software etc…
The paper presents the operating principle and the constructive solution of a rotating machine with two profiled rotors. The influence of the rotating piston height on the driving power of the machine is revealed.
Numerical Simulation of Combustion Behavior of DI Diesel Engine with Conjunct...Khatir NAIMA
Currently, computational fluid dynamics has become an effective supplement to experimentation in the analysis and development of various engineering systems including internal combustion engines. In fact, multi-dimensional modelling of IC engines is less extensive and less time consuming than experimentation. In this aim, CONVERGE code was used to study the combustion behavior in a DI engine with various mesh control techniques including embedding and Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR). The simulation covers the compression, spray, combustion and expansion. A single spray plume and 1/6th of the combustion cylinder (60 degrees) is simulated. In light of the simulation results it is extremely recommended to use AMR approach in conjunction with embedding around the nozzle for running engine simulations.
The lecture was delivered by me for IIChE students chapter on the theme of Student-Industry Interaction at Bharati Vidyapeeth on 8th Feb'14. Foe my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Investigation of the Structural Variation after the Intercalation of Cetylpyr...IJERA Editor
A new hybrid material using vanadium pentoxide xerogel in different concentration of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (V2O5CPC) is investigated. The insertion was accompanied by XRD, FTIR and SEM characterization. These studies revealed the presence of a lamellar structure for the V2O5CPC hybrid material in all concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride. The intercalation reaction was evidenced on basis of the increase in the d-spacing as well as the displacement of the infrared bands toward lower energy levels. The CPC intercalation occurred by reorganize intermittently forming two domains within the matrix.
Performance Monitoring of Vibration in Belt Conveyor SystemIJERA Editor
We are always using some kind of machines in our daily life starting from fan, refrigerator and washing machines at home. In case of industries of industrial machinery items condition monitoring is important to know onset impending defects. There are so many types of indicating phenomenon such as vibration, heat, debris in oil, noise and sounds which emanate from these in efficiently running machines. This paper presents the vibration related fault identification and maintenance of belt conveyor systems (BCS). After analyzing the spectrum and vibration readings, it was observed that a combination of parallel and angular misalignment between motor & gear box was present causing high axial and radial vibration. The defect was rectified by mechanical maintenance activities and latter the vibration was found reduced within limit. Also the vibration readings were taken after rectification. The above results are presented in this paper.
Reliability Analysis of a 3-Machine Power Station Using State Space ApproachIJERA Editor
With the advent of high-integrity fault-tolerant systems, the ability to account for repairs of partially failed (but still operational) systems become increasingly important. This paper presents a systemic method of determining the reliability of a 3-machine electric power station, taking into consideration the failure rates and repair rates of the individual component (machine) that make up the system. A state-space transition process for a 3-machine with 23 states was developed and consequently, steady state equations were generated based on Markov mathematical modeling of the power station. Important reliability components were deduced from this analysis. This research simulation was achieved with codes written in Excel®-VBA programming environment. System reliability using state space approach proofs to be a viable and efficient technique of reliability prediction as it is able to predict the state of the system under consideration. For the purpose of neatness and easy entry of data, Graphic User Interface (GUI) was designed.
Image Restitution Using Non-Locally Centralized Sparse Representation ModelIJERA Editor
Sparse representation models uses a linear combination of a few atoms selected from an over-completed
dictionary to code an image patch which have given good results in different image restitution applications. The
reconstruction of the original image is not so accurate using traditional models of sparse representation to solve
degradation problems which are blurring, noisy, and down-sampled. The goal of image restitution is to suppress
the sparse coding noise and to improve the image quality by using the concept of sparse representation. To
obtain a good sparse coding coefficients of the original image we exploit the image non-local self similarity and
then by centralizing the sparse coding coefficients of the observation image to those estimates. This non-locally
centralized sparse representation model outperforms standard sparse representation models in all aspects of
image restitution problems including de-noising, de-blurring, and super-resolution.
Fvm Analysis for Thermal and Hydraulic Behaviour of Circular Finned Mpfhs by ...IJERA Editor
In this exploration the influence of using two types of Nano fluids (Ag-water and Al203-water) as a coolant at volumetric concentration is taken (c= 4%) in micro pin fin heat sink with circular fins in addition to the un-finned micro-channel heat sink is deliberated with the help of commercially available computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 14. The evaluation of flow and heat transfer characteristics of MPFHS and cooling fluids has been made under the similar boundary condition; at the range of Reynolds number used is (100-500). The gotten outcomes is exemplified that, Ag-water Nano fluid is gives the minimum pressure drop and slightly maximum heat transfer rate compared to Al203-water Nano fluid. And circular finned heat sink is dissipating more amount of heat compared to un-finned micro-channel heat sink. But it is also gives the maximum pressure drop due to finned area.
Dynamic Topology Re-Configuration in Multihop Cellular Networks Using Sequent...IJERA Editor
Cellular communications has experienced explosive growth in the past two decades. Today millions of people around the world use cellular phones. Cellular phones allow a person to make or receive a call from almost anywhere. Likewise, a person is allowed to continue the phone conversation while on the move. Cellular communications is supported by an infrastructure called a cellular network, which integrates cellular phones into the public switched telephone network. The cellular network has gone through three generations.The first generation of cellular networks is analog in nature. To accommodate more cellular phone subscribers, digital TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) technologies are used in the second generation (2G) to increase the network capacity. With digital technologies, digitized voice can be coded and encrypted. Therefore, the 2G cellular network is also more secure. The third generation (3G) integrates cellular phones into the Internet world by providing highspeed packet-switching data transmission in addition to circuit-switching voice transmission. The 3G cellular networks have been deployed in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States since 2002 and will be widely deployed in the coming years. The high increase in traffic and data rate for future generations of mobile communication systems, with simultaneous requirement for reduced power consumption, makes Multihop Cellular Networks (MCNs) an attractive technology. To exploit the potentials of MCNs a new network paradigm is proposed in this paper. In addition, a novel sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) is proposed as a heuristic approximation to reconfigure the optimum relaying topology as the network traffic changes. Network coding is used to combine the uplink and downlink transmissions, and incorporate it into the optimum bidirectional relaying with ICI awareness. Numerical results have shown that the algorithms suggested in this thesis provide significant improvement with respect to the existing results, and are expected to have significant impact in the analysis and design of future cellular networks.
Cumulative hrf of NMWD model for Renin in patients with DepressionIJERA Editor
Hypercortisolism as a sign of hypothamamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis over activity and sleep EEG
changes are frequently observed in depression. Closely related to theHPA axis is the renin-angiotensinaldosterone
system (RAAS) as 1. adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) is a common stimulus for cortisol and
aldosterone, 2. cortisol release is suppressed bymineralocorticoid receptor (MR) agonists 3. angiotensin II
(ATII) releases CRH and vasopressin from the hypothalamus. Here difference of sleep related activity of the
RAAS between depressed patients and healthy controls and also we found the analysis of survival function and
cumulative hazared rate function for renin.
Some factors affecting on the behavior ofsteel electrode in citric acid solut...IJERA Editor
Potential-time curves are constructed for the steel electrode in naturally aerated citric acid solutions devoid of
and containing some aggressive and inhibitive compounds. Cl- and SO4
2- ions cause the destruction of passivity
and initiation of pitting corrosion. The rate of oxide film growth by citric acid and oxide film destruction by Cl-
and SO4
2- ions follows a direct logarithmic law as evident from the linear relationships between the open-circuit
potential and the logarithm of immersion time. Urea, phenylhydrazine and 1,2-phenylenediamine compounds
inhibit the pitting corrosion of steel. The rate of oxide film healing and thickening increases with their
concentrations. In presence of constant inhibitor concentration, the efficiency of pitting inhibition increases in
the order: (weak) urea<phenylhydrazine><1,2-phenylenediamine(strong).
Rear Bumper Laminated In Jute Fiber With Polyester Resin.IJERA Editor
Today, a growing interest exists in the use of natural of fibers (sisal, coconut, banana, and jute), as
reinforcement in composites. The aim of the present study is shows the use of jute fiber agglutinated with
polyester resin in the automobile industry in the production of a rear bumper of hatch vehicle. A simplified
mathematical model was used for evaluation of the flaw on trunk center cover submitted to dynamic loads. The
traverse section of the referred bumper is simplified by a channel formation. This study shows that a rear
bumper made using jute fiber agglutinated with polyester resin will be possible. The molded part obtained good
visual characteristics, good geometric construction and surface without bubbles and imperfections in the fiber
and resin composite. The mathematical model to failure criterion showed that the rear bumper in jute fiber will
not resist to an impact equivalent at 4.0 km/h.
Fighting Accident Using Eye Detection forSmartphonesIJERA Editor
This paper is an attempt to investigate an important problem and approaches of human eye detection, blinking, and tracking. A new system was proposed and implemented using android technology for smartphones. System creatively reduces accidents due to drivers’ fatigue by focusing on treating the driver after fatigue has been detected to achieve decrease in accident likelihood.
Smartphone's have been the important tools in our society for the abundant functions including communication, entertainment and online office etc. as the pivotal devices of mobile computing. Smartphone development has also become more important than before. Android is one of the emerging leading operating systems for smartphones as an open source system platform. Many smartphones have adopted this platform and more smartphones will do so in the future. The proposed system is well-suited for real world driving conditions since it can be non-intrusive by using video cameras to detect changes. Driver operation and vehicle behavior can be implemented by equipping automobiles with the ability to monitoring the response of the driver. This involves periodically requesting the driver to send a response to the system to indicate alertness. The propose system based on eyes closer count & yawning count of the driver. By monitoring the eyes and face, it is believed that the symptoms of driver fatigue can be detected early enough to avoid a car accident and providing the driver with a warning if the driver takes his or her eye off the road.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.t
Comparative Study on Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Using Codes of Practice...IJERA Editor
This paper (Part II) reports a comparative study for BS8110 and EC2 of practice and those expressions by Batayneh and Neilsen on tests from literature. These have been treated under straight bar anchorages with transverse pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of the existing equations for bond strength of straight bars by applying to the available tests in the literature .The most important parameters were examined in these tests are concrete strength, anchorage length, concrete covers, bar diameter and transverse pressure. 264 tests from the literature have been chosen, which are all for straight bars with transverse pressure. The specimens are pull-out specimens with small concrete covers, beams ends and slabs. For both comparative studies in Part I and Part II, the conclusions and recommendations are presented here together.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Proposed Equation for Elastic Modulus of High-Strength Concrete Using Local...IJERA Editor
There several of equations to determine the modulus of elasticity by codes of practice and researchers. They
differ in the form of the equations and their parameter functions. Many codes and researches advise engineers of
the dependence of the modulus of elasticity on the aggregate type, size and shape; and, hence, it is wise to
determine the concrete properties for the specified mix from the trial batches. This paper considers the Iraqi
aggregates used in producing the HSC to develop and equation for prediction the modulus of elasticity for HSC.
Modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete using Iraqi aggregate with a wide range of 41 to 83.3 MPa has
been studied and by analyzing 69 tests from the available literature. An empirical equation has been proposed
for prediction of modulus elasticity presents the local aggregate in Iraq. The predicted values are compared with
the predictions by codes of practice like ACI 318-02, EC2-02 and a practical equation by Noguchi et al. It has
been found that there are differences in the predictions between them and the proposed equation. The ACI
overestimates the modulus of elasticity for these tests and 80% of the tests are below it, while EC2 values are
over conservative as they are below 78% of test values. The proposed equation is lie between the two codes. The
prediction by Noguchi et al. showed better results as they are very close to the proposed equation.
Secure and Reliable Data Transmission in Generalized E-MailIJERA Editor
Email is a basic service for computer users, while email malware poses critical security threats. The technique of email-borne malware will be highly effective. Email malware focuses on modeling the propagation dynamics which is a fundamental technique for developing countermeasures to reduce email malware’s spreading speed and prevalence. Modern email malware exhibits two new features, reinjection and self-start. Reinjection is an infected user sends out malware copies whenever this user visits the malicious hyperlinks or attachments. Self-start refers to the behavior that malware starts to spread whenever compromised computers restart or certain files are visited. For address this problem, to derive a novel difference equation based analytical model by introducing a new concept of virtual dirty user. Propose a new analytical model to enhanced OLSR protocol which is a trust based technique to secure the OLSR nodes against the attack. The proposed solution called EOLSR is an enhancement of the basic OLSR routing protocol, which will be able to detect the presence of malicious nodes in the network.
Geospatial Technologies for Groundwater Management in Aurangabad CityIJERA Editor
The Aurangabad City is located in the heart of Maharashtra State an urban center of the Deccan sub-region. The
water provided by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is not sufficient for the use of citizen. In this
study, we have only considered the water resources available in the different area only in the Aurangabad
city.All resources are mapped on the Google map/Google earth using KML platform. The Groundwater
resources available in the Aurangabadare mapped in Google earth and detail availability of the water is
provided. These ground water resources are divided into different Zones according to the availability of the
water in that particular location. The spatial data of the available water resources according tothe area are
mapped with all detail of the water available such as usage and different sources available along with their
property so it's convenient for analysis the spatial data.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Combustion and Mixing Analysis of a Scramjet Combustor Using CFDijsrd.com
The present study is to determine flow field in the three-dimensional scramjet engine combustor with coupled implicit NS equations, the standard k-ε turbulence model are used and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction model has to be applied to simulate numerically for the flow field of the hydrogen, diesel and methane fueled scramjet combustor with a planer strut flame holder under two different working conditions, the working condition include the cold flow and engine ignition. ANSYS Fluent software is used to solve the analysis, with hot and cold inlet velocities, the mach number for air and fluids are 2 and 1 respectively, inflow fluids are varied as hydrogen, diesel and methane. Due to combustion the recirculation region behind the wedge becomes larger as compared to mixing case and it acts as a flame holder for the methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and diesel (C10H22) diffusion. It is also evident from the simulation studies; the combustion affects the flow field significantly. The leading edge shock reflected off the upper and lower combustor walls facilitates on setting of combustion when it hits the wake in a region where large portions of the injected fuel have been mixed up with the air. The pressure, velocity and temperature distributions along the geometry are estimated and discussed.
Soot Formation in Diesel Engines By Using CfdIJERA Editor
In order to meet the stringent emission standards significant efforts have been imparted to the research and
development of cleaner IC engines. Diesel combustion and the formation of pollutants are directly influenced by
spatial and temporal distribution of the fuel injected. The development and validation of computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) models for diesel engine combustion and emissions is described. The complexity of diesel
combustion requires simulations with many complex interacting sub models in order to have a success in
improving the performance and to reduce the emissions. In the present work an attempt has been made to
develop a multidimensional axe-symmetric model for CI engine combustion and emissions. Later simulations
have been carried out. Commercial validation tool FLUENT was used for simulation. The tool solves basic
governing equations of fluid flow that is continuity, momentum, species transport and energy equation. Using
finite volume method turbulence was modeled by using RNG K-ɛ model. Injection was modeled using La
Grangian approach and reaction was modeled using non premixed combustion which considers the effects of
turbulence and detailed chemical mechanism into account to model the reaction rates. The specific heats were
approximated using piecewise polynomials. Subsequently the simulated results have been validated with the
existing experimental values
A general interest to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to limit combustion
emissions, increase the efficiency of combustion chambers. One of the most important
processes in a gas turbine combustor, influencing to a large extent the efficiency of the
entire combustion process is the mixing between a swirling annular jet (primary air) and
the non-swirling inner jet (fuel).In normal swirling combustor, primary swirling air is
only supplied to the chamber and is mixed with the fuel but we here introduce a small
duct in the chamber containing a small amount of air without swirl and make it to mix
with the fuel and the primary swirling air. We have modified the design of the swirl
combustor by introducing a bluff body over the flow of the turbulent jet through which the
turbulent air will pass causing the axial velocity. For the purpose of simulation of the
required model of swirl combustor we are using the recent tools like ANSYS, ICEM, CFD
and FLUENT software’s. Using these tools the numerical investigation has been done.
The various values that are obtained are compared with the previous results of the swirl
combustor and the increase in the efficiency of the combustion has been noted
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction for A Generic Sport Utility Vehicle Using Rear Suc...IJERA Editor
The high demand for new and improved aerodynamic drag reduction devices has led to the invention of flow control mechanisms and continuous suction is a promising strategy that does not have major impact on vehicle geometry. The implementation of this technique on sport utility vehicles (SUV) requires adequate choice of the size and location of the opening as well as the magnitude of the boundary suction velocity. In this paper we introduce a new methodology to identifying these parameters for maximum reduction in aerodynamic drag. The technique combines automatic modeling of the suction slit, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a global search method using orthogonal arrays. It is shown that a properly designed suction mechanism can reduce drag by up to 9%.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Optimization of Closure Law of Guide Vanes for an Operational Hydropower Plan...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper addresses the optimization of twostage closure law of guide vanes in an operational
hydropower plant of Nepal. The mathematical model
has been established in commercial software Bentley
Hammer, whose correctness has been validated by
comparing the results with the data of experimental
load rejection test. The validated mathematical model
has been employed to find the parameters of optimum
closure pattern, which minimizes the non-linear
objective function of maximum water pressure and
maximum rotational speed of turbine.
Ijmet 08 02_029NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF CENTRIFUGAL ...IAEME Publication
An attempt is made in the present study to investigate the superior turbulence model for
simulating three dimensional flows in centrifugal compressor. The strong channelled curvature and
intensive rotations prevalent in centrifugal compressor resulting high swirling and secondary flow
nictitates choosing appropriate turbulence model for accurate performance predictions. The
various turbulence models offered in FLUENT viz Spalart Allmaras (curvature correction),
Transition SST (curvature correction), Scaled Adaptive Simulations (Curvature correction with
compressibility effect), Reynolds stress model (compressibility effect) were investigated presently
for Eckardt Impeller. Reynolds stress model though involves higher computational time was found
to be the superior model. It is essential to investigate the onset of surge and choke for completely
understanding the performance of a centrifugal compressor. Choking phenomena was observed
when the speed reached 16000 rpm with relative Mach number reaching unity in the impeller
region. The maximum flow rate at 16000 rpm was 0.4 kg/s per blade and remained constant then
16500 rpm. Surging was founded to initiate when the back pressure has to reach 1.8 bar resulting
in zero discharge
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORIAEME Publication
An attempt is made in the present study to investigate the superior turbulence model forsimulating three dimensional flows in centrifugal compressor. The strong channelled curvature andintensive rotations prevalent in centrifugal compressor resulting high swirling and secondary flownictitates choosing appropriate turbulence model for accurate performance predictions. Thevarious turbulence models offered in FLUENT viz Spalart Allmaras (curvature correction),Transition SST (curvature correction), Scaled Adaptive Simulations (Curvature correction withcompressibility effect), Reynolds stress model (compressibility effect) were investigated presentlyfor Eckardt Impeller. Reynolds stress model though involveshigher computational time was found
to be the superior model. It is essential to investigate the onset of surge and choke for completelyunderstanding the performance of a centrifugal compressor. Choking phenomena was observedwhen the speed reached 16000 rpm with relative Mach number reaching unity in the impellerregion. The maximum flow rate at 16000 rpm was 0.4 kg/s per blade and remained constant then16500 rpm. Surging was founded to initiate when the back pressure has to reach 1.8 bar resultingin zero discharge
Numerical Simulation and Modeling of UNSA91060 for Heat Transfer in Four-Stro...IJAEMSJORNAL
Heat transfer is one of a number of indispensable tools in studying of ICEs, due to its influence on decisive parameters of operation like temperature and pressure inside the cylinder. It is safe to say that modeling of the engine heat transfer is among the most complex problems for engineers. Application of numerical methods to predict the heat transfer in a cylinder of reciprocating ICEs is a process of high importance, which was recognized from the earliest stages of their development. This is done to examine performance optimization and design improvement in order to meet nowadays demands exhibited on the engines. This present study focuses on a 3-D transient state temperature distribution analysis on a gasoline engine model via formulated of models, simulating using FEM in-built in the COMSOL Multiphysics software 4.3a to determine the temperature distribution and gradient of the engine cylinder head model. The number of degrees of freedom solved for were 32685 in 383 s (12 minutes, 20 seconds) in the mesh optimization. From the result obtained it was discovered that the heat transfer in the combustion chamber of the ICE varies with time. Thus, it took the engine 10 minutes to complete a cycle vis-a-vis transfer of heat after combustion and that the heat transfer starts after 30 seconds of combustion. In addition, the temperature of the cylinder dropped from 1273.2 K to 301 K over a period of 10 minute.
CFD Analysis on the Effect of Injection Timing for Diesel Combustion and Emis...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of injection timing in diesel combustion. Ansys Fluent a computational fluid dynamics tool is used to study the combustion of diesel with three different injection timing. The fuel is injected before TDC, at TDC and after TDC. The parameters such as temperature, pressure, velocity, density, soot and NOx emission are compared. The specie transport model is used for modelling the combustion. Standard k-e (2 equ) is used for modelling the turbulence. The analysis is carried out by only considering the compression and expansion strokes. The pressure reaches the maximum when the fuel is injected before TDC and the maximum temperature is when injected at TDC. The NOx emission is less when the fuel is injected at TDC and the soot formation is when fuel injected before TDC.
Similar to Cfd Studies of Two Stroke Petrol Engine Scavenging (20)
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cfd Studies of Two Stroke Petrol Engine Scavenging
1. S Gavudhama Karunanidhi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 1), July 2014, pp.74-79
www.ijera.com 74 | P a g e
Cfd Studies of Two Stroke Petrol Engine Scavenging S Gavudhama Karunanidhi, NithinV S, G Subba Rao Assoc. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg MES College of Engg Kuttipuram, Kerala PG Scholar, MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram,Kerala, Calicut University Principal, Geethanjali Institute of Science and Technology, Nellore. ABSTRACT This project deals with the numerical analysis of 2 stroke engine scavenging in two cases. One with an existing condition (Flat headed pistons) and another with a new design (Dome headed piston) .The numerical analysis is done with help of CFD software ANSYS FLUENT 14.5. Here, the modeling of engine piston with flat headed type and with dome headed types was done in workbench. In ANSYS FLUENT after the geometrical design, for the dynamic motion meshing is used and set up species transport model also. At first the scavenging effect of flat headed piston is analyzed. Later the simulation of piston with dome headed type was also checked. Analyzing the variations from each and selected the best method for scavenging. Finally the scavenging efficiency is calculated for both type arrangements.
Keywords – CFD, Air-Mass fraction, CO2-Mass fraction, Scavenging, k-ε model, FVM, FEM, FDM
I. INTRODUCTION
Internal combustion engines have undergone significant advancement since 16th century. The influence of fuel powered engines in the modern world is very high so that we cannot avoid them for emission reduction reason. The latest trend in IC engine industry is to develop power plants with higher efficiency and to make them running on alternative fuels to meet modern emission norms. Reductions in fuel consumption can be achieved by a variety of measures, including improved aerodynamics, using different blends of fuel and hybrid power trains. The world in the 21st century presents many critical challenges. One of the most important challenges is the efficiency it directly depends on the fuel consumption and engine life. But in nowadays the two stroke engines are outdated due to their inefficiency. To improve engine performance of 2 stroke engines is important. To design a new engine we need to know the engine performance in earlier cases and then finding the remedy. The increased computing power has led to advancement in the area of CFD. Here scavenging is the parameter selected for study.
II. SIGNIFICANCE
It is widely known that the scavenging process plays a very important role in the performance and efficiency of two-stroke engines. Briefly, scavenging is the process by which the fresh charge displaces the burnt gas from the cylinder. Due to the difficulties associated with the measurement techniques, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is a very helpful tool to analyze the flow pattern inside the cylinder. CFD simulations can provide more detailed information than experimental studies. Successful
simulation of processes in a two-cylinder two-stroke engine involves the interaction of various physical models operating in a three-dimensional (3D) geometry and additionally with moving boundaries The complex physical phenomena inside the engine such as turbulence, phase change, chemical reaction, etc. increase the time of calculation and thus make it impracticable for the development process of a new engine. The time of calculation can be reduced considerably with a smart simulation strategy and therewith the simulation produces successful results within a shorter computational time. 2.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT CFD tool gives a clear picture of scavenging by giving various contours. We know that scavenging is the process of expelling of exhaust gas from the engine cylinder by making use of the swirling action of the charge at inside. In actual it is clear that scavenging is taking place after the combustion process, and one more thing is after the combustion the temperature inside the cylinder will be very high. It is very complicated to measure that temperature and pressure, and there by the scavenging process also. In earlier cases scavenging is analyzed only with the help of ideal Otto cycle . To some extend the pressure and temp is measured by using piezoresistive sensors, and is very costly. By the use of CFD tool the need of such type of sensors can be avoided to greater extent. This helps in saving of money, material as well as time. The use of CFD tool in proper way we can create correct combustion and there by correct values in all analysis also. And is more easier to get the results than experimental way.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. S Gavudhama Karunanidhi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 1), July 2014, pp.74-79
www.ijera.com 75 | P a g e
2.2 MECHANICAL ASPECTS A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the process cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft or two strokes of the piston: an up stroke and a down stroke. Both spark ignition and compression ignition engines exist today. Spark ignition engines are employed in light applications (chainsaws, motorcycles, outboard motors, etc) due to its low cost and simplicity. On the other hand, diesel compression ignition engines are mainly employed in large and weight applications, such as large industrial and marine engines, heavy machinery, locomotives, etc A two-stroke, two-cycle, or two-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle in only one crankshaft revolution and with two strokes, or up and down movements, of the piston in comparison to a "four-stroke engine", which uses four strokes to do so. This is accomplished by the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happening simultaneously and performing the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions at the same time.
III. DISCRETIZATION METHODS
The space, where the flow is to be computed - the physical space, is divided into a large number of geometrical elements called grid cells. This process is termed grid generation (some authors use the term mesh with identical meaning). It can also be viewed as placing first grid points (also called nodes or vertices) in the physical space and then connecting them by straight lines - grid lines. The stability of the chosen discretization is generally established numerically rather than that of analytically as with simple linear problems. Special care must also be taken to ensure that the discretization handles discontinuous solutions gracefully. The Euler equations and Navier–Stokes equations both admit shocks, and contact surfaces. Some of the discretization methods being used are:
3.3.1 Finite volume method
The finite volume method (FVM) is a common approach used in CFD codes, as it has an advantage in memory usage and solution speed, especially for large problems, high Reynolds number turbulent flows, and source term dominated flows (like combustion).In the finite volume method, the governing equations partial differential equations (typically the Navier-Stokes equations, the mass and energy conservation equations, and the turbulence equations) are recast in a conservative form, and then solved over discrete control volumes[9]. This discretization guarantees the conservation of fluxes through a particular control volume. The finite
volume equation yields governing equations in the form, (1)
where Q is the vector of conserved variables, F is the vector of fluxes (see Euler equations or Navier–Stokes equations), V is the volume of the control volume element, and A is the surface area of the control volume element.
3.3.2 Finite element method
The finite element method (FEM) is used in structural analysis of solids, but is also applicable to fluids. However, the FEM formulation requires special care to ensure a conservative solution. The FEM formulation has been adapted for use with fluid dynamics governing equations. Although FEM must be carefully formulated to be conservative, it is much more stable than the finite volume approach. However, FEM can require more memory and has slower solution times than the FVM.
In this method, a weighted residual equation is formed (2) where Ri is the equation residual at an element vertex i, Q is the conservation equation expressed on an element basis, Wi is the weight factor, and Ve is the volume of the element.
3.3.3 Finite difference method
The finite difference method (FDM) has historical importance and is simple program. It is currently only used in few specialized codes, which handle complex geometry with high accuracy and efficiency by using embedded boundaries or overlapping grids (with the solution interpolated across each grid). (3)
where Q is the vector of conserved variables, and F,G and H are the fluxes in the x,y, Once the basic performance of two-stroke engines was described, the methodology to simulate the scavenging process will be treated in this section. 3.3.4 Governing equations The governing equations of the flow inside the cylinder are the Navier-Stokes ones. The energy equation is also needed to compute the thermal problem. Finally, as there are two components (air and burnt gases), one more equation must be added to characterize the propagating interface. These equations are briefly described in what follows. In Cartesian tensor form, the continuity equation is given by +=0 (4)
3. S Gavudhama Karunanidhi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 1), July 2014, pp.74-79
www.ijera.com 76 | P a g e
where ρ is the density and u the velocity. It is very common to consider the flows as ideal gasses, so the density can be calculated as follows: The momentum conservation equation is given by: +=-+ (5) where τij is the stress tensor. If the fluid is treated as Newtonian, the stress tensor components are given by: =μ(+-) (6) As only the scavenging process and not the combustion is treated on this chapter, only two components need to be computed: burnt gas and unburnt gas (air). In order to characterize the propagating interface, the following equation is solved: +=ρv (7) where Yair is the mass fraction of the air. The mass fraction of the burnt gases, Ygas , is given by the restriction that the total mass fraction must sum to unity: Ygas= 1- Yair (8) and z directions respectively.
IV. ENGINE MODELING
The engine selected for project is 2 stroke JAVA 200 CC. The engine designing is having 3 ports, they are scavenging port, exhaust port, inlet port. Its design is a bit complicated because of the port positions and its design. The designed engine specification is given below.
Parameter
Value
Engine
2 stroke JAVA engine
Displacement
200.3 cc
Bore x Stroke
60 x 64 mm
Compression rate
9.3:1
Max Power
11.3 ps @ 6000 rpm
Max Torque
1.03 Kgf @4000 rpm
Pressure from BDC_ TDC
1.3 bar -13 bar
As per the given engine specification the geometry is created. Now for this project it need it model two type geometries. They are, 1 Flat headed piston Fig 1 Flat piston model 2 Dome headed piston Fig 2 Dome headed piston To ensure a high-quality product, diagrams and lettering MUST be either computer-drafted or drawn using India ink. 4.1 Meshing In CFD analysis meshing is an important stage. Here all the parts of the design are subjected to mesh in accordance with our meshing style, size etc. And there are certain methods is there to follow during the meshing process.The engine geometry from design modular is now imported into meshing in ANSYS FLUENT. In this phase we are doing only the general meshing not the dynamic one. And the meshing is completed with hexahedral meshing which is suitable for dynamic meshing during the analysis. For the finite volume analysis the element size selected is 0.0025mm.After the meshing get completed, the different parts are named using face selection method. The different parts are, inlet port, exhaust port, scavenging port, moving cylinder wall, fixed cylinder head. After completing this meshed geometry is updated.
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4.2 Engine incylinder details Table.5.6.Incylinder parameter
V. RESULTS
5.1 Air mass fraction contours for flat headed piston Fig 3 Air mass fractions at 0, 75, 150, 210 degree crank angles.
5.2 CO2 Mass fraction for flat headed piston Fig 4:co2 mass fractions at 0, 75, 150,210 degree crank angle.
5.3 Air-Mass fraction at dome headed piston Fig 5: Air- mass fractions at 0, 75, 150,210 degree crank angle. 5.4CO2-Mass fraction at dome headed piston Fig 6: co2 mass fractions at 0, 75, 150,210 degree Mass fraction fields for Air and CO2 were shown above, in that for air mass fraction red shows that inlet is completely filled with fresh air and in chamber blue indicates the burned gases. But in CO2 mass fraction, inlet with fresh charge is shown by blue colour and burned gases with red colour in the chamber. Consider the co2 mass fraction, we can see that after combustion at 0 degree crank angle engine cylinder completely filled with co2 and inlet with fresh air .At 75 (deg) some quantity of co2 get displaced and that position is occupied by fresh air. This continues till the final stage and maximum quantity of burned gas get expelled by fresh air. By analyzing the quantity of burned gases inside the exhaust ,the scavenging efficiency is calculated. η = Mass of air retained in exhaust Mass of mixture in the cylinder
Scavenging efficiency for flat headed piston is 45.03 % and it is for dome headed piston is 49.3%. By applying the same operating conditions for both the cases, scavenging efficiency is higher for dome
parameter
Values
Crank shaft speed(rpm)
750
Starting crank angle(deg)
75
Crank period(deg)
360
Crank angle step size(deg)
0.25
Crank radius(mm)
34.08
Connecting rod length (mm)
120
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headed piston. Hence in this way we can identify the better engine design condition also for better performance 5.5 Comparison of Air Mass fraction Fig 7 Air Mass fraction at 210 (deg) for flat & dome shaped pistons respectively. The above given figure shows the air –mass fraction at 210 degree crank angle where maximum quantity of burnt gases is expelled by fresh air in both the cases. From the figure itself it is clear that ,dome headed piston displaces more exhaust gas than flat type piston.
5.3 Comparison of CO2-Mass fraction Fig 8 CO2-Mass fraction at 210 (deg) for flat & dome shaped pistons respectively. From Fig 8 the exhaust port in dome headed piston (second figure) showing lesser place with red colour, that means more quantity of co2 is expelled through it than comparing with the flat piston. Finally, the mass fraction field is useful for checking the filling of fresh gases into the cylinder and detecting problems of short circuiting and gas drag.
5.4 Comparison of pressure contours. Fig 9: Pressure Crank angle graph for flat piston Fig 10: Pressure Crank angle graph for dome headed piston On comparing both the pressure – crank angle graphs, it is clear that at 210 (deg) crank angle 79361.3 pascal for flat piston and 85467.9 pascal for dome headed piston. These graph showing gauge pressure values at various crank angle during the scavenging process. When the pressure inside the cylinder increases the expelling of gas through exhaust port will also increases and thereby increases the scavenging. That means for dome headed piston is more effective than flat headed piston.
5.5 Comparison of temperature contous. Fig 11 : Temperature –Crank angle diagram for flat headed piston. Fig 12: Temperature crank angle for dome headed piston On comparing both the temperature – crank angle graphs, at 210 (deg) crank angle 348 k for flat piston and 352.4 for dome headed piston.
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VI. CONCLUSION
This CFD analysis was carried out to study the scavenging process of two-stroke engines. In general, this study shows that CFD predictions yield reasonably accurate results that allow improving the knowledge of the fluid flow characteristics. This model is very useful to design the scavenging system of new two-stroke engines. From the various results shown such as pressure plots, temperature plots, mass fraction plots, and velocity plots it is possible to identify various problem regarding the engine performances, for example the pressure field is useful for identifying areas where the gas flow is inefficient and should be corrected. The velocity field is useful for locating areas with too high, too low or inadequate velocities. The process of verification and validation of a CFD model is necessary to ensure the numerical model accurately captures the physical phenomena present. By comparing numerically obtained results with experimental results, in the numerical model is achieved. Once thoroughly validated, a numerical model may be used for accurate analysis. From the analysis presented, it is clear that the scavenging process in dome headed piston is more efficient than flat headed piston. Now it is finalized that all the processes in combustion are capable of analyzing in CFD method with more accurately than experimentally to some extent. From the data we obtained the analysis of scavenging, some ways to increase the efficiency are found. Viz,
Increasing the inlet pressure.
Changing the angle between the ports.
Changing the angle of inlet port.
It is hoped that the result of this analysis will help to evolve a better method to design the shape of piston head in SI engines. 6.1 Future work In the present scope of the project ,the experimental investigation is not included ,as it involves extensive measurements for pressure ,temperature ,velocity etc ,for which time constraints and the unavailability of required instruments are two major limitations. This experimental investigation can be taken up as a future work ,for compatible validation of the CFD analysis..
REFERENCES
[1] A computational study of free-piston diesel engine combustion R. Mikalsen, A.P. Roskilly [2] Analysis of Combustion and Emissions in a Large Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine, Using CFD and T-φ Mapping
[3] CFD Modeling and Experimental Validation of Combustion in Direct Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel. ISSN 09764259.
[4] CFD-based optimization of fuel injection strategies in a diesel engine using an adaptive gradient method Franz X. Tanner, Seshasai Srinivasan. [5] CFD modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow inside a pent-roof type combustion chamber using dynamic model. [6] Computerised Simulation of Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine, e-ISSN: 2278- 1684 Volume 5, Issue 3 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 05-14 [7] Development of combustion system in low speed two-stroke diesel engine using CFD,paper number 208. [8] Heywood, John B , “Internal combustion engines fundamentals”, 1988,pp:668-671 [9] Philipp A, lang O, Schutz R. and Weng V., 2002 “CFD simulation of diesel injection and combustion ”, SAE, 2002010945. [10] Simulation Strategy and Analysis of a Two- Cylinder Two Stroke Engine Using CFD Code Fluent, Dalibor Jajcevic,Raimund A. Almbauer, Christian Doppler Laboratory “Thermodynamics of Reciprocating Engines”, Graz University of Technology, Austria Stephan P. Schmidt Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics.